1. Review Process
The journal strictly adheres to the following manuscript review process: Preliminary Review by Subject Editor — Peer Review — Re-review by Editorial Director — Final Review by Editor-in-Chief.
The preliminary review is conducted by the subject editor, focusing on whether the topic and writing of the submitted manuscript meet the basic requirements of this journal. After passing the preliminary review, the author will receive a notification from the editor.
Peer review is the key process for assessing the academic quality and value of submissions. The journal uses a single-blind peer review system, inviting 3-5 independent peer experts to review each manuscript. The reviewers primarily evaluate the scientific, innovative, and practical aspects of the manuscript. For manuscripts requiring revision after peer review, authors must carefully revise the manuscript based on the reviewers' comments and submit both the revised version and a detailed response to the comments for further review.
After passing the peer review, the manuscript is subject to re-review by the editorial director, who will reject manuscripts that do not meet the publication requirements. Finally, the Editor-in-Chief conducts the final review and makes the ultimate decision on whether the manuscript is accepted for publication. The Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the entire content of the journal.

2. Review for Special Issue Submissions
The review process described above also applies to submissions for special issues. Manuscripts submitted for special issues undergo the same review process as other manuscripts, with the final decision on acceptance made by the Editor-in-Chief.
For certain special issues, the journal may invite leading experts in relevant fields to serve as guest editors. Their role is to assist the editorial office in soliciting submissions, organizing the review of manuscripts, and other relevant work. The work of guest editors is supervised by the Editor-in-Chief and the editorial office to ensure the fairness and integrity of the review process.

3. Review for In-house Submissions
Submissions from the journal's editorial board members, editors, and guest editors are also subject to the journal's full review process. The peer review will be conducted independently of the submitting editorial board member, editor, guest editor, or their research groups. In addition, editorial board members, editors, and guest editors may not participate in the review of manuscripts written by themselves, their families, colleagues, or other authors with who they have a conflict of interest.

4. Author Appeals
If an author disagrees with the review outcome of their manuscript, they may submit a written appeal to the editorial office. The appeal must include detailed explanations and responses to each of the reviewers' comments and should be sent to the journal's official email address. Upon receiving the appeal, the editorial office will review it promptly and communicate the outcome to the author. Please note that typically only one appeal per manuscript is accepted.

5. Academic Misconduct Detection & Handling
The journal strictly prohibits any form of academic misconduct. Before the preliminary review, the editorial office uses the Wanfang Paper Similarity Detection System to conduct plagiarism detection for all submissions.
If a manuscript under review is found to involve academic misconduct, the editorial office will directly reject the submission. If a published article is found to involve misconduct such as duplicate submissions, infringement, or confidentiality breaches, the editorial office will retract the article and will not accept submissions from the relevant authors for a period of 3 years from the date of discovery.

6. Corrections & Retractions
Corrections or retractions of officially published articles will be made by the journal when necessary:
(1) Correction: If a published article is found to have unintentional scientific errors that do not significantly affect the results and conclusions of the article, the editorial office will promptly publish a correction notice in the journal. This notice will detail the changes made to the original article and will cite the source of the article. A new version of the article with corrections will be published, detailing the changes made to the original article and indicating the date of the update. When citing, please refer to the most recent version of the article.
(2) Retraction: For articles that have been formally published, if serious scientific errors are discovered that render the results and conclusions unreliable, the editorial office will proceed with a retraction. In addition, if a published article is suspected of academic misconduct, the editorial office will initiate an investigation and publish a statement to inform readers of the potential risks associated with the article. Once the investigation is complete, the results will be made public. If it is confirmed that the article involved misconduct, the editorial office will retract the article and will not accept submissions from the relevant authors for a period of 3 years from the date of discovery.