Management of Arna pseudoconspersa on Camellia oleifera with chemical pesticides and its residue analysis
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摘要:目的
为了研究油茶、茶树等经济树种重要食叶害虫茶黄毒蛾Arna pseudoconspersa Strand的化学防控效果和潜在农药残留风险,
方法本研究采用叶片浸渍法测定了4种农药原药和4种农药制剂对茶黄毒蛾幼虫的室内毒力活性,并在油茶林间进行了无人机飞防试验,检验了防治效果以及防治7 d后油茶果实的农药残留情况。
结果4种农药原药成分对茶黄毒蛾幼虫的室内杀虫活性顺序依次为:甲维盐 > 阿维菌素 > 氯虫苯甲酰胺 > 虫酰肼,甲维盐处理1 d时的致死中浓度为0.42 mg/L;0.5%甲维盐微乳剂、4.5%高效氯氰菊酯水乳剂、6%联菊·啶虫脒微乳剂和12%噻虫·高氯氟悬浮剂均对茶黄毒蛾幼虫具有较强杀虫活性,4种农药制剂最低测试浓度处理3 d后死亡率在83.3% ~ 98.3%;10%噻虫·高氯氟悬浮剂飞防能够有效控制茶黄毒蛾数量;防控7 d后油茶籽粒均未检出农药残留,而油茶果皮中存在不同程度的高效氯氟氰菊酯残留。
结论上述研究结果表明,甲维盐、噻虫·高氯氟等农药可以用于油茶林茶黄毒蛾防控,同时为相关害虫化学防控提供了参考依据。
Abstract:AimArna pseudoconspersa Strand is an important leaf-eating pest of many economic trees, particularly Camellia species. It's important to study the effects of its chemical control and the potential pesticide residue.
MethodsIn this study, the leaf immersion method was used to determine the indoor toxicity of four pesticide chemicals and four pesticide formulations upon larvae of A. pseudoconspersa. Moreover, aerial pesticide application with a unmanned aerial vehicle was carried out at the Camellia oleifera forest, followed by the detection of pesticide residues in fruits after seven days.
ResultsResults showed that the indoor insecticidal activity of four pesticide ingredients ranged as emamectin benzoate > abamectin > chlorantraniliprole > tebufenozide. The median lethal concentrations (LC50) of emamectin benzoate treatment for 1 day was 0.42 mg/L. Four pesticides, including 0.5% abamectin-aminomethyl microemulsion, 4.5% beta-cypermethrin emulsion in water, 6% bifenthrin · acetamiprid microemulsion, and 12% thiamethoxam · lambda-cyhalothrin suspoemulsion (SE), all showed excellent insecticidal activity against the larvae of A. pseudoconspersa. The mortality rates ranged from 83.3% to 98.3% as the lowest tested concentration of the four formulations treated for 3 days. 10% Thiamethoxam · lambda-cyhalothrin SE could control the erupt of A. pseudoconspersa effectively through aerial pesticide application. Furthermore, no pesticide residues had been detected in the seeds of Camellia fruit after 7 days, while varying levels of lambda-cyhalothrin were detected in the peels.
ConclusionThus, chemical pesticides, such as emamectin benzoate and thiamethoxam · lambda-cyhalothrin, could be used for the management of A. pseudoconspersa in Camellia tree forests, which would provide a scientific basis for the scientific prevention of related pests.
