Effects of peanut/cotton intercropping on insect community diversity and correlation
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摘要:目的
为探讨花生/棉花间作模式对生物多样性和控害能力的影响。
方法开展了花生/棉花间作对昆虫群落多样性和主要害虫控害能力的影响研究。
结果花生田引入棉花显著提升了昆虫群落多样性和丰富度指数(P < 0.05);从天敌角度来看,间作区天敌的发生数量平均增加126.58%,物种数平均增加77.27%,均显著增多(P < 0.05),同时,多样性和丰富度指数也显著升高(P < 0.05);从害虫角度来看,花生田引入棉花后,间作花生区的害虫个体数平均减少66.82%,物种数平均减少8.33%,均显著减少(P < 0.05),但间作区盲蝽科害虫数量比花生单作区增长55.27 %。进一步分析花生重要害虫蓟马和花生蚜发生动态发现:间作花生区两种害虫数量均显著降低,且间作花生区东亚小花蝽Orius sauteri百株虫量与蓟马百株虫量(log)呈显著负相关(P < 0.05);瓢虫百株虫量与花生蚜百株虫量(log)呈显著负相关(P < 0.05),证实天敌与害虫之间存在相关性。
结论本研究表明花生/棉花间作提高了昆虫生物多样性,使天敌群落生物多样性增加,对间作花生区的害虫实现控害作用,同时应防范间作导致的个别害虫寄主谱的扩大;对棉花区昆虫群落多样性的调查还需进一步研究。
Abstract:AimTo explore the influences of peanut/cotton intercropping patterns on biodiversity and pest control capabilities.
MethodsA study on the effects of peanut/cotton intercropping on the diversity of insect communities and the control of major pests was carried out.
ResultsThe results indicated that the introduction of cotton into peanut fields significantly enhanced the diversity and richness index of the insect community (P < 0.05). From the perspective of natural enemies, the occurrence number and species number of natural enemies in intercropping areas increased significantly by 126.58% and 77.27% on average (P < 0.05), and the diversity and richness index also increased significantly (P < 0.05).From the perspective of pests, after the introduction of cotton in peanut field, the number of insect individuals and species decreased by 66.82% and 8.33% on average in the intercropping peanut area, both significantly decreased (P < 0.05). However, the number of Miridae pests in the intercropping area increased by 55.27% compared with the peanut monoculture.Further analysis of the occurrence dynamics of important peanut pests, Thysanoptera and Aphis craccivora, revealed that the quantities of both pests in the intercropping peanut area decreased significantly, and the number of Orius sauteri per hundred plants in the intercropping peanut area was significantly negatively correlated with the number of trips per hundred plants (log); the number of Coccinellidae per hundred plants was significantly negatively correlated with the number of Aphis craccivora per hundred plants (log), confirming the correlation between natural enemies and pests.
ConclusionThis research demonstrated that peanut/cotton intercropping enhanced insect biodiversity, increased the biodiversity of the natural enemy community, and achieved pest control in the intercropping peanut area. Meanwhile, precautions should be taken against the expansion of the host range of individual pests caused by intercropping; further research is needed on the investigation of the diversity of insect communities in the cotton area.
