基于线粒体COI DNA条形码序列的菜豆象种群遗传分化与种群结构分析

李玉辉,  李新浩,  刘盼,  林莉,  杨思华,  武目涛,  吴晓薇,  胡淑青,  李盼畔,  马骏,  刘海军

李玉辉, 李新浩, 刘盼, 等. 基于线粒体COI DNA条形码序列的菜豆象种群遗传分化与种群结构分析 [J]. 环境昆虫学报, 2026, 48(4): 1056-1066. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0858.2026.04.8
引用本文: 李玉辉, 李新浩, 刘盼, 等. 基于线粒体COI DNA条形码序列的菜豆象种群遗传分化与种群结构分析 [J]. 环境昆虫学报, 2026, 48(4): 1056-1066. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0858.2026.04.8
LI Yu-Hui, LI Xin-Hao, LIU Pan, et al. Population genetic differentiation and structure analysis of the bean Weevil, Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) based on mitochondrial COI DNA barcode sequences [J]. Journal of Environmental Entomology, 2026, 48(4): 1056-1066. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0858.2026.04.8
Citation: LI Yu-Hui, LI Xin-Hao, LIU Pan, et al. Population genetic differentiation and structure analysis of the bean Weevil, Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) based on mitochondrial COI DNA barcode sequences [J]. Journal of Environmental Entomology, 2026, 48(4): 1056-1066. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0858.2026.04.8

基于线粒体COI DNA条形码序列的菜豆象种群遗传分化与种群结构分析

doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0858.2026.04.8
基金项目: 

国家重点研发计划 2021YFD1400104

详细信息
    作者简介:

    李玉辉,男,硕士,主要从事植物检疫和种群遗传方面研究,E-mail:1278578494@qq.com

    共同通讯作者 Author for correspondence:

    马骏,博士,研究员,主要从事植物检疫工作,E-mail:majmail@163.com;

    刘海军,博士,研究员,主要从事植物检疫工作,E-mail:liuhj@iqtcnet.cn

  • 中图分类号: Q963

    文献标识码: A

    文章编号: 1674-0858(2026)04-1056-11

Population genetic differentiation and structure analysis of the bean Weevil, Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) based on mitochondrial COI DNA barcode sequences

  • 摘要:

    菜豆象Acanthoscelides obtectus(Say)是全球性的重要仓储害虫,每年因豆类粮食被侵蚀而造成严重经济损失。

    目的 

    为了揭示国内外菜豆象种群遗传分化与种群结构。

    方法 

    本研究基于线粒体COI条形码序列,对亚洲、欧洲、非洲和南美洲的21个地理种群开展种群地理分布、种群遗传多样性和种群遗传分化研究。

    结果 

    种群地理分布分析发现菜豆象种群分布广泛,遍及亚洲、欧洲、非洲和南美洲。单倍型分析发现菜豆象共有15种单倍型(H1~H15),而且单倍型分布不均衡,显示出地理偏好性。遗传多样性分析发现菜豆象种群具有高单倍型多样性,但是核苷酸多样性低(单倍型多样性指数Hd=0.665、核苷酸多样性指数Pi=0.00291),并且具有种群间差异。单倍型网络和进化分析发现菜豆象种群结构呈现多中心点辐射模式,而且种群间出现一定程度的遗传分化,分成3个亚群。种群遗传分化和基因流分析表明菜豆象种群间出现一定程度的遗传分化,基因交流程度具有较大差异(欧洲-非洲之间Fst=0.0851、Nm=2.6881;南美洲-亚洲之间Fst=0.7690、Nm=0.0751),而且遗传分化与地理距离基本无相关性(r=0.2102,P=0.031 < 0.05)。中性检验表明乌干达(UGA)种群(Tajima's D=-1.79107,P < 0.05)可能在近期出现了种群扩张,而其余20个菜豆象地理种群符合中性突变,群体大小相对稳定。

    结论 

    本研究为进一步阐明国内外菜豆象扩散来源和入侵路径,进而构建可持续防控体系奠定基础。

     

    Abstract:

    The bean weevil, Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say), is a globally important storage pest which caused severe economic losses every year due to the erosion of legumes.

    Aim 

    In order to reveal the genetic differentiation and population structure of A. obtectus.

    Methods 

    We investigated the population geographical distribution, population genetic diversity and population genetic differentiation of 21 geographic populations from Asia, Europe, Africa, and South America based on mitochondrial COI DNA barcode sequences.