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茶黄毒蛾Arna pseudoconspersa Strand属鳞翅目Lepidoptera毒蛾科Lymantriidae昆虫,其旧学名为Euproctis pseudoconspersa Strand(Ye et al.,2014;Dong et al.,2016),目前依台湾物种名录移至Arna属(林义祥,2024)。茶黄毒蛾别名茶斑毒蛾、茶毛虫、毒毛虫、摆头虫、毛辣虫、吊丝虫等,是油茶Camellia oleifera、茶树C. sinensis、山茶C. japonica等重要经济树种上的重要食叶害虫,还可为害柑桔Citrus reticulata、枇杷Eriobotrya japonica、油桐Vernicia fordii、乌桕Sapium sebiferum、枫香Liquidambar formosana等林果,在我国南方各省广泛分布(裴建国,2009;吴保锋和刘学彦,2009;Ye et al.,2014;黄小玲,2018;黄浩,2023)。
茶黄毒蛾在我国一年可发生多代,在各地发生代数各异(吴保锋和刘学彦,2009;黄小玲,2018)。例如,在湖南1年发生3代,福建1年3~4代,台湾1年4~5代。其主要以幼虫群集取食叶片为害,3龄前群集性强,常数十至数百头聚集在叶背取食,3龄后进入暴食期,开始分散迁移为害;发生严重时,叶片全部吃光后取食嫩梢、幼果、树皮等,不仅直接影响油茶茶籽和茶叶的产量和品质,严重时可影响树木生长,导致整株枯死,造成更大经济损失。茶黄毒蛾幼虫迁移和取食等过程中均会不时摆头,受震后迅速假死吐丝坠落;幼虫多在晨昏和夜晚取食,天气炎热时群迁至叶背和树干等地,随后再群迁返回树上。老熟幼虫在落叶或浅土中小量聚集结茧化蛹,羽化后成虫在叶背或树干上产卵,卵块可在老叶背面越冬(裴建国,2009;吴保锋和刘学彦,2009;Ye et al.,2014;黄浩,2023)。此外,茶黄毒蛾幼虫虫体长满毒毛,蜕皮壳和茧丝均有毒,人体皮肤接触后红肿痛痒,进而影响采茶、采果等农事操作(裴建国,2009;吴保锋和刘学彦,2009;Ye et al.,2014)。
化学防治是防治茶黄毒蛾最为快速有效的措施,3龄幼虫前后喷施农药能够有效降低虫口数量,减少经济损失(裴建国,2009;吴保锋和刘学彦,2009)。目前虽然有较多农药推荐使用,但对农药使用防治效果、林间农药施用和用药后农药残留等问题鲜有报道。本研究针对性开展室内毒力测定、林间飞防试验和油茶农药残留检测等工作,旨在为油茶茶黄毒蛾防控相关研究和应用提供参考。
1. 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
1.1.1 虫源
茶黄毒蛾幼虫采自河源市连平县油茶林地,油茶品种为岑软2号和岑软3号混合种植,采集叶片和果实上群集的低龄幼虫供试,同时于附近油茶树上采集健康叶片备用。
1.1.2 试验药剂
甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐(Emamectin benzoate,95%,CAS:155569-91-8,甲维盐)和氯虫苯甲酰胺(Chlorantraniliprole,95%,CAS:500008-45-7)购自上海毕得医药科技股份有限公司,阿维菌素(Abamectin,97%,CAS:71751-41-2)和虫酰肼(Tebufenozide,98%,CAS:112410-23-8)购自上海源叶生物科技有限公司。二甲基亚砜(Dimethyl sulfoxide,DMSO)、吐温80(Tween-80)等试剂均为国产分析纯,购于广州息源生物科技有限公司。农药制剂分别为:0.50%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐微乳剂(有效成分:甲氨基阿维菌素Abamectin-aminomethyl 0.5%,登记证号:PD20102122)、4.5%高效氯氰菊酯水乳剂(有效成分:高效氯氰菊酯Beta-cypermethrin 4.5%,登记证号:PD20110173)、6%联菊·啶虫脒微乳剂(有效成分:联苯菊酯Bifenthrin 3%和啶虫脒Acetamiprid 3%,登记证号:PD20140445)、12%噻虫·高氯氟悬浮剂(有效成分:噻虫嗪Thiamethoxam 8.8%和高效氯氟氰菊酯Lambda-cyhalothrin 3.2%,登记证号:PD20180454)和10%噻虫·高氯氟悬浮剂(有效成分:噻虫嗪Thiamethoxam 6%和高效氯氟氰菊酯Lambda-cyhalothrin 4%,登记证号:PD20182738)。无人机飞防试验使用助剂为先正达U伴飞防专用助剂。
1.2 试验方法
1.2.1 室内毒力测定