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Keywords:
- Peanut/cotton intercropping /
- insect community diversity /
- correlation
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花生是我国重要油料作物之一,但随着气候异常和种植面积的扩大,病虫害呈严重趋势,严重制约着花生的生产(王成树等,1999;高峰等,2005)。一直以来,在花生防控中过度依赖化学防治,不但加重了害虫的抗药性,也衍生出食品安全、农残超标和环境污染等一系列问题,制约着花生产业高质量发展(秦胜楠等,2018)。目前国内农业生产模式越来越高度集约化,害虫、寄主与天敌发生种类单一,多样性缺乏,自然控害能力弱,所以出现了很多打药越多害虫发生越重的局面。
通过合理利用与保护生物多样性,能减少化学农药的依赖(倪同良等,2005)。在这其中,作物间套作是维持生物多样性的重要手段之一(Li et al., 2021),同时可能对生物控害起到良好作用(Landis et al.,2000)。如,大豆与玉米间作可以降低大豆害虫的物种多样性、丰富度和均匀度(李立坤等,2019;游宇等,2022);马铃薯与玉米的间作能有效降低马铃薯甲虫Leptinotarsa decemlineata种群的密集度(黄未末等,2021);在苹果园中引入绿肥作物间作能提升天敌昆虫占比(达先鹏,2020);绿豆与玉米的间作促进蜘蛛等天敌种群的增长,大幅减少亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacali等虫害数量(王红宇,2022);花生与玉米间作提高昆虫群落生物多样性,增加东亚小花蝽Orius sauteri的种群密度(鞠倩等,2022),降低暗黑鳃金龟Holotrichia parallela幼虫的种群数量(曲春娟等,2024),增加玉米产量(Ju et al.,2019;刘维佳等,2023);同时,玉米与花生间作能明显改善两种作物根部的养分和微生物状况,进而促进地上部分的生长(章家恩等,2009)。
棉花是我国重要的战略作物之一,目前由于种植结构调整,部分棉花种植区域已被花生替代,如在东营盐碱地,新疆棉花产区。因此,采用棉花与花生间作可能有重要的发展前景,但有关棉花与花生间作对昆虫群落的影响尚无相关研究(崔金杰等,2000)。基于此,本研究以棉花与花生间作模式开展研究,对间作产生的昆虫群落多样性变化及生物控害潜力进行评价。
1. 材料与方法
1.1 试验地点与材料
试验地位于山东省花生研究所青岛莱西试验站(36°486′N,120°185′E),所处温带季风气候。花生采用花育51高油酸种子、棉花采用鲁K836转基因种子,两种种子均没有进行拌种处理。
1.2 试验设计
设置花生单作区(Peanut monoculture简称SP)、间作区(Intercropping简称P/C,花生/棉花6∶4间作,即花生6行3垄+棉花4行4垄)和棉花单作区(Cotton monoculture,简称SC)种植模式,间作区分为间作花生区(Intercropping peanut area,简称P/C-P)和间作棉花区(Intercropping cotton area,简称P/C-C)。每种处理重复6次,每种处理空白隔离带设置5 m;共18个试验小区,各小区面积70 m2(宽7 m,长10 m)。2023年5月7日播种,棉花采用单行播种,穴距20 cm,花生采用起垄双行种植模式,穴距18 cm,垄宽0.85 m,每穴2粒。整个生长季不施用杀菌剂、除草剂、杀虫剂与植物生长调节剂,其它管理同大田。
1.3 调查方法
调查方法采用目测法、盘拍法和透明板采集法。各小区五点取样,间作花生区(P/C-P)取样3点、间作棉花区(P/C-C)取样2点。透明板大小为12.5 cm × 8 cm,悬挂时长为24 h,悬挂位置处于花生顶部叶片正上方处10 cm,透明板取下用保鲜膜包好做好标记备用。目测时采用整株调查,观察植株叶片、茎部、根部及地表部分,统计和记录昆虫种类和数量。目测调查结束后,采用盘拍法对小型昆虫进行调查,调查时轻轻弯下花生叶片,将叶片朝下轻扣在A4白纸上,统计活动昆虫的数目。从花生和棉花出苗后开始调查,每7 d调查1次,遇雨顺延,自2023年6月1日起至8月30日结束,共计9次。
1.4 数据分析
1.4.1 昆虫群落多样性指数计算方法
群落多样性指数(曾庆朝等,2020;方瑞元等,2020),通过Shannon-Wiener指数表述:$ {H}^{\text{'}}=-\sum {P}_{i}\times \ln{P}_{i} $,其中$ {P}_{i} $=$ {N}_{i} $/N,它是指某种类昆虫发生的数量,N为群落昆虫数量。群落优势丰富度指数,利用Simpson集中性指数C表述:$ C=\sum {P}_{i}^{2} $;群落均匀度指数,通过Pielou均匀度指数表述:$ J={H}^{\text{'}}/\ln{S} $,式中,H'表示群落多样性指数,S表示群落中昆虫物种数;群落丰富度指数,通过Margalef丰盛度指数表述:$ D=\left(S-1\right)/\ln \text{N} $。
1.4.2 相关性计算方法
采用正态误差分布的线性回归模型(Y=AX+B)拟合天敌与害虫种群数量之间的关系。
