Investigation on pollinator diversity of Camellia oleifera in Gannan
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摘要:目的
本研究旨在明确赣南地区油茶Camellia oleifera传粉昆虫的种类组成、数量分布及群落差异,为油茶传粉昆虫的科学保护与利用提供理论依据。
方法于2022-2023年油茶盛花期,对赣南18个油茶基地的传粉昆虫进行系统调查,采用Shannon-Wiener指数及物种丰富度、均匀度、优势度指数分析群落特征。
结果共观测记录传粉昆虫2 334头,分别隶属于3目13科15属21种,主要以膜翅目、双翅目为为优势类群。其中胡蜂科Vespidae、食蚜蝇科Syrphidae和蜜蜂科Apidae分别占传粉昆虫总数的28.11%、21.77%和11.87%。传粉昆虫个体数最高的是章贡沙石镇霞峰村双圳油茶基地,最低的是瑞金市冈面乡渡头村清江排油茶基地;物种数、丰富度指数最高的是上犹紫阳乡秀罗村老秧田油茶基地,最低的是于都盘古山镇茶梓村大水山油茶基地。Shannon-Wiener多样性指数与Chao1丰富度指数呈显著正相关(R=0.735,P < 0.01)。均匀度指数最高的为信丰大塘埠镇万星村石子排油茶基地,最低的为寻乌留车镇石马村山下油茶基地。上犹紫阳乡秀罗村老秧田油茶基地与赣县沙地镇马口村倒坪油茶基地传粉昆虫群落相似性最高(Cs=0.968),瑞金市九堡镇密溪村桥坑与章贡沙石镇霞峰村双圳油茶基地相似性最低(Cs=0.519)。
结论油茶传粉优势昆虫为蜜蜂科、胡蜂科和食蚜蝇科昆虫,可充分利用中华蜜蜂为油茶授粉,建议在油茶林间或林缘配植一定种类和数量的蜜(粉)源植物,构建利用蜜蜂为油茶授粉的长期栖息环境。
Abstract:AimThis research was conducted to elucidate the species composition, abundance patterns, and community variation of pollinating insects associated with Camellia oleifera in southern Jiangxi (Gannan), thereby providing a scientific foundation for their conservation and rational utilization.
MethodsDuring the main flowering seasons of C. oleifera from 2022 to 2023, a comprehensive field survey of pollinating insects was carried out in 18 plantations across the region. Community characteristics were evaluated using the Shannon-Wiener diversity index, together with indices of species richness, evenness, and dominance.
ResultsIn total, 2, 334 pollinating insects were collected, representing 21 species from 15 genera, 13 families, and 3 orders, with Hymenoptera and Diptera identified as the dominant orders. Among these, Vespidae, Syrphidae, and Apidae comprised 28.11%, 21.77%, and 11.87% of all pollinators, respectively. The largest number of individuals was observed at the Shuangzhen C. oleifera base in Xiafeng Village, Shashi Town, Zhanggong District, whereas the fewest were recorded at the Qingjiangpai base in Dutou Village, Gangmian Township, Ruijin City. Species richness and diversity values reached their maximum at the Laoyangtian base in Xiuluo Village, Ziyang Township, Shangyou County, and were lowest at the Dashuishan base in Chazi Village, Pangushan Town, Yudu County. A strong positive correlation was detected between the Shannon-Wiener diversity index and the Chao1 richness index (R = 0.735, P < 0.01). The highest evenness index occurred at the Shizipai base in Wanxing Village, Datangbu Town, Xinfeng County, while the lowest was recorded at the Shanxia base in Shima Village, Liuche Town, Xunwu County. The greatest similarity in pollinator community composition was observed between the Laoyangtian base in Xiuluo Village, Ziyang Township, Shangyou County, and the Daoping base in Makou Village, Shadi Town, Ganxian County (Cs = 0.968). Conversely, the lowest similarity occurred between the Qiaokeng base in Mixi Village, Jiubao Town, Ruijin City, and the Shuangzhen base in Xiafeng Village, Shashi Town, Zhanggong District (Cs = 0.519).
ConclusionApidae, Vespidae, and Syrphidae were identified as the key pollinator groups of C. oleifera. The Asian honeybee (Apis cerana) demonstrated high potential for effective pollination of C. oleifera. It is therefore suggested that suitable nectar- and pollen-producing plants be interplanted within or along the margins of C. oleifera stands to create stable habitats and support sustainable bee-mediated pollination.
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Keywords:
- Camellia oleifera /
- pollinators /
- community characteristics /
- diversity /
- bee plant
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油茶Camellia oleifera作为我国南方地区的一种特色木本油料作物(庄瑞林,2008),资源十分丰富,主要种植在我国南方地区,预计2025年栽培面积达到600万hm2(Yuan et al.,2024)。赣州市位于江西省南部,俗称“赣南”,位于南亚热带北缘至中亚热带南缘,具有典型的亚热带丘陵山区湿润季风气候,冬夏季风盛行、春夏降水集中,四季分明,阳光充足(张文波,2014),雨量充沛。土壤大部分为酸性红壤,土壤疏松深厚,是油茶生产的“黄金种植带”。目前全市油茶林面积超21万hm2,茶油产量3.24万t,单位面积产茶油量只有154.29 kg(霍兴华等,2024)。