室内毒力测定分农药原药和农药制剂两部分。农药原药先用DMSO溶解配置成母液,后用含Tween-80(0.05%,v/v)的纯净水稀释至1、2、4、8、16、20 mg/L备用;农药制剂以推荐剂量为基础,分别设置6个浓度梯度,将对应体积制剂添加至纯净水中,摇匀备用。油茶叶片完全浸没于药液中10 s后取出,室内晾干2 h备用。将饥饿处理后的3龄茶黄毒蛾幼虫按每皿20头为一个处理,将浸药晾干的油茶叶片放入培养皿中,每个处理浓度设置5个重复,于室温(26 ± 2)℃内继续培养,分别于1 d、3 d、7 d后统计死亡虫数,以轻触虫体没有任何反应记为死亡。死亡率(%)=死亡虫数/供试虫数×100,校正死亡率(%)=(处理组死亡虫数-对照组死亡虫数)/供试虫数×100。数据处理参照文献进行,利用Excel计算毒力回归方程、致死中浓度(LC50)、相关系数(r)及LC50的95%置信区间(张志祥等,2002)。
1.2.2 林间飞防试验
10%噻虫·高氯氟悬浮剂300 mL/hm2,先正达U伴飞防专用助剂150 mL/hm2,清水45 L/hm2,混匀后用大疆T50植保无人机进行飞防作业。施用时间在上午7:00-11:00和下午15:00-19:00;温度19~27℃;飞行高度5 m;飞行速度2 m/s;风速为微风以下;虫害发生范围全覆盖。飞防3 d后,拍照记录虫口变化。
1.2.3 农药残留检测
飞防试验7 d后,按五点取样法设置5个取样点,每点2~3株,每株取10~15颗油茶果实备测。每个样品分果皮和籽粒两部分,送样至广东省农业科学院农业农村部农产品及加工品质量检验测试中心(广州),参照《食品安全国家标准植物源性食品中208种农药及其代谢物残留量的测定气相色谱-质谱联用法》(GB23200.113-2018)和《食品安全国家标准植物源性食品中331种农药及其代谢物残留量的测定液相色谱-质谱联用法》(GB23200.121-2021)检测样品中高效氯氟氰菊酯和噻虫嗪的农药残留。主要仪器为三重四极杆型气相色谱质谱联用仪(岛津GCMS-TQ8040,日本)和三重四极液相色谱质谱联用仪(岛津LCMS/MS-8040,日本),样品前处理、测定、分析等方法步骤详见国标。
2. 结果与分析
2.1 四种农药原药对茶黄毒蛾的室内毒力测定
甲维盐、阿维菌素、氯虫苯甲酰胺和虫酰肼4种农药原药对茶黄毒蛾幼虫的室内毒力测定结果显示:4种农药原药均在测试浓度范围内(1~20 mg/L)表现出时间和剂量依赖效应,随着剂量的增大和时间的延长,茶黄毒蛾死亡率逐步增加;整体而言,茶黄毒蛾幼虫室内杀虫活性顺序为:甲维盐 > 阿维菌素 > 氯虫苯甲酰胺 > 虫酰肼(表 1)。其中,甲维盐原药室内活性最高,处理1 d时的LC50为0.42 mg/L,1 mg/L处理3 d后茶黄毒蛾幼虫死亡率达(87.1 ± 11.1)%,所有浓度处理7 d后全部死亡。其次是阿维菌素,8 mg/L处理3 d后茶黄毒蛾幼虫死亡率为(88.3 ± 11.5)%,处理3 d时的LC50为1.70 mg/L,处理7 d后所有测试浓度死亡率均超过90%。氯虫苯甲酰胺和虫酰肼处理7 d后的LC50分别为1.83 mg/L和3.14 mg/L,20 mg/L处理茶黄毒蛾幼虫7 d后的死亡率分别达到(92.1 ± 6.3)%和(89.6 ± 8.5)%。
表 1 四种农药原药对茶黄毒蛾的室内毒力测定结果Table 1 Indoor toxicity tests of four pesticide chemicals on Arna pseudoconspersa药剂
Chemicals天数(d)
Days校正死亡率(%)
Corrected mortality毒力回归方程与相关系数
Toxicity regression equation and correlation coefficient致死中浓度(mg/L)LC50 95%置信区间
95% Confidence interval1 mg/L 2 mg/L 4 mg/L 8 mg/L 16 mg/L 20 mg/L 甲维盐
Emamectin benzoate1 52.5 ± 8.7 66.3 ± 18.0 78.8 ± 22.9 57.5 ± 29.0 87.5 ± 6.5 73.8 ± 17.0 y = 0.4954 x + 5.1865
r = 0.62950.42 0.03~6.54 3 87.1 ± 11.1 92.1 ± 7.5 92.1 ± 6.3 84.6 ± 13.8 95.8 ± 5.0 95.8 ± 5.0 y = 0.4596 x + 6.2186
r = 0.64830.00 0.00~913.58 7 98.3 ± 0.0 97.1 ± 2.5 98.3 ± 0.0 95.8 ± 5.0 98.3 ± 0.0 98.3 ± 0.0 - 阿维菌素
Abamectin1 15.0 ± 13.7 26.0 ± 15.6 27.5 ± 20.6 46.3 ± 30.9 47.5 ± 2.9 67.5 ± 15.5 y = 0.9895 x + 3.9589
r = 0.954811.28 5.86~21.70 3 31.3 ± 19.2 51.3 ± 19.2 73.3 ± 33.2 88.3 ± 11.5 93.3 ± 4.1 92.1 ± 6.3 y = 1.6255 x + 4.6270