1.4.3 数据分析方法
采用GraphPad Prism 10双因素方差分析(Two-way ANOVA)及T检验(T-Tests)对不同模式下昆虫的种群发生动态进行差异分析;采用Excel 2016软件对昆虫发生总量及占比进行统计。
2. 结果与分析
2.1 花生/棉花间作系统昆虫群落组成
田间共捕获昆虫39 871头,其中天敌1 411头,以东亚小花蝽最多,占比53.65%;害虫38 997头,以蓟马和蚜虫占最高,分别为56.28%和41.15%,占害虫总数的97.43%;其中禾蓟马为蓟马优势种群,占蓟马总数的60.45%,棉蚜占蚜虫总数的93.26%(表 1)。
表 1 花生/棉花间作系统昆虫群落组成(2023,山东莱西)Table 1 Composition of insect community in peanut/cotton intercropping system(2023, Laixi, Shandong Province)物种Species 个体数(头)Number 占总昆虫数比例(%)
Proportion of total insect population占天敌/害虫比例(%)
Proportion of natural enemies/pest天敌昆虫Natural enemy insect 蚜茧蜂Asaphes vulgaris 33 0.08 2.34 姬蜂Ichneumon 242 0.61 17.15 异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis 53 0.13 3.76 龟纹瓢虫Propylaea japonica 75 0.19 5.32 多异瓢虫Adonia variegata 101 0.25 7.16 东亚小花蝽Orius sauteri 757 1.90 53.65 大草蛉Chrysopa pallens 5 0.01 0.35 横纹蓟马Aeolothrips fasciatus 145 0.36 10.28 害虫
Pest棉花赤须盲蝽Trigonotylus coelestialium 569 1.43 1.48 绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum 432 1.08 1.12 棉蚜Aphis gossypii 14 966 36.19 37.52 花生蚜Aphis craccivora 1 081 2.71 2.81 稻管蓟马Haplothrips aculeatus 1 818 4.56 4.73 花蓟马Frankliniella intonsa 643 1.61 1.67 烟蓟马Thrips tabaci 5 539 13.89 14.40 豆大蓟马Megalurothrips usitatus 94 0.24 0.24 玉米黄呆蓟马Anaphothrips obscurus 460 1.15 1.20 苏丹呆蓟马Anaphothrips sudanensis 127 0.32 0.33 禾蓟马Frankliniella tenuicornis 13 268 33.28 34.50 天敌总计Total natural enemies 1 411 3.54 100.00 害虫总计Total pest 38 997 96.46 100.00 总计Total 39 871 100.00 不同种植模式下,昆虫群落分布特性有差异。总体来看,间作区(P/C)各种天敌比例均高于花生单作区(SP),而蓟马和花生蚜占比均低于花生单作区(SP),但棉蚜和盲蝽类害虫占比高于花生单作区(SP),这与引入棉花有关(表 2)。
表 2 三种模式下昆虫群落组成比较(2023,山东莱西)Table 2 Comparison of insect community composition under three models(2023, Laixi, Shandong Province)物种
Species种植模式Planting pattern 花生单作区SP 间作区P/C 间作花生区P/C-P 个体数(头)Number 占该物种调查总数比例(%)
Proportion of total species surveyed个体数(头)
Number占该物种调查总数比例(%)
Proportion of total species surveyed个体数(头)
Number占该物种调查总数比例(%)
Proportion of total species surveyed天敌
昆虫
Natural enemy insect蚜茧蜂Asaphes vulgaris 8 24.24 17 51.52 11 33.33 姬蜂Ichneumon 60 24.79 102 42.15 53 21.90 异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis 2 3.77 30 56.60 14 26.42 龟纹瓢虫Propylaea japonica 12 16.00 28 37.33 16 21.33 多异瓢虫Adonia variegata 6 5.94 41 40.59 17 16.83 东亚小花蝽Orius sauteri 149 19.68 315 41.61 127 16.78 大草蛉Chrysopa pallens 0 0 4 80.00 2 40.00 横纹蓟马Aeolothrips fasciatus 98 67.59 21 14.48 13 8.97 害虫