    Results 

    Geographical distribution analysis revealed widespread dispersal of A. obtectus populations across all four continents. Haplotype analysis showed there were 15 distinct haplotypes (H1~H15), and they were unevenly distributed, showing geographical preference. Genetic diversity analysis showed that A. obtectus populations had high haplotype diversity but low nucleotide diversity (Hd=0.665, Pi=0.00291), and there were differences among populations. Haplotype network and phylogenetic analysis showed that the population structure of A. obtectus was a multi-hub-and-spoke radiation pattern, and there was a certain degree of genetic differentiation among the populations, which were divided into three subgroups. Genetic differentiation and gene flow analysis revealed that there was a certain degree of genetic differentiation among the populations, and the degree of gene flow was greatly different (e.g., Fst=0.0851, Nm=2.6881 between Europe and Africa; Fst=0.7690, Nm=0.0751 between South America and Asia). There was no significant correlation between genetic differentiation and geographic distance (r=0.2102, P=0.031 < 0.05). Neutral tests suggested recent population expansion in the Uganda population (Tajima's D=-1.79107, P < 0.05), while the remaining 20 populations conformed to neutral mutation expectations with stable effective population sizes.

    Conclusion 

    This study laid a foundation for further understanding the spread sources and invasion routes of A. obtectus at home and abroad, and building a sustainable prevention and control system.

     

  • 菜豆象Acanthoscelides obtectus(Say),属鞘翅目Coleoptera豆象科Bruchidae,是世界范围内重要的仓储害虫,每年因豆类粮食被侵蚀而造成严重经济损失(Padı́n et al.,2002)。由于菜豆象成虫和幼虫在豆粒内部蛀食,该虫极易随寄主豆粒传播,而全球化贸易进一步加速了该虫的跨境传播和扩散(王辉等,2013)。口岸截获数据显示,2021年中国大陆口岸菜豆象截获量同比增长37%(海关总署数据)。部分研究者基于MaxEnt模型对菜豆象在中国的适生区展开预测,结果表明菜豆象在中国的适生区呈现向北扩张的趋势(易山青等,2023)。面对日益严峻的菜豆象扩散疫情,研究者亟需从种群遗传学角度阐明该虫的种群遗传结构及其演变动态,为区域性综合治理防控策略制定提供理论依据。

    种群遗传结构解析是揭示物种适应性进化与扩散机制的核心手段。线粒体细胞色素氧化酶Ⅰ(COI)基因作为分子标记,因其母系遗传特性、进化速率适中及高度保守性,被广泛应用于昆虫系统发育重建和种群遗传结构分析(Hebert et al.,2003;Tembrock et al.,2023)。近年来,基于COI的DNA条形码技术已成功应用于多种害虫的种群遗传学研究,旨在揭示害虫种群结构和扩散路径(游丽斌等,2019;Tembrock et al.,2023)。已有研究借助COI序列分子表明菜豆象起源于中美洲,伴随着欧美的殖民和贸易活动,先后传入南美洲和欧洲、非洲和亚洲,并且显示菜豆象非洲与南美洲种群间存在显著遗传分化(Alvarez et al.,2005;Oliveira et al.,2013)。但是,有限的种群样本不能全面反映国内外菜豆象种群特征,尤其是我国菜豆象种群遗传特征。因此,全球尤其是亚洲菜豆象种群遗传分化、种群结构以及潜在入侵路径有待系统阐明。

    本研究以南美洲(智利)、非洲(9个国家)、欧洲(德国和芬兰)和亚洲(中国)的菜豆象种群为对象,通过测序获取COI基因条形码序列并结合公开数据库中COI序列,旨在解决以下科学问题:(1)菜豆象不同地理种群的遗传多样性如何?(2)不同地理种群间遗传分化程度如何?(3)不同地理种群间遗传分化是否与地理距离相关联?(4)不同地理种群规模如何变化?研究结果将为揭示菜豆象的适应性进化潜力,为构建基于遗传信息的区域性检疫策略、不同来源的种群检测及可持续防控体系提供理论支撑。

    本研究共采集到161个菜豆象样本(75个为国内样本,86个为国外样本),涉及21个采样点(9个为国内采样点,12个为国外采样点),详见表 1。采集到的样本,经过编号后置于对应收集管中备用,样本原始记录详见网络版增强出版材料附表 1。