r = 0.98691.70 1.05~2.74 7 88.3 ± 7.9 92.3 ± 6.5 95.8 ± 2.9 98.3 ± 0.0 98.3 ± 0.0 98.3 ± 0.0 - 氯虫苯甲酰胺
Chlorantraniliprole1 10.0 ± 4.1 6.3 ± 2.5 7.5 ± 8.7 18.8 ± 6.3 16.3 ± 8.5 41.3 ± 12.5 y = 0.7300 x + 3.4175
r = 0.7776147.19 9.97~2173.21 3 22.1 ± 28.1 20.8 ± 6.5 32.1 ± 14.4 64.6 ± 8.5 69.6 ± 17.0 74.6 ± 4.8 y = 1.2513 x + 4.0685
r = 0.95575.55 3.57~8.64 7 49.6 ± 9.5 45.8 ± 27.5 47.1 ± 15.5 73.3 ± 10.8 79.6 ± 17.5 92.1 ± 6.3 y = 1.1087 x + 4.7088
r = 0.88351.83 0.95~3.52 虫酰肼
Tebufenozide1 2.5 ± 2.9 3.8 ± 2.5 11.3 ± 8.5 12.5 ± 2.9 12.5 ± 10.4 20.0 ± 7.1 y = 0.7858 x + 3.0860
r = 0.9418272.73 7.41~10033.89 3 0.8 ± 2.9 4.6 ± 2.5 18.3 ± 11.5 33.3 ± 7.1 57.1 ± 23.6 57.1 ± 11.1 y = 1.7604 x + 3.0219
r = 0.996613.29 8.93~19.78 7 23.3 ± 20.4 22.1 ± 6.3 54.6 ± 23.2 69.6 ± 9.5 95.8 ± 5.0 89.6 ± 8.5 y = 1.9872 x + 4.0130
r = 0.94403.14 2.29~4.31 2.2 四种农药制剂对茶黄毒蛾的室内毒力测定
0.5%甲维盐微乳剂、4.5%高效氯氰菊酯水乳剂、6%联菊·啶虫脒微乳剂和12%噻虫·高氯氟悬浮剂4种农药制剂对茶黄毒蛾幼虫的室内毒力测定结果显示:在基于推荐剂量的测试浓度梯度内,4种农药制剂均遵循时间和剂量依赖效应,相较于农药原药表现出更高的杀虫活性(表 2)。其中,4种农药制剂处理1 d时的LC50分别为0.79 mg/L、3.95 mg/L、0.16 mg/L和13.64 mg/L,处理3 d后,除4.5%高效氯氰菊酯水乳剂最低浓度(4.5 mg/L)处理后死亡率为(83.3 ± 9.4)%外,其余3种农药制剂最低浓度处理后死亡率均超过90%。处理7 d后,4种农药制剂所有浓度处理组中茶黄毒蛾幼虫全部死亡。
表 2 四种农药制剂对茶黄毒蛾的室内毒力测定结果Table 2 Indoor toxicity tests of four formulations chemicals on Arna pseudoconspersa农药制剂
Formulations天数(d)
Days校正死亡率(%)
Corrected mortality毒力回归方程与相关系数
Toxicity regression equation & Correlation coefficient致死中浓度(mg/L)LC50 95%置信区间
95% Confidence interval甲维盐
Abamectin-aminomethyl1 mg/L 2 mg/L 4 mg/L 8 mg/L 16 mg/L 20 mg/L 1 38.0 ± 11.5 67.0 ± 9.7 80.0 ± 9.4 93.0 ± 4.5 83.0 ± 9.7 78.0 ± 2.7 y = 0.8509 x + 5.0862
r = 0.73620.79 0.22~2.83 3 92.3 ± 8.2 84.3 ± 6.5 89.3 ± 7.4 96.3 ± 2.7 90.3 ± 5.7 92.3 ± 4.2 - 7 94.3 ± 4.2 93.3 ± 8.7 94.3 ± 4.2 98.3 ± 0.0 96.3 ± 2.7 97.3 ± 2.2 - 高效氯氰菊酯
Beta-cypermethrin4.5 mg/L 9 mg/L 18 mg/L 45 mg/L 90 mg/L 180 mg/L 1 39.0 ± 14.3 68.0 ± 5.7 74.0 ± 6.5 74.0 ± 16.0 64.0 ± 13.9 87.0 ± 4.5 y = 0.5753 x + 4.6568
r = 0.76193.95 0.71~22.10 3 83.3 ± 9.4 96.3 ± 2.7 96.3 ± 2.7 98.3 ± 0.0 95.3 ± 2.7 96.3 ± 2.7 - 7 98.3 ± 0.0 98.3 ± 0.0 98.3 ± 0.0 98.3 ± 0.0 98.3 ± 0.0 98.3 ± 0.0 - 联菊·啶虫脒