Injurious insect棉花赤须盲蝽
Trigonotylus coelestialium166 29.17 226 39.72 136 23.90 绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum 71 16.44 142 32.87 78 18.06 棉蚜Aphis gossypii 53 0.37 4 367 30.27 116 0.80 花生蚜Aphis craccivora 670 61.98 292 27.01 123 11.38 稻管蓟马
Haplothrips aculeatus887 48.79 434 23.87 260 14.30 花蓟马Frankliniella intonsa 315 48.99 157 24.42 105 16.33 烟蓟马Thrips tabaci 2 642 47.70 1 312 23.69 750 13.54 豆大蓟马
Megalurothrips usitatus54 57.45 16 17.02 11 11.70 玉米黄呆蓟马
Anaphothrips obscurus232 50.43 131 28.48 75 16.30 苏丹呆蓟马
Anaphothrips sudanensis65 51.18 32 25.20 15 11.81 禾蓟马
Frankliniella tenuicornis5728 43.17 3765 28.38 1961 14.78 2.2 花生/棉花间作对昆虫群落多样性的影响
与花生单作区(SP)相比,间作区(P/C)昆虫群落多样性指数、丰富度指数、物种数均显著升高;间作花生区(P/C-P)丰富度指数、多样性指数也显著提高,其它指数差异并不明显(图 1)。
图 1 花生/棉花间作对昆虫群落特征指数影响注:*、**、***与****表示处理之间差异显著(P < 0.05,P < 0.01,P < 0.001,P < 0.0001),下图同。Fig. 1 Effect of peanut/cotton intercropping on insect community characteristic indexNote: *, **, *** and **** indicate significant differences among treatments (P < 0.05, P < 0.01, P < 0.001, P < 0.0001), the same below.不同时间点的调查结果表明,与花生单作区(SP)相比,间作区(P/C)在8月10日和8月30日,多样性指数显著提升;6月1日、7月26日、8月10日和8月30日均匀度指数显著上升;8月10日优势度指数显著下降;7月6日、8月10日和8月30日丰富度指数显著上升。这些指数的变化可能与作物生长中后期,间作区(P/C)瓢虫、东亚小花蝽和姬蜂等的增多与禾蓟马数量的减少相关。与之相类似的是,与花生单作区(SP)相比,间作花生区(P/C-P)在6月1日、7月26日、8月10日和8月30日4个调查点均匀度指数显著上升;8月10日优势度指数显著下降;8月30日丰富度指数显著上升。这些指数的变化与引入棉花后,整区域内的姬蜂、龟纹瓢虫和多异瓢虫等天敌数量的增加且进一步扩散到间作花生区(P/C-P)有关,提升了花生区的生物多样性(图 2)。
图 2 花生/棉花间作对昆虫群落特征指数时间动态影响注:*(黑)为显著高于花生单作;*(灰)花生单作显著高于间作整体区域;*(浅灰)花生单作显著高于间作花生区,下图同。Fig. 2 Effects of peanut/cotton intercropping on temporal dynamics of insect community characteristics indexNote: * (black) was significantly higher than peanut monoculture; * (gray) peanut single cropping was significantly higher than intercropping whole area; * (light gray) peanut monoculture was significantly higher than intercropping peanut area, the same below.2.3 花生/棉花间作对天敌昆虫群落的影响
总体来看,相对比花生单作区(SP),间作区(P/C)天敌昆虫种类、数量、多样性和丰富度指数均显著上升,其中天敌种类显著增加2.99种,天敌数量显著增加50.00头;间作花生区(P/C-P)天敌种类、多样性和丰富度显著升高,但天敌数量、均匀度指数和生态优势指数无明显差异(图 3)。
不同时间点的调查结果表明,与花生单作区(SP)相比,在花生生长的整个周期内,间作区(P/C)的天敌数量都高于单作区,尤其是6月8日、6月21日、7月6日和7月18日这4个时间点,天敌昆虫数量显著增多,分别增多106.90%(10.33头)、128.57%(6.00头)、148.00%(6.17头)和153.33%(7.67头),主要是姬蜂和小花蝽种群数量增多;6月1日、6月8日、7月18日和8月30日4个时间点,天敌昆虫种类显著增多;6月8日丰富度指数显著提高。与之类似的是,与花生单作(SP)对比,6月1日和6月8日,间作花生区(P/C-P)天敌种类明显增多,在6月8日丰富度指数明显提高,但间作花生区天敌昆虫数量不如间作区增加的明显(图 4)。