传粉昆虫具有重要的生态、经济价值,全世界90%的开花植物都依靠动物传粉进行繁殖(Tong et al.,2023),仅在农业系统每年就超过2 000亿美元贡献值(田瑜等,2016)。油茶为异花虫媒授粉植物,自花和风媒授粉坐果率仅有0~3%,必须通过昆虫传播授粉,才能大量结实(邓园艺等,2010;何学友等,2010)。Li等(2021)认为传粉昆虫的数量多少直接影响油茶产量的高低,但规模化、集约化的种植和化学农药的不合理使用,导致野生传粉昆虫栖息环境破坏,数量急剧下降(Kremen,2018;韦小平等,2020),远不足油茶授粉需求,韦维等(2017)认为这是造成油茶产量不高的一个重要因素。油茶传粉昆虫以膜翅目、双翅目为主,优势种群有大分舌蜂Colletes gigas、油茶地蜂Andrena amellia、中华蜜蜂Apis cerana、墨胸胡蜂Vespa nigrithorax等(韦小平等,2020;张欢等,2022)。但由于地域生境和气候等因素影响,各地油茶传粉昆虫种类和数量也存在差异(何学友等,2010)。因此,摸清赣南油茶传粉昆虫种类和种群特征,对科学保护和利用传粉昆虫资源,提高油茶产量具有重要意义。本研究以赣南18个油茶基地为代表,调查传粉昆虫种类和种群数量等指标,进行多样性分析,为保护和利用传粉昆虫,促进油茶产业提质增效提供科学依据。
1. 材料与方法
1.1 观测样地
本研究在赣州市赣县区、上犹县、信丰县、兴国县、瑞金市等地选择18个油茶树长势良好,种植面积不少于6.6 hm2的油茶基地进行传粉昆虫多样性调查(样地信息见网络版增强出版材料附表 1)。
1.2 昆虫采集与鉴定
观测前,对已报道的油茶传粉昆虫种类、照片,参考《中国动物志》(范滋德,1997;中国科学院中国动物志编辑委员会,2012)、《中国昆虫生态大图鉴》(张巍巍等,2011)、《中国经济昆虫志》(吴燕如,1965)等文献资料,对其特征进行梳理,作为现场观测参考依据。于2022-2023年油茶花期,选取连续无雨,光照充足的晴朗天气,安排两人,采用捕虫网捕捉观测点所有种类传粉昆虫3~5头,与原有资料对比,初步判断种类,并用相机(Canon EOS 60D)拍摄照片,将采集的样本昆虫置于粘有乙酸乙酯棉球的10 mL冻存管中,带回实验室,制成标本。同时固定1人于8:30-17:00在基地中心附近,采用固定样株的方式,连续观测并记录到访样株的传粉昆虫种类及数量(飞离样株后未在其它树上停留再返回的,不重复记录)。无法当场确定的种类做好标记,后期结合资料及请教有关专家对标本进行鉴定,确定昆虫名称。
1.3 分析方法
将各样地观测到的传粉昆虫种类及数量录入Excel(WPS Office 2019),对传粉昆虫个体数(N)、物种数(S)、物种丰富度(R)、Shannon-Wiener指数(H)、Pielou均匀度指数(J)、Berger-parker相对多度指数(D)和相似性系数(Cs)进行统计和计算。各指数相关性用SPSS 19.0进行统计分析,采用Pearson相关系数法比较,P < 0.01表示差异显著。具体指数计算公式(张欢等,2022;代文魁,2023)如下:
Shannon-Wiener生物多样性指数:
$$ H=-\sum\limits_{i=1}^{S}({p}_{i}\times \mathsf{ln}{p}_{i}) $$ (1) 式中,$ {p}_{i}=\frac{{N}_{i}}{N} $,N为物种个体总数,Ni为第i物种的个体数。
Chao1物种丰富度指数:
$$ R=\frac{S-1}{\mathsf{ln}N} $$ (2) 式中,S为该区域物种数,N为个体总数。
Pielou均匀度指数:
$$ J=\frac{H}{\mathsf{ln}S} $$ (3) Berger-parker相对多度指数:
$$ D\left(\%\right)=\frac{{N}_{i}}{N}\times 100 $$ (4) 式中,Ni为物种i的个体数量,N为全部物种个体数量。D≥10%的定为优势种,1%≤D<10%的定为常见种,0.1%≤D<1%的定为稀有种,D<0.1%的定为罕见种。
Sorensen相似性系数:
$$ Cs=\frac{2c}{a+b} $$ (5) 式中,c为两种生境共有的昆虫种数,a、b分别为两种生境各自的昆虫种数,当0 < Cs≤0.25时,为极不相似;当0.25 < CS≤0.50时,为中等不相似;当0.50 < Cs≤0.75时,为中等相似;当0.75 < CS≤1.00时,为极相似。
2. 结果与分析
2.1 油茶传粉昆虫种类及群落特征
18个样地油茶花期共记录传粉昆虫2 334头,隶属于3目13科15属21种(表 1和表 2,观测到油茶花朵上的普通蓟马、蚁科某种未列入分析)。(1)目的水平:其中膜翅目6科11种,占物种总数52.38%;双翅目4科7种,占物种总数33.33%;鳞翅目3科3种,占物种总数14.29%。油茶传粉昆虫主要类群方面,膜翅目个体数占比最多,为63.67%;其次为双翅目,占比34.32%;鳞翅目占比最少,只有2.01%。(2)科的水平:胡蜂科Vespidae种类最多,有5种,个体占比28.11%;其次是食蚜蝇科Syrphidae,有4种,个体占比21.77%;蜜蜂科Apidae有2种,个体占比为11.87%;剩下各科均只有1种。(3)种的水平:优势种主要有分舌蜂科Colletidae大分舌蜂(493头,占21.12%)、墨胸胡蜂(307头,占13.15%)、中华蜜蜂(258头,占11.05%);常见种主要有黑盾胡蜂Vespa bicolor(223头,占9.55%)、黑带食蚜蝇Episyrphus balteatus(214头,占9.17%)、羽芒宽盾蚜蝇Phytomia zonata(179头,占7.67%)、大头金蝇Chrysomya megacephala(173头,占7.41%)、棕腿斑眼蚜蝇Eristalinus arvorum(109头,占4.67%)、黑尾胡蜂Vespa ducalis(99头,占4.24%)、棕尾别麻蝇Boettcherisca peregrina(75头,占3.21%)、油茶地蜂Apis camellia(50头,占2.14%)、杂色美根寄蝇Meigenia matabilis discolor(45头,占1.93%);稀有种有12个物种,其中菜粉蝶Pieris rapae、黄腰胡蜂Vespa affinis和西方蜜蜂Apis mellifera等5种昆虫个体数少于22头,金环胡蜂Vespa mandarinia、灰带管蚜蝇Eristalis cerealis和中华异喙蜾蠃Allorhynchium chinense等7种昆虫个体数不足10头。
表 1 油茶传粉昆虫群落结构Table 1 Community structure of pollinator insects for Camellia oleifera目数
Order number科数
Number of family属数
Number of genera种数
Number of species个体数
Number of individuals膜翅目Hymenoptera 6 6 11 1 486 双翅目Diptera 4 6 7 801 鳞翅目Lepidoptera 3 3 3 47 合计Total 13 15 21 2 334 表 2 传粉昆虫种类和数量Table 2 Species and quantities of pollinator insects目Order 科Family 属Genus 种Species 数量Number 膜翅目Hymenoptera 地蜂科Andrenidae 地蜂属Andrena 油茶地蜂A. amellia 50 蜜蜂科Apidae 蜜蜂属Apis 中华蜜蜂A. cerana 258 西方蜜蜂A. mellifera 19 分舌蜂科Colletidae 分舌蜂属Colletes 大分舌蜂C. gigas 493 蜾蠃科Eumenidae 异喙蜾蠃属Allorhynchium 中华异喙蜾蠃A. chinense 5 胡蜂科Vespidae 胡蜂属Vespa 黑盾胡蜂V. bicolor 223 金环胡蜂V. mandarinia 7 黄腰胡蜂V. affinis 20 黑尾胡蜂V.ducalis 99 墨胸胡蜂V. nigrithorax 307 方头泥蜂科Crabronidae 脊小唇泥蜂属Liris 亚镶嵌脊小唇泥蜂L. subtesselatus 5 双翅目Diptera 丽蝇科Calliphoridae 金蝇属Chrysomya 大头金蝇C. megacephala 173 麻蝇科Sarcophagidae 别麻蝇属Boettcherisca 棕尾别麻蝇B. peregrina 75 食蚜蝇科Syrphidae 宽盾蚜蝇属Phytomia 羽芒宽盾蚜蝇P. zonata 179 带食蚜蝇属Episyrphus 黑带食蚜蝇E. balteatus 214 管蚜蝇属Eristalis 灰带管蚜蝇E. cerealis 6 斑眼蚜蝇属Eristalinus 棕腿斑眼蚜蝇E. arvorum 109 寄蝇科Tachinidae 美根寄蝇属Meigenia 杂色美根寄蝇M. matabilis discolor 45 鳞翅目Lepidoptera 天蛾科Sphingidae 长喙天蛾属Macroglossum 小豆长喙天蛾M. stellatarum 11 斑蛾科Zygaenidae 脉锦斑蛾属Eterusia 茶斑蛾E. linnaeus 15 粉蝶科Pieridae 菜粉蝶属Pieris 菜粉蝶P. rapae 21 2.2 油茶传粉昆虫多样性分析