Bifenthrin · Acetamiprid6 mg/L 12 mg/L 18 mg/L 60 mg/L 120 mg/L 180 mg/L 1 82.0 ± 13.5 89.0 ± 7.4 92.0 ± 5.7 95.0 ± 6.1 97.0 ± 2.7 97.0 ± 2.7 y = 0.6409 x + 5.5069
r = 0.98320.16 0.00~29.11 3 98.3 ± 0.0 98.3 ± 0.0 98.3 ± 0.0 98.3 ± 0.0 98.3 ± 0.0 98.3 ± 0.0 - 7 98.3 ± 0.0 98.3 ± 0.0 98.3 ± 0.0 98.3 ± 0.0 98.3 ± 0.0 98.3 ± 0.0 - 噻虫·高氯氟
Thiamethoxam · Lambda-cyhalothrin4.8 mg/L 12 mg/L 24 mg/L 36 mg/L 120 mg/L 240 mg/L 1 33.0 ± 4.5 48.0 ± 4.5 59.0 ± 6.5 68.0 ± 2.7 78.0 ± 2.7 90.0 ± 5.0 y = 0.9623 x + 3.9080
r = 0.992013.64 7.02~26.52 3 95.3 ± 4.5 94.3 ± 4.2 96.3 ± 4.5 98.3 ± 0.0 98.3 ± 0.0 98.3 ± 0.0 - 7 98.3 ± 0.0 98.3 ± 0.0 98.3 ± 0.0 98.3 ± 0.0 98.3 ± 0.0 98.3 ± 0.0 - 2.3 噻虫·高氯氟林间无人机飞防试验效果
利用大疆T50植保无人机喷施10%噻虫·高氯氟悬浮剂3 d后,拍照记录油茶林茶黄毒蛾发生情况。油茶林茶黄毒蛾大爆发时,叶片存在大量茶黄毒蛾幼虫取食,每片叶片上虫口数十到数百头不等,龄期大体相近,排列紧密,取食时不停摆头,轻触受惊后悬丝下落如雨;午间高温时幼虫集体下树密集躲在叶背、主干基部等处,部分油茶树叶片已被取食殆尽,仅剩枝干和幼果(图 1-a~d)。药剂防治后,90%以上幼虫死亡,上中部枝条未见存活幼虫取食为害,仅见残存皱缩倒挂的死亡虫体;树干基部堆满死亡幼虫虫体,但尚有少量活虫存在;果实上也未见幼虫取食危害(图 1-e~h)。
图 1 10%噻虫·高氯氟悬浮剂林间无人机飞防茶黄毒蛾防治效果图注:a~d为防治前油茶林茶黄毒蛾在林间发生情况;e~h为防治3 d后油茶林茶黄毒蛾发生情况。Fig. 1 Effect diagrams of field control with unmanned aerial vehicle against Arna pseudoconspersa by spraying 10% Thiamethoxam · lambda-cyhalothrin suspension concentrateNote: a~d, Occurrence of A. pseudoconspersa in C. oleifera forest before control; e~h, Control effects of A. pseudoconspersa in C. oleifera forest after 3 days.2.4 油茶果实农药残留检测结果分析
油茶果实样品农药残留检测结果显示:施药7 d后,油茶籽粒中均未检出噻虫嗪和高效氯氟氰菊酯成分;油茶果皮中均检测出高效氯氟氰菊酯成分,残留浓度在0.011~0.23 mg/kg之间;仅在油茶果皮样品40C中检测出噻虫嗪成分,浓度为0.12 mg/kg(表 3)。由此可见,利用10%噻虫·高氯氟悬浮剂飞防防控茶黄毒蛾7d后,不会在油茶籽粒中存在农药残留,可用于后续茶油生产。
表 3 油茶果实样品农药残留测定结果Table 3 Pesticide residue determination of Camellia oleifera fruit samples序号
No.样品信息
Sample information噻虫嗪(mg/kg)
Thiamethoxam高效氯氟氰菊酯(mg/kg)
Lambda-cyhalothrin送样质量(g)
Sample weight1 果皮Peel(15D) 未检出Not detected(< 0.01*) 0.027 470.5 2 籽粒Seed(15D) 未检出Not detected(< 0.01*) 未检出Not detected(< 0.01*) 280.5 3 果皮Peel(16E) 未检出Not detected(< 0.01*) 0.011 485.0 4 籽粒Seed(16E) 未检出Not detected(< 0.01*) 未检出Not detected(< 0.01*) 271.0 5 果皮Peel(40A) 未检出Not detected(< 0.01*) 0.029 507.5 6 籽粒Seed(40A) 未检出Not detected(< 0.01*) 未检出Not detected(< 0.01*) 273.0 7 果皮Peel(40B) 未检出Not detected(< 0.01*) 0.011 553.0 8 籽粒Seed(40B) 未检出Not detected(< 0.01*) 未检出Not detected(< 0.01*) 349.0 9 果皮Peel(40C) 0.12 0.23 369.0 10 籽粒Seed(40C) 未检出Not detected(< 0.01*) 未检出Not detected(< 0.01*) 288.5 注:*表示检测下限;高效氯氟氰菊酯检测依据参照GB23200.113-2018;噻虫嗪检测依据参照GB23200.121-2021。