2.4 花生/棉花间作对害虫群落的影响
与花生单作(SP)相比,间作区(P/C)害虫群落特征指数并未出现显著变化,但间作花生区(P/C-P)的害虫个体和物种数量均减少,个体数显著减少1 223.00头,物种数显著减少1.00种,其它群落特征指数无明显差异,显示出生物多样性控害的效果(图 5)。
从不同时间点来看,与花生单作区(SP)相比,6月1日,间作区(P/C)害虫数量明显增长、害虫多样性指数、均匀度指数显著下降,这可能与棉花植株棉蚜暴发有关,而6月15日间作区(P/C)害虫数量显著降低,与棉蚜数量下降,且此时花生单作区(SP)烟蓟马数量增加有关;8月10日优势度指数降低,这可能与间作区(P/C)禾蓟马数量减少有关。与之不同的是,与花生单作(SP)相比,在6月8日、6月15日和6月21日3个时间点,间作花生区(P/C-P)害虫数量均明显降低,分别降低65.68%(526.84头)、66.81%(305.00头)和76.30%(134.67头);这可能与烟蓟马和禾蓟马数量下降有关(图 6)。
2.5 花生/棉花间作对花生田天敌昆虫和害虫相关性影响
以间作花生区(P/C-P)中数量最多且间作后数量显著下降的蓟马(含烟蓟马、花蓟马、禾蓟马和玉米黄呆蓟马、稻管蓟马、豆大蓟马、苏丹呆蓟马)和花生蚜及间作花生区数量最多的三类天敌东亚小花蝽、瓢虫(含异色瓢虫、龟纹瓢虫、多异瓢虫)和姬蜂为对象进行分析,种群数量线性回归拟合结果表明:间作花生区蓟马百株虫量(log)与东亚小花蝽百株虫量呈显著负相关;花生蚜百株虫量(log)与瓢虫百株虫量呈显著负相关;蓟马百株虫量(log)与瓢虫、姬蜂、瓢虫+东亚小花蝽百株虫量没有表现显著负相关;花生蚜百株虫量(log)与东亚小花蝽、姬蜂、瓢虫+东亚小花蝽百株虫量没有表现显著负相关(图 7、表 3)。
表 3 间作花生区主要天敌与害虫线性关系及分析结果Table 3 Linear relationship between main natural enemies and pests in intercropping peanut area and analysis results间作花生区
P/C-P线性回归模型
Linear regression modelR2 F df P 东亚小花蝽-蓟马Orius sauteri-Thysanoptera Y = -0.001669X + 3.460 0.3515 7.047 1, 13 0.0198 瓢虫-花生蚜Coccinellidae-Aphis craccivora Y = -0.002156X + 1.978 0.3424 6.769 1, 13 0.0219 瓢虫-蓟马Coccinellidae-Thysanoptera Y = 0.0001241X + 3.314 0.0016 0.019 1, 13 0.8921 东亚小花蝽-花生蚜Orius sauteri-Aphis craccivora Y = -0.0002199X + 1.925 0.0044 0.057 1, 13 0.8149 姬蜂-蓟马Ichneumon-Thysanoptera Y = 0.001259X + 3.272 0.2528 4.398 1, 13 0.0561 姬蜂-花生蚜Ichneumon-Aphis craccivora Y = -0.0001394X + 1.902 0.0023 0.030 1, 13 0.8642 瓢虫+东亚小花蝽-蓟马
Coccinellidae+Orius sauteri-ThysanopteraY = -0.0007440X + 3.406 0.1479 2.257 1, 13 0.1569 瓢虫+东亚小花蝽-花生蚜
Coccinellidae +Orius sauteri-Aphis craccivoraY = -0.000871X + 2.020 0.1563 2.408 1, 13 0.1447 3. 结论与讨论
作物间套作是传统农业中的常见种植方式,但关于花生与棉花间作对昆虫群落的影响尚无相关报道。本试验采用栽培上主推的花生/棉花6∶4模式开展研究(钱必长,2022),发现与花生单作区相比,间作区昆虫群落多样性指数、丰富度指数、物种数均显著升高,从时间动态上也呈现出相似的趋势,说明花生田引入棉花间作确实有效提高了昆虫群落生物多样性;天敌昆虫群落指数也呈现了类似的趋势,说明花生田引入棉花后对天敌的发生非常有利,这与多样化种植可为天敌提供传粉、庇护及更多的食物有关(戈峰等,1997;杨泉峰等,2020)。从害虫角度来看,间作区整体群落特征指数没有明显变化,这可能与引入棉花后棉蚜数量暴发有关。从间作花生区来看,间作提高了花生区昆虫群落丰富度指数、多样性指数,推断花生田引入棉花后,吸引了更多天敌如东亚小花蝽、龟纹瓢虫等,这些天敌对临近的花生田害虫也起到了控害作用,因此导致了间作花生区害虫数量下降。
田间调查中同时发现,花生田引入棉花后,间作整个区域棉蚜与盲蝽类害虫数量增加,但在临近的间作花生区只发现了很少量棉蚜,且有翅蚜居多,推测与风力等外力因素加速其扩散有关,目前尚无棉蚜取食危害花生的报道,因此其能否稳定寄生花生尚需进一步研究。花生是盲蝽类害虫的寄主之一,因此此类害虫的增多,对花生有潜在危害的风险(曾庆朝,2018),目前盲蝽类害虫尚不是花生田主要害虫种类,因此其危害潜力还需进一步关注。