根据各观测点得到的数据计算α多样性指数(表 3)。油茶传粉昆虫个体数最多的是章贡沙石镇霞峰村双圳油茶基地(PL13),有229头昆虫,最少的是瑞金市冈面乡渡头村清江排油茶基地(PL5),只观测到71头;油茶传粉昆虫物种数最多的有上犹紫阳乡秀罗村(PL3)、章贡沙石镇埠上村横窝子(PL12)、章贡沙石镇霞峰村双圳(PL13)及寻乌留车镇石马村山下油茶基地(PL18),均有16种昆虫,其中上犹紫阳乡秀罗村油茶基地Chao1物种丰富度指数最高(R=2.986),油茶传粉昆虫物种数最少的是于都盘古山镇茶梓村大水山山场油茶基地(PL6),只观测到9种。Shannon-Wiener多样性指数最高的是章贡沙石镇埠上村横窝子油茶基地(PL12,H=2.564),最低的是寻乌龙廷乡大田村石牙下油茶基地(PL17,H=1.872)。各观测点传粉昆虫群落Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H)与Chao1丰富度指数(R)变化趋势基本保持一致,呈显著正相关(R=0.735,P < 0.01)。比如上犹紫阳乡秀罗村老秧田(PL3)、寻乌留车镇石马村山下(PL18)、章贡沙石镇埠上村横窝子(PL12)和安远新龙乡有才村大屋场(PL16)油茶基地Chao1丰富度指数(R)较高,其Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H)也较高。各观测点Pielou均匀度指数(J)均小于1,最高的为信丰大塘埠镇万星村石子排油茶基地(PL14,J=0.945),最低的为寻乌龙廷乡大田村石牙下油茶基地(PL17,J=0.730)。根据优势度指数分析,在观测时段内,18个油茶基地优势传粉昆虫种类不同,优势种主要有大分舌蜂、墨胸胡蜂、中华蜜蜂、黑盾胡蜂、黑带食蚜蝇、羽芒宽盾蚜蝇、大头金蝇、黑尾胡蜂和棕尾别麻蝇9种,含有该优势种对应的的基地占比分别为15/18、13/18、9/18、8/18、8/18、6/18、6/18、3/18、1/18。
表 3 传粉昆虫群落特征Table 3 Characteristics of the pollinating insect communities样地
Plots多样性指标Diversity index N S H R J 优势种(D/ %)Dominant species PL1 160 14 2.301 2.561 0.872 大分舌蜂(22.50)、中华蜜蜂(15.00)、墨胸胡蜂(12.50)、羽芒宽盾蚜蝇(11.25) PL2 100 11 2.054 2.171 0.857 中华蜜蜂(26.00)、墨胸胡蜂(16.00)、黑带食蚜蝇(13.00)、大分舌蜂(12.00)、黑盾胡蜂(11.00)、黑尾胡蜂(10.00) PL3 152 16 2.430 2.986 0.876 中华蜜蜂(19.74)、大分舌蜂(16.45) PL4 98 11 2.081 2.181 0.868 墨胸胡蜂(18.37)、黑盾胡蜂(16.33)、黑带食蚜蝇(16.33)、大分舌蜂(15.31)、羽芒宽盾蚜蝇(14.29) PL5 71 11 2.095 2.346 0.874 墨胸胡蜂(22.54)、黑带食蚜蝇(21.13)、黑尾胡蜂(12.68)、大分舌蜂(11.27) PL6 82 9 1.996 1.815 0.908 墨胸胡蜂(24.39)、大分舌蜂(17.07)、中华蜜蜂(14.63)、黑带食蚜蝇(13.41)、黑尾胡蜂(12.20) PL7 87 10 1.944 2.015 0.844 大分舌蜂(27.59)、墨胸胡蜂(24.14)、黑盾胡蜂(13.79) PL8 207 14 2.157 2.438 0.817 大分舌蜂(28.99)、墨胸胡蜂(13.53)、大头金蝇(13.04)、黑盾胡蜂(12.56) PL9 93 11 2.032 2.206 0.847 大分舌蜂(22.58)、中华蜜蜂(20.43)、黑带食蚜蝇(19.35)、大头金蝇(10.75) PL10 126 15 2.180 2.895 0.805 大分舌蜂(32.54)、黑盾胡蜂(13.49)、墨胸胡蜂(11.11) PL11 129 13 2.356 2.469 0.919 墨胸胡蜂(20.16)、大分舌蜂(14.73)、黑带食蚜蝇(10.85)、黑盾胡蜂(10.08)、大头金蝇(10.08) PL12 178 16 2.564 2.895 0.925 墨胸胡蜂(13.48)、羽芒宽盾蚜蝇(12.36) PL13 229 16 2.281 2.761 0.823 大分舌蜂(26.20)、中华蜜蜂(12.23)、墨胸胡蜂(12.23)、黑盾胡蜂(11.35)、羽芒宽盾蚜蝇(10.48) PL14 79 12 2.347 2.517 0.945 中华蜜蜂(17.72)、大头金蝇(15.19)、棕尾别麻蝇(12.66)、黑带食蚜蝇(10.13) PL15 115 14 2.326 2.740 0.881 大分舌蜂(21.74)、中华蜜蜂(13.04)、羽芒宽盾蚜蝇(13.04)、墨胸胡蜂(11.30) PL16 137 15 2.452 2.846 0.905 墨胸胡蜂(16.79)、羽芒宽盾蚜蝇(14.60)、中华蜜蜂(10.95) PL17 137 13 1.872 2.439 0.730 大分舌蜂(39.42)、黑盾胡蜂(20.44)、大头金蝇(11.68) PL18 154 16 2.203 2.978 0.705 大分舌蜂(31.82)、大头金蝇(14.94)、黑带食蚜蝇(12.34) 注:PL1~PL18,表示18个观测样地;N,个体数;S,物种数;H,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数;R,Chao1丰富度指数;J,Pielou均匀度指数;D,优势种。Note: PL1~PL18, Represents 18 sample plots; N, Individual number; S, Species number; H, Shannon-Wiener diversity index; R, Chao1 richness index; J, Pielou Uniformity Index; D, Dominant species. 2.3 油茶传粉昆虫群落相似性分析
对各观测点油茶授粉昆虫群落组成进行相似性分析(表 4),结果表明各观测点油茶传粉昆虫群落间的相似性系数在0.519~0.968之间。两两观测点传粉昆虫群落组成极为相似的个数为98个,中等相似55个,无中等不相似和极不相似,说明赣南油茶种植区生境较为接近。其中上犹紫阳乡秀罗村老秧田油茶基地与赣县沙地镇马口村倒坪油茶基地传粉昆虫群落相似性最高(Cs=0.968),说明这两种生境相似度最高,共有种15种,以中华蜜蜂、大分舌蜂、黑盾胡蜂、羽芒宽盾蚜蝇、黑带食蚜蝇为主要相似特征;其次为于都盘古山镇茶梓村大水山油茶基地和于都沙心乡沙塘村大冬坑油茶基地(Cs=0.947),共有9种,以大分舌蜂、黑盾胡蜂、墨胸胡蜂、羽芒宽盾蚜蝇;相似性程度最低的为瑞金市九堡镇密溪村桥坑与章贡沙石镇霞峰村双圳油茶基地(Cs=0.519),只有7种共同种,有13种不同种。
表 4 传粉昆虫群落相似性系数Table 4 Similarity coefficient of pollinating insect communitiesPL2 PL3 PL4 PL5 PL6 PL7 PL8 PL9 PL10 PL11 PL12 PL13 PL14 PL15 PL16 PL17 PL18 PL1 0.667 0.867 0.640 0.880 0.783 0.750 0.929 0.800 0.897 0.815 0.733 0.867 0.846 0.857 0.828 0.815 0.800 PL2 0.593 0.909 0.727 0.800 0.762 0.640 0.727 0.615 0.870 0.667 0.593 0.609 0.720 0.769 0.750 0.667 PL3 0.593 0.815 0.720 0.769 0.867 0.815 0.968 0.759 0.875 0.875 0.857 0.867 0.774 0.828 0.875 PL4 0.727 0.800 0.762 0.560 0.727 0.615 0.833 0.667 0.519 0.609 0.720 0.846 0.750 0.667 PL5 0.800 0.762 0.800 0.909 0.846 0.917 0.815 0.741 0.870 0.880 0.846 0.833 0.741 PL6 0.947 0.696 0.800 0.750 0.727 0.720 0.640 0.762 0.696 0.750 0.727 0.720 PL7 0.750 0.762 0.720 0.696 0.769 0.692 0.818 0.750 0.720 0.783 0.769 PL8 0.720 0.846 0.741 0.733 0.933 0.923 0.786 0.759 0.815 0.800 PL9 0.846 0.833 0.741 0.667 0.783 0.880 0.769 0.833 0.741 PL10 0.786 0.839 0.839 0.815 0.897 0.800 0.786 0.839 PL11 0.759 0.690 0.800 0.889 0.929 0.846 0.690 PL12 0.813 0.786 0.867 0.774 0.759 0.813 PL13 0.857 0.733 0.710 0.759 0.875 PL14 0.846 0.815 0.800 0.786 PL15 0.897 0.815 0.733 PL16 0.786 0.774 PL17 0.828 注:横表头仅标注PL2~PL18样地编号,竖表头仅标注PL1~PL17样地编号。Note: Number sample plots PL2~PL18 were marked one the horizontal table header. Number sample plots PL1~PL17 were marked one the Vertical table head. 3. 结论与讨论