Note: * represented the lower limit of detection; The detection criteria for lambda-cyhalothrin refer to GB23200.113-2018; The detection criteria for thiamethoxam refer to GB23200.121-2021. 3. 结论与讨论
茶黄毒蛾是油茶林和茶园等经济林中常见的食叶害虫,一年中时有发生(裴建国,2009;吴保锋和刘学彦,2009;Ye et al.,2014;黄小玲,2018;黄浩,2023)。如当地气候环境适宜、初期未及时发现管控、日常养护不到位等原因,均可导致茶黄毒蛾虫口数量逐代积累,进而导致茶黄毒蛾大爆发,给林农造成较大经济损失。除化学防治外,茶黄毒蛾防控还可采用以下措施(裴建国,2009;吴保锋和刘学彦,2009;Ye et al.,2014):①农业防治:施足基肥,合理施肥,增强树势,提高抗病虫能力;及时修剪,定期清理林下枯落物,集中烧毁剪下的残枝,铲除害虫的生存场所;人工摘除越冬卵块,振落捕杀幼虫;化蛹盛期,结合开沟施肥进行中耕灭蛹,并在根际培土,防止成虫羽化;清洁周边环境,减少害虫滋生场所。②物理防治:成虫羽化期于晚上19:00-23:00用黑光灯诱杀成虫。③生物防治:采用性激素等性诱剂进行诱杀(Li et al.,2023);使用生物制剂防治,如《油茶》(LY/T3355-2023)中推荐在幼虫期使用16 000 IU/mg的苏云金杆菌制剂5 000倍液,此外还可应用杀螟杆菌、青虫菌或茶毛虫核多角体病毒(Wang et al.,2021)等;保护鸟类、寄生蜂、瓢虫、步甲、猎蝽、蜘蛛等天敌。
化学防治是茶黄毒蛾目前最为快速有效的防治方法。从室内毒力测定结果而言,茶黄毒蛾幼虫对测试的几种农药原药和制剂均比较敏感,阿维菌素、甲维盐、高效氯氰菊酯、联菊·啶虫脒、噻虫·高氯氟等农药成分和制剂均可用于茶黄毒蛾的防控。此外,还可以选择印楝素、苦参碱等植物源活性成分为主的杀虫剂进行轮换或复配,有助于减缓抗药性产生,降低农药残留(谷清义等,2023;徐玉辉等,2024)。相较于农田和果园而言,油茶林和茶园大多位于丘陵、山地等地,水源获取、人工作业、机械操作等均受到较大限制,而相较于人工喷雾防治,无人机飞防能解决以上问题并能大大降低防控成本(李长强等,2022;张新华等,2024)。从林间飞防试验效果来看,在无风或微风环境下,采用10%噻虫·高氯氟悬浮剂配合添加飞防助剂在清晨和傍晚害虫上树为害时进行飞防,能有效控制茶黄毒蛾数量,缓解害虫为害,减少经济损失。但同时需要注意,飞防要求相对较高(胡淑芬等,2023;张新华等,2024),需要较为专业的植保无人机来确保载荷、飞行时间、飞行路线、覆盖度等要求,另外需要注意飞防对树体下部、树干等处害虫的防控效果,所以要选择合适的时间、气候因素等条件进行作业。关于样品农药残留问题,噻虫嗪和高效氯氟氰菊酯在不同作物上的安全间隔期不同,一般为7~14 d(毛江胜等,2021;孙淑媛等,2022;黄艳萍等,2024)。本试验飞防7 d后未在油茶籽粒中检出农药残留,可以采收,但建议在14 d后进行采收作业;此外油茶果实40C样品存在农药残留较高现象,可能是由于该样品采样点位于飞防起点或者掉头转弯点导致。
综上所述,茶黄毒蛾化学防控应选用高效、低毒、低残留的农药制剂产品,并严格掌握防治指标、防治时期和农药用量,选择合适的防控方式,对爆发中心或重点地块开展精准施药,不能长期使用同一种或同一类农药产品,采收时应注意安全间隔期,降低农药残留风险。
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图 1 10%噻虫·高氯氟悬浮剂林间无人机飞防茶黄毒蛾防治效果图
注:a~d为防治前油茶林茶黄毒蛾在林间发生情况;e~h为防治3 d后油茶林茶黄毒蛾发生情况。
Fig. 1 Effect diagrams of field control with unmanned aerial vehicle against Arna pseudoconspersa by spraying 10% Thiamethoxam · lambda-cyhalothrin suspension concentrate
Note: a~d, Occurrence of A. pseudoconspersa in C. oleifera forest before control; e~h, Control effects of A. pseudoconspersa in C. oleifera forest after 3 days.