通过对花生田主要害虫蓟马、花生蚜和天敌之间的线性回归分析能够看出,间作花生区东亚小花蝽对蓟马种群有控制作用;瓢虫对花生蚜种群有控制作用,花生田引入棉花后,这两种害虫数量的减少可能与上述天敌数量的增加有关,这与刘维佳和鞠倩等的研究结果一致(鞠倩等,2020;刘维佳,2021),后续将开展天敌捕食害虫的直接证据研究。另外,本研究主要关注引入棉花后花生田昆虫群落的变化,而棉花田的昆虫群落变化尚需进一步研究。
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图 1 花生/棉花间作对昆虫群落特征指数影响
注:*、**、***与****表示处理之间差异显著(P < 0.05,P < 0.01,P < 0.001,P < 0.0001),下图同。
Fig. 1 Effect of peanut/cotton intercropping on insect community characteristic index
Note: *, **, *** and **** indicate significant differences among treatments (P < 0.05, P < 0.01, P < 0.001, P < 0.0001), the same below.
图 2 花生/棉花间作对昆虫群落特征指数时间动态影响
注:*(黑)为显著高于花生单作;*(灰)花生单作显著高于间作整体区域;*(浅灰)花生单作显著高于间作花生区,下图同。
Fig. 2 Effects of peanut/cotton intercropping on temporal dynamics of insect community characteristics index
Note: * (black) was significantly higher than peanut monoculture; * (gray) peanut single cropping was significantly higher than intercropping whole area; * (light gray) peanut monoculture was significantly higher than intercropping peanut area, the same below.
表 1 花生/棉花间作系统昆虫群落组成(2023,山东莱西)
Table 1 Composition of insect community in peanut/cotton intercropping system(2023, Laixi, Shandong Province)
物种Species 个体数(头)Number 占总昆虫数比例(%)
Proportion of total insect population占天敌/害虫比例(%)
Proportion of natural enemies/pest天敌昆虫Natural enemy insect 蚜茧蜂Asaphes vulgaris 33 0.08 2.34 姬蜂Ichneumon 242 0.61 17.15 异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis 53 0.13 3.76 龟纹瓢虫Propylaea japonica 75 0.19 5.32 多异瓢虫Adonia variegata 101 0.25 7.16 东亚小花蝽Orius sauteri 757 1.90 53.65 大草蛉Chrysopa pallens 5 0.01 0.35 横纹蓟马Aeolothrips fasciatus 145 0.36 10.28 害虫
Pest棉花赤须盲蝽Trigonotylus coelestialium 569 1.43 1.48 绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum 432 1.08 1.12 棉蚜Aphis gossypii 14 966 36.19 37.52 花生蚜Aphis craccivora 1 081 2.71 2.81 稻管蓟马Haplothrips aculeatus 1 818 4.56 4.73 花蓟马Frankliniella intonsa 643 1.61 1.67 烟蓟马Thrips tabaci 5 539 13.89 14.40 豆大蓟马Megalurothrips usitatus 94 0.24 0.24 玉米黄呆蓟马Anaphothrips obscurus 460 1.15 1.20 苏丹呆蓟马Anaphothrips sudanensis 127 0.32 0.33 禾蓟马Frankliniella tenuicornis 13 268 33.28 34.50 天敌总计Total natural enemies 1 411 3.54 100.00 害虫总计Total pest 38 997 96.46 100.00 总计Total 39 871 100.00 表 2 三种模式下昆虫群落组成比较(2023,山东莱西)
Table 2 Comparison of insect community composition under three models(2023, Laixi, Shandong Province)