本次调查记录赣南油茶传粉昆虫21种,占我国已知油茶传粉昆虫11.67%,主要为大分舌蜂、墨胸胡蜂、中华蜜蜂。与油茶传粉昆虫主要种群为大分舌蜂和油茶地蜂的研究结果(何学友等,2010;邱建生,2015)有一定差异,主要可能是地理差异原因(何学友等,2010)。黄敦元等(2015)研究发现大分舌蜂羽化出巢时期与油茶花期高度吻合,雌蜂全身密被绒毛(何学友等,2010),是油茶有效传粉昆虫,种群数量与油茶坐果率呈正相关(Li et al.,2021),但其种群数量较难人为调控,曾有学者尝试借助工具收集并释放大分舌蜂,但效果不明显(胡景华等,2019),目前也未有人工饲养成功的报道。胡蜂科昆虫飞行能力强,体壁多毛能沾染花粉,能起到一定的传粉效果,但属捕食性昆虫,对其他传粉昆虫造成一定威胁(何学友等,2010),还对人类作业活动存在安全隐患,对其有效利用还需进一步研究。双翅目蝇类昆虫身体具刚毛,能携带少量油茶花粉,也能起到一定的传粉效果(何学友等,2010;韦维等,2017),目前已实现人工饲养繁殖(李文宾等,2009),但还未见关于利用食蚜蝇为油茶授粉的报道,或许是今后研究的一个方向。蜜蜂科昆虫是异花虫媒植物的主要传粉昆虫(韦维等,2017),中华蜜蜂是我国特有的蜜蜂遗传资源,具有采集力强、适应性强和能够利用零星蜜源的特点,非常适合南方丘陵山区饲养(李春升,2019)。当前,制约油茶产业发展的关键问题之一是油茶产量低的问题,利用传粉昆虫为油茶授粉,是提高油茶坐果率,提升产量的最有效方式(郭冬生,2014;韦维等,2017)。因此,保护和利用好这些传粉昆虫,找到能够解决油茶授粉瓶颈的有效措施,对提高油茶产量有重大意义。
有成功利用中华蜜蜂为油茶授粉的报导(姜增杭,1985;赵尚武等,1985;罗建谱等,1992),Li等(2021)对比了野生蜜蜂和中华蜜蜂传播油茶花粉的效率,发现野生蜂群传粉效率明显比中华蜜蜂高,但中华蜜蜂种群数量庞大,是否能够通过数量优势弥补效率不足,未有明确报道。上世纪50年代,人们发现中华蜜蜂在油茶花上采食后,会造成幼虫死亡(朱永谦,1957),多数学者认为蜜蜂幼虫是无法消化油茶花蜜中的低聚糖而死亡的(Li et al.,2022),也有人认为油茶花粉是引起蜜蜂幼虫中毒的主因(Yuan et al.,2024;Zhang et al.,2024)。油茶蜂乐(赵尚武,1987)和中草药制剂(康金林等,2023)解决了中华蜜蜂采食油茶花蜜、花粉中毒“烂籽”难题。本课题组利用中草药制剂解毒饲喂及油茶花浆适应奖励饲喂,中华蜜蜂蜂群发展正常,油茶坐果率明显提高(康金林等,2023),但其有效传粉范围还不明确,亟待进一步开展蜂群数量及配置范围研究。胡越洋等(2024)研究发现赣南各县均有蜜蜂养殖,数量达30万群,其中中华蜜蜂占比90%,收蜜期主要集中在6月份。本研究结果表明在11月份蜜(粉)源较少的季节,可以将中华蜜蜂养殖逐步推广至油茶林,既能提高油茶产量,又能收获蜂蜜,提高综合效益。
昆虫群落多样性间接反应了其栖息环境(韩争伟等,2013),油茶林下生态环境是影响传粉昆虫多样性的主要因素(韦小平等,2020),油茶基地内及周边林区蜜(粉)源植物多样性是决定传粉昆虫多样性与稳定性的关键(张欢等,2022),二者密不可分、相互依赖(李剑飞等,2024)。章贡沙石镇埠上村横窝子、安远新龙乡有才村大屋场和上犹紫阳乡秀罗村老秧田等油茶基地的传粉昆虫群落多样性指数较高,其均匀度和丰富度指数也较高。林地物种多样性对维持传粉者多样性和食物缺乏种群的稳定具有重要作用,同时作物花期能够显著提高传粉者种群密度(刘娅萌等,2020),所以在大面积栽培的油茶林地或林缘构建蜜(粉)源植物,提高植物多样性,为昆虫提供良好的栖息环境至关重要。
综上所述,赣南油茶林传粉昆虫组成主要是大分舌蜂、中华蜜蜂、墨胸胡蜂、黑盾胡蜂、黑尾胡蜂、黑带食蚜蝇和羽芒宽盾蚜蝇,欲提高油茶传粉昆虫种类和数量,关键是要提升油茶林地生态多样性,建议在油茶林间或林缘种植与油茶花期相错开的油菜Brassica chinensis、山乌桕Triadica cochinchinensis、杜英Elaeocarpus decipiens、盐肤木Rhus chinensis和微毛柃Eurya hebeclados等蜜(粉)源植物(钟培星等,2020;胡越洋等,2024),既能提高植物多样性,又能保障蜜蜂类昆虫蜜(粉)食粮,避免与油茶花形成竞争,为昆虫营造良好的栖息环境。同时可以在油茶林中饲养中华蜜蜂,辅助油茶授粉。
附录:附表 1 油茶传粉昆虫样地基本信息
详细数据见网络版增强出版材料(http://hjkcxb.alljournals.net/)
附表 1 附表 1油茶传粉昆虫样地基本信息Appendix Table 1 Appendix Tabe 1 Sample plots of pollinators in Camellia oleifera编号
Number地址
Address面积(hm2)
Acreage种植品种
Variety经度(°)
Longitude纬度(°)
Latitude海拔(m)
Altitude日期
Date其他
RemarkPL1 兴国隆坪乡咸潭村谢杨山Xieyangshan, Xiantan Village, Longping Town, Xingguo County 386 长林、赣州油Changlin & Ganzhouyou 115.2088 26.3925 462 2022.11.09 10a油茶, 周边马尾松和杂木林, 有盐肤木、多花蔷薇等蜜源树, 近村庄10-year-old Camellia oleifera forest, surrounded by Pinus massoniana and mixed broadleaf forest, with honey-source trees such as Rhus chinensis and Rosa multiflora, near a village PL2 兴国长岗乡石燕村冷水坑Lengshuikeng, Shiyan Village, ChanggangTown, Xingguo County 46 赣无Ganwu 115.4403 26.3420 242 2022.11.10 12a油茶, 周边杉木和杂木林, 有盐肤木、多花蔷薇等蜜源树, 远村庄12-year-old Camellia oleifera forest, surrounded by Cunninghamia lanceolata and mixed broadleaf forest, with honey-source trees such as Rhus chinensis and Rosa multiflora, far from village PL3 上犹紫阳乡秀罗村老秧田Laoyangtian, Xiuluo Village, Ziyang Town, Shangyou County 103 长林Changlin 114.5348 26.0745 351 2023.11.15 13a油茶, 周边杉木和杂木林, 盐肤木、油菜、脐橙等蜜源树, 近村庄13-year-old Camellia oleifera forest, surrounded by Cunninghamia lanceolata and mixed broadleaf forest, with honey-source trees such as Rhus chinensis, Brassica chinensis and Citrus sinensis Osb., near a village PL4 瑞金市九堡镇密溪村桥坑Qiaokeng, Mixi Village, Jiubao Town, Ruijin County 30 长林Changlin 115.9191 26.0302 381 2022.11.12 10a油茶, 周边马尾松, 近村庄10-year-old Camellia oleifera