表 1 四种农药原药对茶黄毒蛾的室内毒力测定结果
Table 1 Indoor toxicity tests of four pesticide chemicals on Arna pseudoconspersa
药剂
Chemicals天数(d)
Days校正死亡率(%)
Corrected mortality毒力回归方程与相关系数
Toxicity regression equation and correlation coefficient致死中浓度(mg/L)LC50 95%置信区间
95% Confidence interval1 mg/L 2 mg/L 4 mg/L 8 mg/L 16 mg/L 20 mg/L 甲维盐
Emamectin benzoate1 52.5 ± 8.7 66.3 ± 18.0 78.8 ± 22.9 57.5 ± 29.0 87.5 ± 6.5 73.8 ± 17.0 y = 0.4954 x + 5.1865
r = 0.62950.42 0.03~6.54 3 87.1 ± 11.1 92.1 ± 7.5 92.1 ± 6.3 84.6 ± 13.8 95.8 ± 5.0 95.8 ± 5.0 y = 0.4596 x + 6.2186
r = 0.64830.00 0.00~913.58 7 98.3 ± 0.0 97.1 ± 2.5 98.3 ± 0.0 95.8 ± 5.0 98.3 ± 0.0 98.3 ± 0.0 - 阿维菌素
Abamectin1 15.0 ± 13.7 26.0 ± 15.6 27.5 ± 20.6 46.3 ± 30.9 47.5 ± 2.9 67.5 ± 15.5 y = 0.9895 x + 3.9589
r = 0.954811.28 5.86~21.70 3 31.3 ± 19.2 51.3 ± 19.2 73.3 ± 33.2 88.3 ± 11.5 93.3 ± 4.1 92.1 ± 6.3 y = 1.6255 x + 4.6270
r = 0.98691.70 1.05~2.74 7 88.3 ± 7.9 92.3 ± 6.5 95.8 ± 2.9 98.3 ± 0.0 98.3 ± 0.0 98.3 ± 0.0 - 氯虫苯甲酰胺
Chlorantraniliprole1 10.0 ± 4.1 6.3 ± 2.5 7.5 ± 8.7 18.8 ± 6.3 16.3 ± 8.5 41.3 ± 12.5 y = 0.7300 x + 3.4175
r = 0.7776147.19 9.97~2173.21 3 22.1 ± 28.1 20.8 ± 6.5 32.1 ± 14.4 64.6 ± 8.5 69.6 ± 17.0 74.6 ± 4.8 y = 1.2513 x + 4.0685
r = 0.95575.55 3.57~8.64 7 49.6 ± 9.5 45.8 ± 27.5 47.1 ± 15.5 73.3 ± 10.8 79.6 ± 17.5 92.1 ± 6.3 y = 1.1087 x + 4.7088
r = 0.88351.83 0.95~3.52 虫酰肼
Tebufenozide1 2.5 ± 2.9 3.8 ± 2.5 11.3 ± 8.5 12.5 ± 2.9 12.5 ± 10.4 20.0 ± 7.1 y = 0.7858 x + 3.0860
r = 0.9418272.73 7.41~10033.89 3 0.8 ± 2.9 4.6 ± 2.5 18.3 ± 11.5 33.3 ± 7.1 57.1 ± 23.6 57.1 ± 11.1 y = 1.7604 x + 3.0219
r = 0.996613.29 8.93~19.78 7 23.3 ± 20.4 22.1 ± 6.3 54.6 ± 23.2 69.6 ± 9.5 95.8 ± 5.0 89.6 ± 8.5 y = 1.9872 x + 4.0130
r = 0.94403.14 2.29~4.31 表 2 四种农药制剂对茶黄毒蛾的室内毒力测定结果
Table 2 Indoor toxicity tests of four formulations chemicals on Arna pseudoconspersa
农药制剂
Formulations天数(d)
Days校正死亡率(%)
Corrected mortality毒力回归方程与相关系数
Toxicity regression equation & Correlation coefficient致死中浓度(mg/L)LC50 95%置信区间
95% Confidence interval甲维盐
Abamectin-aminomethyl1 mg/L 2 mg/L 4 mg/L 8 mg/L 16 mg/L 20 mg/L 1 38.0 ± 11.5 67.0 ± 9.7 80.0 ± 9.4 93.0 ± 4.5 83.0 ± 9.7 78.0 ± 2.7 y = 0.8509 x + 5.0862