物种
Species种植模式Planting pattern 花生单作区SP 间作区P/C 间作花生区P/C-P 个体数(头)Number 占该物种调查总数比例(%)
Proportion of total species surveyed个体数(头)
Number占该物种调查总数比例(%)
Proportion of total species surveyed个体数(头)
Number占该物种调查总数比例(%)
Proportion of total species surveyed天敌
昆虫
Natural enemy insect蚜茧蜂Asaphes vulgaris 8 24.24 17 51.52 11 33.33 姬蜂Ichneumon 60 24.79 102 42.15 53 21.90 异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis 2 3.77 30 56.60 14 26.42 龟纹瓢虫Propylaea japonica 12 16.00 28 37.33 16 21.33 多异瓢虫Adonia variegata 6 5.94 41 40.59 17 16.83 东亚小花蝽Orius sauteri 149 19.68 315 41.61 127 16.78 大草蛉Chrysopa pallens 0 0 4 80.00 2 40.00 横纹蓟马Aeolothrips fasciatus 98 67.59 21 14.48 13 8.97 害虫
Injurious insect棉花赤须盲蝽
Trigonotylus coelestialium166 29.17 226 39.72 136 23.90 绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum 71 16.44 142 32.87 78 18.06 棉蚜Aphis gossypii 53 0.37 4 367 30.27 116 0.80 花生蚜Aphis craccivora 670 61.98 292 27.01 123 11.38 稻管蓟马
Haplothrips aculeatus887 48.79 434 23.87 260 14.30 花蓟马Frankliniella intonsa 315 48.99 157 24.42 105 16.33 烟蓟马Thrips tabaci 2 642 47.70 1 312 23.69 750 13.54 豆大蓟马
Megalurothrips usitatus54 57.45 16 17.02 11 11.70 玉米黄呆蓟马
Anaphothrips obscurus232 50.43 131 28.48 75 16.30 苏丹呆蓟马
Anaphothrips sudanensis65 51.18 32 25.20 15 11.81 禾蓟马
Frankliniella tenuicornis5728 43.17 3765 28.38 1961 14.78 表 3 间作花生区主要天敌与害虫线性关系及分析结果
Table 3 Linear relationship between main natural enemies and pests in intercropping peanut area and analysis results
间作花生区
P/C-P线性回归模型
Linear regression modelR2 F df P 东亚小花蝽-蓟马Orius sauteri-Thysanoptera Y = -0.001669X + 3.460 0.3515 7.047 1, 13 0.0198 瓢虫-花生蚜Coccinellidae-Aphis craccivora Y = -0.002156X + 1.978 0.3424 6.769 1, 13 0.0219 瓢虫-蓟马Coccinellidae-Thysanoptera Y = 0.0001241X + 3.314 0.0016 0.019 1, 13 0.8921 东亚小花蝽-花生蚜Orius sauteri-Aphis craccivora Y = -0.0002199X + 1.925 0.0044 0.057 1, 13 0.8149 姬蜂-蓟马Ichneumon-Thysanoptera Y = 0.001259X + 3.272 0.2528 4.398 1, 13 0.0561 姬蜂-花生蚜Ichneumon-Aphis craccivora Y = -0.0001394X + 1.902 0.0023 0.030 1, 13 0.8642 瓢虫+东亚小花蝽-蓟马
Coccinellidae+Orius sauteri-ThysanopteraY = -0.0007440X + 3.406 0.1479 2.257 1, 13 0.1569 瓢虫+东亚小花蝽-花生蚜
Coccinellidae +Orius sauteri-Aphis craccivoraY = -0.000871X + 2.020 0.1563 2.408 1, 13 0.1447 -
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