forest, surrounded by Pinus massoniana forest, near a village PL5 瑞金市冈面乡渡头村清江排Qiangjiangpai, Dutou Village, Gangmian Town, Ruijin County 17 长林Changlin 115.9112 26.0334 402 2022.11.13 9a油茶, 周边马尾松和杂木林, 有多花蔷薇等蜜源树, 近村庄9-year-old Camellia oleifera forest, surrounded by Pinus massoniana and mixed broadleaf forest, with honey-source trees such as Rosa multiflora, near a village PL6 于都盘古山镇茶梓村大水山Dashuishan, Chazi Village, PangushanTown, Yudu County 67 赣州油Ganzhouyou 115.4454 25.5917 170 2023.11.16 12a油茶, 周边马尾松和杂木林, 有多花蔷薇等蜜源树, 远村庄12-year-old Camellia oleifera forest, surrounded by Pinus massoniana and mixed broadleaf forest, with honey-source trees such as Rosa multiflora, far from village PL7 于都沙心乡沙塘村大冬坑Dadongkeng, Shatang Village, Shaxin Town, Yudu County 140 长林Changlin 115.7480 25.9852 205 2023.11.17 11a油茶, 周边马尾松和杂木林, 有盐肤木、多花蔷薇、山杜英等蜜源树, 近村庄11-year-old Camellia oleifera forest, surrounded by Pinus massoniana and mixed broadleaf forest, with honey-source trees such as Rhus chinensis, Rosa multiflora and Elaeocarpus sylvestris, near a village PL8 会昌小密乡孕龙村南机岭Nanjiling, Yunlong Village, Xiaomi Town, Huichang County 18 赣州油Ganzhouyou 115.7525 25.8907 283 2023.11.18 13a油茶, 周边阔叶林, 有盐肤木、多花蔷薇、油菜等蜜源树, 近村庄13-year-old Camellia oleifera forest, surrounded by mixed broadleaf forest, with honey-source trees such as Rhus chinensis, Rosa multiflora and Brassica chinensis, near a village PL9 赣县长洛乡下含村龙脑Longnao, Xiahan Village, Changluo Town, Ganxian County 33 赣无、赣州油Ganwu & Ganzhouyou 115.1958 25.7751 413 2022.11.18 13a油茶, 周边马尾松和杂木林, 有盐肤木、多花蔷薇等蜜源树, 近村庄13-year-old Camellia oleifera forest, surrounded by Pinus massoniana and mixed broadleaf forest, with honey-source trees such as Rhus chinensis and Rosa multiflora, near a village PL10 赣县沙地镇马口村倒坪Daoping, Makou Village, Shadi Town, Ganxian County 33 赣州油Ganzhouyou 114.7954 26.1163 160 2022.1119 10a油茶, 周边马尾松和杂木林, 有盐肤木、金樱子、油菜等蜜源树, 近村庄10-year-old Camellia oleifera forest, surrounded by Pinus massoniana and mixed broadleaf forest, with honey-source trees such as Rhus chinensis, Rosa laevigata and Brassica chinensis, near a village PL11 大余池江镇九水村马里坑Malikeng, Jiushui Village, Chijiang Town, Dayu County 70 赣州油Ganzhouyou 114.3656 25.2906 322 2023.11.19 10a油茶, 周边杉木和阔叶林, 有格药柃、盐肤木、南酸枣等蜜源树, 远村庄10-year-old Camellia oleifera forest, surrounded by Cunninghamia lanceolata and mixed broadleaf forest, with honey-source trees such as Eurya muricata, Rhus chinensis and Choerospondias axillaris, far from village PL12 章贡沙石镇埠上村横窝子Hengwozi, Bushang Village, Shashi Town, Zhanggong County 19 赣州油Ganzhouyou 114.5705 25.4643 153 2022.11.06 50a油茶, 周边马尾松林, 有盐肤木、乌桕、脐橙等蜜源树, 近村庄50-year-old Camellia oleifera forest, surrounded by Pinus massoniana forest, with honey-source trees such as Rhus chinensis, Triadica sebifera and Citrus sinensis Osb., near a village PL13 章贡沙石镇霞峰村双圳Shuangzhen, Xiafeng Village, Shashi Town, Zhanggong County 26 赣州油Ganzhouyou 114.5850 25.4733 223 2022.11.07 15a油茶, 周边马尾松和杂木林, 有盐肤木、山乌柏等蜜源树, 近村庄15-year-old Camellia oleifera forest, surrounded by Pinus massoniana and mixed broadleaf forest, with honey-source trees such as Rhus chinensis and Triadica cochinchinensis, near a village PL14 信丰大塘埠镇万星村石子排Shizipai, Wanxing Village, Datangbu Town, Xinfeng County 8 赣州油、长林Ganzhouyou & Changlin 114.9282 25.3222 158 2023.11.20 10a油茶, 周边马尾松林, 有脐橙、大叶桉、枣树等蜜源树, 近村庄10-year-old Camellia oleifera forest, surrounded by Pinus massoniana, with honey-source trees such as Citrus sinensis Osb., Eucalyptus robusta and Ziziphus jujuba, near a village PL15 信丰小江镇圳下土墙围Tuqiangwei, Zhenxia Village, Xiaojiang Town, Xinfeng County 84 长林Changlin 114.9258 25.0806 214 2023.11.21 9a油茶, 周边马尾松林, 有山乌柏、盐肤木、金樱子、脐橙等蜜源树, 近村庄9-year-old Camellia oleifera forest, surrounded by Pinus massoniana, with honey-source trees such asTriadica cochinchinensis, Rhus chinensis, Rosa laevigata and Citrus sinensis Osb., near a village PL16 安远新龙乡有才村大屋场Dawuchang, Youcai Village, Xinlong Town, Anyuan County 21 长林、赣州油Changlin & Ganzhouyou 115.2919 25.1251 442 