r = 0.73620.79 0.22~2.83 3 92.3 ± 8.2 84.3 ± 6.5 89.3 ± 7.4 96.3 ± 2.7 90.3 ± 5.7 92.3 ± 4.2 - 7 94.3 ± 4.2 93.3 ± 8.7 94.3 ± 4.2 98.3 ± 0.0 96.3 ± 2.7 97.3 ± 2.2 - 高效氯氰菊酯
Beta-cypermethrin4.5 mg/L 9 mg/L 18 mg/L 45 mg/L 90 mg/L 180 mg/L 1 39.0 ± 14.3 68.0 ± 5.7 74.0 ± 6.5 74.0 ± 16.0 64.0 ± 13.9 87.0 ± 4.5 y = 0.5753 x + 4.6568
r = 0.76193.95 0.71~22.10 3 83.3 ± 9.4 96.3 ± 2.7 96.3 ± 2.7 98.3 ± 0.0 95.3 ± 2.7 96.3 ± 2.7 - 7 98.3 ± 0.0 98.3 ± 0.0 98.3 ± 0.0 98.3 ± 0.0 98.3 ± 0.0 98.3 ± 0.0 - 联菊·啶虫脒
Bifenthrin · Acetamiprid6 mg/L 12 mg/L 18 mg/L 60 mg/L 120 mg/L 180 mg/L 1 82.0 ± 13.5 89.0 ± 7.4 92.0 ± 5.7 95.0 ± 6.1 97.0 ± 2.7 97.0 ± 2.7 y = 0.6409 x + 5.5069
r = 0.98320.16 0.00~29.11 3 98.3 ± 0.0 98.3 ± 0.0 98.3 ± 0.0 98.3 ± 0.0 98.3 ± 0.0 98.3 ± 0.0 - 7 98.3 ± 0.0 98.3 ± 0.0 98.3 ± 0.0 98.3 ± 0.0 98.3 ± 0.0 98.3 ± 0.0 - 噻虫·高氯氟
Thiamethoxam · Lambda-cyhalothrin4.8 mg/L 12 mg/L 24 mg/L 36 mg/L 120 mg/L 240 mg/L 1 33.0 ± 4.5 48.0 ± 4.5 59.0 ± 6.5 68.0 ± 2.7 78.0 ± 2.7 90.0 ± 5.0 y = 0.9623 x + 3.9080
r = 0.992013.64 7.02~26.52 3 95.3 ± 4.5 94.3 ± 4.2 96.3 ± 4.5 98.3 ± 0.0 98.3 ± 0.0 98.3 ± 0.0 - 7 98.3 ± 0.0 98.3 ± 0.0 98.3 ± 0.0 98.3 ± 0.0 98.3 ± 0.0 98.3 ± 0.0 - 表 3 油茶果实样品农药残留测定结果
Table 3 Pesticide residue determination of Camellia oleifera fruit samples
序号
No.样品信息
Sample information噻虫嗪(mg/kg)
Thiamethoxam高效氯氟氰菊酯(mg/kg)
Lambda-cyhalothrin送样质量(g)
Sample weight1 果皮Peel(15D) 未检出Not detected(< 0.01*) 0.027 470.5 2 籽粒Seed(15D) 未检出Not detected(< 0.01*) 未检出Not detected(< 0.01*) 280.5 3 果皮Peel(16E) 未检出Not detected(< 0.01*) 0.011 485.0 4 籽粒Seed(16E) 未检出Not detected(< 0.01*) 未检出Not detected(< 0.01*) 271.0 5 果皮Peel(40A) 未检出Not detected(< 0.01*) 0.029 507.5 6 籽粒Seed(40A) 未检出Not detected(< 0.01*) 未检出Not detected(< 0.01*) 273.0 7 果皮Peel(40B) 未检出Not detected(< 0.01*) 0.011 553.0 8 籽粒Seed(40B) 未检出Not detected(< 0.01*) 未检出Not detected(< 0.01*) 349.0 9 果皮Peel(40C) 0.12 0.23 369.0 10 籽粒Seed(40C) 未检出Not detected(< 0.01*) 未检出Not detected(< 0.01*) 288.5 注:*表示检测下限;高效氯氟氰菊酯检测依据参照GB23200.113-2018;噻虫嗪检测依据参照GB23200.121-2021。Note: * represented the lower limit of detection; The detection criteria for lambda-cyhalothrin refer to GB23200.113-2018; The detection criteria for thiamethoxam refer to GB23200.121-2021. -
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