| Microplitis manilae Ashmead was an important parasitoid of the larvae of Spodoptera litura (Fabricius). Under laboratory conditions of (26±1)℃, RH(65±5)% and photoperiod 12 h ∶12 h, the effect of reproductive mode, female age, parasitic period, the presence of male and density on the efficiency of Mmanilae were evaluated．The result showed that Mmanilae employed both parthenogenesis and bisexual reproduction, and the parasitic rate had no significant difference between both reproductive modes, as well as progeny development duration and emergence rate The parasitic rate and progeny sex ratio significantly decreased in older female adult, while the offspring development duration significantly increased When parasitism occurring at 12:00-18:00pm, the highest parasitic rate, progeny sex ratio and emergence rate, as well as the shortest progeny development duration were observed The progeny sex ratio tended to increase obviously with increased host density, but decreased obviously with increased parasitoid density The presence of male parasitoids significantly 〖JP3〗increased the proportion of female progeny The progeny sex ratio decreased obviously with increased male density, but male density had no significant influence on parasitic rate, progeny development duration and emergence rate |
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