2023.11.22 12a油茶, 周边阔叶林和脐橙园, 有金樱子、盐肤木、脐橙等蜜源树, 近村庄12-year-old Camellia oleifera forest, surrounded by mixed broadleaf and Citrus sinensis Osb. forest, with honey-source trees such as Rosa laevigata, Rhus chinensis and Citrus sinensis Osb., near a village PL17 寻乌龙廷乡大田村石牙下Shiyaxia, Datian Village, Longting Town, Xunwu County 19 农家品种Landrace 115.7001 24.8838 261 2023.11.23 38a油茶, 周边马尾松和杂木林, 有金樱子、盐肤木、木荷等蜜源树, 远村庄38-year-old Camellia oleifera forest, surrounded by Pinus massoniana and mixed broadleaf forest, with honey-source trees such as Rosa laevigata, Rhus chinensis and Schima superba, far from village PL18 寻乌留车镇石马村山下Shangxia, Shima Village, Liuche Town, Xunwu County 86 长林Changlin 115.3547 24.4443 461 2023.11.24 13a周边阔叶林和杉木林, 有脐橙、铁冬青、金樱子、木荷、山乌柏等蜜源树, 远村庄13-year-old Camellia oleifera forest, surrounded by Cunninghamia lanceolata and mixed broadleaf forest, with honey-source trees such as Citrus sinensis Osb., Ilex rotunda, Rosa laevigata, Schima superba and riadica cochinchinensis, far from village -
表 1 油茶传粉昆虫群落结构
Table 1 Community structure of pollinator insects for Camellia oleifera
目数
Order number科数
Number of family属数
Number of genera种数
Number of species个体数
Number of individuals膜翅目Hymenoptera 6 6 11 1 486 双翅目Diptera 4 6 7 801 鳞翅目Lepidoptera 3 3 3 47 合计Total 13 15 21 2 334 表 2 传粉昆虫种类和数量
Table 2 Species and quantities of pollinator insects
目Order 科Family 属Genus 种Species 数量Number 膜翅目Hymenoptera 地蜂科Andrenidae 地蜂属Andrena 油茶地蜂A. amellia 50 蜜蜂科Apidae 蜜蜂属Apis 中华蜜蜂A. cerana 258 西方蜜蜂A. mellifera 19 分舌蜂科Colletidae 分舌蜂属Colletes 大分舌蜂C. gigas 493 蜾蠃科Eumenidae 异喙蜾蠃属Allorhynchium 中华异喙蜾蠃A. chinense 5 胡蜂科Vespidae 胡蜂属Vespa 黑盾胡蜂V. bicolor 223 金环胡蜂V. mandarinia 7 黄腰胡蜂V. affinis 20 黑尾胡蜂V.ducalis 99 墨胸胡蜂V. nigrithorax 307 方头泥蜂科Crabronidae 脊小唇泥蜂属Liris 亚镶嵌脊小唇泥蜂L. subtesselatus 5 双翅目Diptera 丽蝇科Calliphoridae 金蝇属Chrysomya 大头金蝇C. megacephala 173 麻蝇科Sarcophagidae 别麻蝇属Boettcherisca 棕尾别麻蝇B. peregrina 75 食蚜蝇科Syrphidae 宽盾蚜蝇属Phytomia 羽芒宽盾蚜蝇P. zonata 179 带食蚜蝇属Episyrphus 黑带食蚜蝇E. balteatus 214 管蚜蝇属Eristalis 灰带管蚜蝇E. cerealis 6 斑眼蚜蝇属Eristalinus 棕腿斑眼蚜蝇E. arvorum 109 寄蝇科Tachinidae 美根寄蝇属Meigenia 杂色美根寄蝇M. matabilis discolor 45 鳞翅目Lepidoptera 天蛾科Sphingidae 长喙天蛾属Macroglossum 小豆长喙天蛾M. stellatarum 11 斑蛾科Zygaenidae 脉锦斑蛾属Eterusia 茶斑蛾E. linnaeus 15 粉蝶科Pieridae 菜粉蝶属Pieris 菜粉蝶P. rapae 21 表 3 传粉昆虫群落特征
Table 3 Characteristics of the pollinating insect communities
样地
Plots多样性指标Diversity index N S H R J 优势种(D/ %)Dominant species PL1 160 14 2.301 2.561 0.872 大分舌蜂(22.50)、中华蜜蜂(15.00)、墨胸胡蜂(12.50)、羽芒宽盾蚜蝇(11.25) PL2 100 11 2.054 2.171 0.857 中华蜜蜂(26.00)、墨胸胡蜂(16.00)、黑带食蚜蝇(13.00)、大分舌蜂(12.00)、黑盾胡蜂(11.00)、黑尾胡蜂(10.00) PL3 152 16 2.430 2.986 0.876 中华蜜蜂(19.74)、大分舌蜂(16.45) PL4 98 11 2.081 2.181 0.868 墨胸胡蜂(18.37)、黑盾胡蜂(16.33)、黑带食蚜蝇(16.33)、大分舌蜂(15.31)、羽芒宽盾蚜蝇(14.29) PL5 71 11 2.095 2.346 0.874 墨胸胡蜂(22.54)、黑带食蚜蝇(21.13)、黑尾胡蜂(12.68)、大分舌蜂(11.27) PL6 82 9 1.996 1.815 0.908 墨胸胡蜂(24.39)、大分舌蜂(17.07)、中华蜜蜂(14.63)、黑带食蚜蝇(13.41)、黑尾胡蜂(12.20) PL7 87 10 1.944 2.015 0.844 大分舌蜂(27.59)、墨胸胡蜂(24.14)、黑盾胡蜂(13.79) PL8 207 14 2.157 2.438 0.817 大分舌蜂(28.99)、墨胸胡蜂(13.53)、大头金蝇(13.04)、黑盾胡蜂(12.56) PL9 93 11 2.032 2.206 0.847 大分舌蜂(22.58)、中华蜜蜂(20.43)、黑带食蚜蝇(19.35)、大头金蝇(10.75) PL10 126 15 2.180 2.895 0.805 大分舌蜂(32.54)、黑盾胡蜂(13.49)、墨胸胡蜂(11.11) PL11 129 13 2.356 2.469 0.919 墨胸胡蜂(20.16)、大分舌蜂(14.73)、黑带食蚜蝇(10.85)、黑盾胡蜂(10.08)、大头金蝇(10.08) PL12 178 16 2.564 2.895 0.925 墨胸胡蜂(13.48)、羽芒宽盾蚜蝇(12.36) PL13 229 16 2.281 2.761 0.823 大分舌蜂(26.20)、中华蜜蜂(12.23)、墨胸胡蜂(12.23)、黑盾胡蜂(11.35)、羽芒宽盾蚜蝇(10.48) PL14 79 12 2.347 2.517 0.945 中华蜜蜂(17.72)、大头金蝇(15.19)、棕尾别麻蝇(12.66)、黑带食蚜蝇(10.13) PL15 115 14 2.326 2.740 0.881 大分舌蜂(21.74)、中华蜜蜂(13.04)、羽芒宽盾蚜蝇(13.04)、墨胸胡蜂(11.30) PL16 137 15 2.452 2.846 0.905 墨胸胡蜂(16.79)、羽芒宽盾蚜蝇(14.60)、中华蜜蜂(10.95) PL17 137 13 1.872 2.439 0.730 大分舌蜂(39.42)、黑盾胡蜂(20.44)、大头金蝇(11.68) PL18 154 16 2.203 2.978 0.705 大分舌蜂(31.82)、大头金蝇(14.94)、黑带食蚜蝇(12.34) 注:PL1~PL18,表示18个观测样地;N,个体数;S,物种数;H,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数;R,Chao1丰富度指数;J,Pielou均匀度指数;D,优势种。Note: PL1~PL18, Represents 18 sample plots; N, Individual number; S, Species number; H, Shannon-Wiener diversity index; R, Chao1 richness index; J, Pielou Uniformity Index; D, Dominant species. 表 4 传粉昆虫群落相似性系数
Table 4 Similarity coefficient of pollinating insect communities
PL2 PL3 PL4 PL5 PL6 PL7 PL8 PL9 PL10 PL11 PL12 PL13 PL14 PL15 PL16 PL17 PL18 PL1 0.667 0.867 0.640 0.880 0.783 0.750 0.929 0.800 0.897 0.815 0.733 0.867 0.846 0.857 0.828 0.815 0.800 PL2 0.593 0.909 0.727 0.800 0.762 0.640 0.727 0.615 0.870 0.667 0.593 0.609 0.720 0.769 0.750 0.667 PL3 0.593 0.815 0.720 0.769 0.867 0.815 0.968 0.759 0.875 0.875 0.857 0.867 0.774 0.828 0.875 PL4 0.727 0.800 0.762 0.560 0.727 0.615 0.833 0.667 0.519 0.609 0.720 0.846 0.750 0.667 PL5 0.800 0.762 0.800 0.909 0.846 0.917 0.815 0.741 0.870 0.880 0.846 0.833 0.741 PL6 0.947 0.696 0.800 0.750 0.727 0.720 0.640 0.762 0.696 0.750 0.727 0.720 PL7 0.750 0.762 0.720 0.696 0.769 0.692 0.818 0.750 0.720 0.783 0.769 PL8 0.720 0.846 0.741 0.733 0.933 0.923 0.786 0.759 0.815 0.800 PL9 0.846 0.833 0.741 0.667 0.783 0.880 0.769 0.833 0.741 PL10 0.786 0.839 0.839 0.815 0.897 0.800 0.786 0.839 PL11 0.759 0.690 0.800 0.889 0.929 0.846 0.690 PL12 0.813 0.786 0.867 0.774 0.759 0.813 PL13 0.857 0.733 0.710 0.759 0.875 PL14 0.846 0.815 0.800 0.786 PL15 0.897 0.815 0.733 PL16 0.786 0.774 PL17 0.828 注:横表头仅标注PL2~PL18样地编号,竖表头仅标注PL1~PL17样地编号。Note: Number sample plots PL2~PL18 were marked one the horizontal table header. Number sample plots PL1~PL17 were marked one the Vertical table head. 附表 1 附表 1油茶传粉昆虫样地基本信息
Appendix Table 1 Appendix Tabe 1 Sample plots of pollinators in Camellia oleifera
编号
Number地址
Address面积(hm2)
Acreage种植品种
Variety经度(°)
Longitude纬度(°)
Latitude海拔(m)
Altitude日期
Date其他
RemarkPL1 兴国隆坪乡咸潭村谢杨山Xieyangshan, Xiantan Village, Longping Town, Xingguo County 386 长林、赣州油Changlin & Ganzhouyou 115.2088 26.3925 462 2022.11.09 10a油茶, 周边马尾松和杂木林, 有盐肤木、多花蔷薇等蜜源树, 近村庄10-year-old Camellia oleifera forest, surrounded by Pinus massoniana and mixed broadleaf forest, with honey-source trees such as Rhus chinensis and Rosa multiflora, near a village PL2 兴国长岗乡石燕村冷水坑Lengshuikeng, Shiyan Village, ChanggangTown, Xingguo County 46 赣无Ganwu 115.4403 26.3420 242 2022.11.10 12a油茶, 周边杉木和杂木林, 有盐肤木、多花蔷薇等蜜源树, 远村庄12-year-old Camellia oleifera forest, surrounded by Cunninghamia lanceolata and mixed broadleaf forest, with honey-source trees such as Rhus chinensis and Rosa multiflora, far from village PL3 上犹紫阳乡秀罗村老秧田Laoyangtian, Xiuluo Village, Ziyang Town, Shangyou County 103 长林Changlin 114.5348 26.0745 351 2023.11.15 13a油茶, 周边杉木和杂木林, 盐肤木、油菜、脐橙等蜜源树, 近村庄13-year-old Camellia oleifera forest, surrounded by Cunninghamia lanceolata and mixed broadleaf forest, with honey-source trees such as Rhus chinensis, Brassica chinensis and Citrus sinensis Osb., near a village PL4 瑞金市九堡镇密溪村桥坑Qiaokeng, Mixi Village, Jiubao Town, Ruijin County 30 长林Changlin 115.9191 26.0302 381 2022.11.12 10a油茶, 周边马尾松, 近村庄10-year-old Camellia oleifera forest, surrounded by Pinus massoniana forest, near a village PL5 瑞金市冈面乡渡头村清江排Qiangjiangpai, Dutou Village, Gangmian Town, Ruijin County 17 长林Changlin 115.9112 26.0334 402 2022.11.13 9a油茶, 周边马尾松和杂木林, 有多花蔷薇等蜜源树, 近村庄9-year-old Camellia oleifera forest, surrounded by Pinus massoniana and mixed broadleaf forest, with honey-source trees such as Rosa multiflora, near a village PL6 于都盘古山镇茶梓村大水山Dashuishan, Chazi Village, PangushanTown, Yudu County 67 赣州油Ganzhouyou 115.4454 25.5917 170 2023.11.16 12a油茶, 周边马尾松和杂木林, 有多花蔷薇等蜜源树, 远村庄12-year-old Camellia oleifera forest, surrounded by Pinus massoniana and mixed broadleaf forest, with honey-source trees such as Rosa multiflora, far from village PL7 于都沙心乡沙塘村大冬坑Dadongkeng, Shatang Village, Shaxin Town, Yudu County 140 长林Changlin 115.7480 25.9852 205 2023.11.17 11a油茶, 周边马尾松和杂木林, 有盐肤木、多花蔷薇、山杜英等蜜源树, 近村庄11-year-old Camellia oleifera forest, surrounded by Pinus massoniana and mixed broadleaf forest, with honey-source trees such as Rhus chinensis, Rosa multiflora and Elaeocarpus sylvestris, near a village PL8 会昌小密乡孕龙村南机岭Nanjiling, Yunlong Village, Xiaomi Town, Huichang County 18 赣州油Ganzhouyou 115.7525 25.8907 283 2023.11.18 13a油茶, 周边阔叶林, 有盐肤木、多花蔷薇、油菜等蜜源树, 近村庄13-year-old Camellia oleifera forest, surrounded by mixed broadleaf forest, with honey-source trees such as Rhus chinensis, Rosa multiflora and Brassica chinensis, near a village PL9 赣县长洛乡下含村龙脑Longnao, Xiahan Village, Changluo Town, Ganxian County 33 赣无、赣州油Ganwu & Ganzhouyou 115.1958 25.7751 413 2022.11.18 13a油茶, 周边马尾松和杂木林, 有盐肤木、多花蔷薇等蜜源树, 近村庄13-year-old Camellia oleifera forest, surrounded by Pinus massoniana and mixed broadleaf forest, with honey-source trees such as Rhus chinensis and Rosa multiflora, near a village PL10 赣县沙地镇马口村倒坪Daoping, Makou Village, Shadi Town, Ganxian County 33 赣州油Ganzhouyou 114.7954 26.1163 160 2022.1119 10a油茶, 周边马尾松和杂木林, 有盐肤木、金樱子、油菜等蜜源树, 近村庄10-year-old Camellia oleifera forest, surrounded by Pinus massoniana and mixed broadleaf forest, with honey-source trees such as Rhus chinensis, Rosa laevigata and Brassica chinensis, near a village PL11 大余池江镇九水村马里坑Malikeng, Jiushui Village, Chijiang Town, Dayu County 70 赣州油Ganzhouyou 114.3656 25.2906 322 2023.11.19 10a油茶, 周边杉木和阔叶林, 有格药柃、盐肤木、南酸枣等蜜源树, 远村庄10-year-old Camellia oleifera forest, surrounded by Cunninghamia lanceolata and mixed broadleaf forest, with honey-source trees such as Eurya muricata, Rhus chinensis and Choerospondias axillaris, far from village PL12 章贡沙石镇埠上村横窝子Hengwozi, Bushang Village, Shashi Town, Zhanggong County 19 赣州油Ganzhouyou 114.5705 25.4643 153 2022.11.06 50a油茶, 周边马尾松林, 有盐肤木、乌桕、脐橙等蜜源树, 近村庄50-year-old Camellia oleifera forest, surrounded by Pinus massoniana forest, with honey-source trees such as Rhus chinensis, Triadica sebifera and Citrus sinensis Osb., near a village PL13 章贡沙石镇霞峰村双圳Shuangzhen, Xiafeng Village, Shashi Town, Zhanggong County 26 赣州油Ganzhouyou 114.5850 25.4733 223 2022.11.07 15a油茶, 周边马尾松和杂木林, 有盐肤木、山乌柏等蜜源树, 近村庄15-year-old Camellia oleifera forest, surrounded by Pinus massoniana and mixed broadleaf forest, with honey-source trees such as Rhus chinensis and Triadica cochinchinensis, near a village PL14 信丰大塘埠镇万星村石子排Shizipai, Wanxing Village, Datangbu Town, Xinfeng County 8 赣州油、长林Ganzhouyou & Changlin 114.9282 25.3222 158 2023.11.20 10a油茶, 周边马尾松林, 有脐橙、大叶桉、枣树等蜜源树, 近村庄10-year-old Camellia oleifera forest, surrounded by Pinus massoniana, with honey-source trees such as Citrus sinensis Osb., Eucalyptus robusta and Ziziphus jujuba, near a village PL15 信丰小江镇圳下土墙围Tuqiangwei, Zhenxia Village, Xiaojiang Town, Xinfeng County 84 长林Changlin 114.9258 25.0806 214 2023.11.21 9a油茶, 周边马尾松林, 有山乌柏、盐肤木、金樱子、脐橙等蜜源树, 近村庄9-year-old Camellia oleifera forest, surrounded by Pinus massoniana, with honey-source trees such asTriadica cochinchinensis, Rhus chinensis, Rosa laevigata and Citrus sinensis Osb., near a village PL16 安远新龙乡有才村大屋场Dawuchang, Youcai Village, Xinlong Town, Anyuan County 21 长林、赣州油Changlin & Ganzhouyou 115.2919 25.1251 442 2023.11.22 12a油茶, 周边阔叶林和脐橙园, 有金樱子、盐肤木、脐橙等蜜源树, 近村庄12-year-old Camellia oleifera forest, surrounded by mixed broadleaf and Citrus sinensis Osb. forest, with honey-source trees such as Rosa laevigata, Rhus chinensis and Citrus sinensis Osb., near a village PL17 寻乌龙廷乡大田村石牙下Shiyaxia, Datian Village, Longting Town, Xunwu County 19 农家品种Landrace 115.7001 24.8838 261 2023.11.23 38a油茶, 周边马尾松和杂木林, 有金樱子、盐肤木、木荷等蜜源树, 远村庄38-year-old Camellia oleifera forest, surrounded by Pinus massoniana and mixed broadleaf forest, with honey-source trees such as Rosa laevigata, Rhus chinensis and Schima superba, far from village PL18 寻乌留车镇石马村山下Shangxia, Shima Village, Liuche Town, Xunwu County 86 长林Changlin 115.3547 24.4443 461 2023.11.24 13a周边阔叶林和杉木林, 有脐橙、铁冬青、金樱子、木荷、山乌柏等蜜源树, 远村庄13-year-old Camellia oleifera forest, surrounded by Cunninghamia lanceolata and mixed broadleaf forest, with honey-source trees such as Citrus sinensis Osb., Ilex rotunda, Rosa laevigata, Schima superba and riadica cochinchinensis, far from village -
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