    表  1  本研究中采集的菜豆象样本信息
    Table  1  The sample information of collected Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) in this study
    采集地点
    Collection location
    洲
    Continent
    种群代码
    Population code
    经纬度
    Longitude and latitude
    样本数量
    Sample number
    贵州省毕节市纳雍县雍熙
    Yongxi, Nayong County, Bijie City, Guizhou Province
    亚洲Asia GZBJNY 105.3855°E 26.7795°N 5
    贵州省毕节市织金县绮陌街道
    Qimo Subdistrict, Zhijin County, Bijie City, Guizhou Province
    亚洲Asia GZZJ 105.8083°E 26.7257°N 1
    云南沾益
    Zhanyi, Yunnan
    亚洲Asia YNZY 103.8286°E 25.6079°N 16
    贵州平坝
    Pingba, Guizhou
    亚洲Asia GZPB 106.2620°E 26.4113°N 10
    贵州毕节
    Bijie, Guizhou
    亚洲Asia GZBJ 105.2983°E 27.2894°N 10
    云南峨山县
    Eshan County, Yunnan Province
    亚洲Asia YNES 102.4124°E 24.1747°N 15
    云南曲靖茨营镇
    Ciying Town, Qujing City, Yunnan Province
    亚洲Asia YNQJ 103.9226°E 25.3627°N 5
    贵州省贵阳市
    Guiyang City, Guizhou Province
    亚洲Asia GZGY 106.6349°E 26.6524°N 8
    云南曲靖市茨营镇红土墙村
    Hongtuqiang Village, Ciying Town, Qujing City, Yunnan Province
    亚洲Asia HTQ 104.0051°E 25.3274°N 5
    埃塞俄比亚
    Ethiopia
    非洲Africa ETH 38.7131°E 9.0104°N 11
    卢旺达
    Rwanda
    非洲Africa RWA 30.1023°E 1.9605°S 3
    布隆迪
    Burundi
    非洲Africa BUR 29.3869°E 3.3861°S 5
    喀麦隆
    Cameroon
    非洲Africa CMR 11.5098°E 3.8979°N 8
    刚果Congo 非洲Africa CG 15.2667°E 4.2694°S 16
    尼日利亚
    Nigeria
    非洲Africa NGR 7.4810°E 9.0422°N 7
    乌干达
    Uganda
    非洲Africa UGA 32.5946°E 0.3365°N 11
    安哥拉
    Angola
    非洲
    Africa
    ANG 13.2558°E 8.8108°S 8
    德国
    Germany
    欧洲
    Europe
    GER 13.4168°E 52.5136°N 8
    智利
    Chile
    南美洲
    South America
    CHI 70.6101°W 33.4252°S 3
    埃及
    Egypt
    非洲
    Africa
    EGY 31.1540°E 30.0300°N 3
    芬兰瓦萨市
    Vassa, Finland
    欧洲
    Europe
    FIN 21.7411°E 63.1398°N 3

    对于采集的样本,所有样品单头提取DNA,使用凯杰DNeasy Blood & Tissue Kit试剂盒(凯杰,上海)按说明书步骤操作,纯化后的DNA用80~100 µL AE缓冲液洗脱。本研究使用已经发表的文章中COI基因通用扩增引物对目标序列进行扩增,详细引物信息见下表 2(Hebert et al.,2003)。PCR扩增反应使用湖南艾科瑞生物工程公司的PCR试剂,PCR反应总体系为30 µL,包括10×PCR Buffer(含Mg2+)3 µL,dNTPs 2.4 µL,上下游引物(20 pmol/µL)各0.5 µL,1 µL DNA模板(10~100 ng/µL),22.4 µL ddH2O,0.2 µL Taq酶。PCR反应程序为95℃预变性5 min,94℃变性1 min,45℃退火1.5 min,72℃延伸1.5 min,以上3步循环5次;再94℃变性1 min,50℃退火1.5 min,72℃延伸1 min,共36个循环,72℃终延伸10 min。PCR扩增产物直接送往测序公司测序。

    表  2  扩增COI基因序列的通用引物
    Table  2  Universal primers for amplification of COI gene sequences
    引物Primer 引物序列Primer sequence
    LCO1490 GGTCAACAAATCATAAAGATATTGG
    HC02198 TAAACTTCAGGGTGACCAAAAAATCA

    对于COI基因测序结果,使用DNAStar中SeqMan模块进行正负链拼接。在删除测序结果中首末端不准确碱基,同时剔除拼接质量不佳的序列后,获得153条一致性序列,长度为645 bp。使用测序的COI基因序列比对NCBI数据库,从比对结果中筛选出片段大小合适、有明确采样地点的数据,共7条序列。合并测序序列,共获得160条一致性序列。将序列导入MEGA v10.1.6软件,使用内置的Muscle方法进行序列对齐排列,手动删除首末端未平齐部分,获得平齐的一致性序列,长度为642 bp(Kumar et al.,2018)。

    使用jModelTest2软件导入对齐后的一致性序列,选择AIC准则运行软件,得到构建进化树的最佳模型即HKY模型(Darriba et al.,2012)。使用MEGA v10.1.6软件导入对齐后的一致性序列,选择NJ(遗传距离计算模型:p-distance)和ML(核苷酸替换模型:HKY)两种模型构建系统发育树,试验方法为自展法(bootstrap),迭代1 000次(Felsenstein,1985)。使用MrBayes v3.1.2进行Bayesian建树分析(BI)(Ronquist and Huelsenbeck, 2003)。马尔科夫链(MCMC)运算总代数为1 000 000代,分析是从一个随机树开始,每500代抽样一次,核苷酸替换模型为HKY。分裂频率的平均标准偏差小于0.01,说明后验分布的抽样是充分的。使用潜在规模缩减系数(PSRF)和分裂频率的平均标准偏差验收收敛性。

    使用DnaSP 6.12.03软件导入对齐后的菜豆象COI一致性序列,生成单倍型文件(Rozas et al.,2017)。结合Python脚本处理单倍型文件,使用PopART软件导入标准NEXUS文件,选择Median-Joining Network,生成单倍型网络(Leigh and Bryant, 2015)。使用Python脚本处理单倍型文件。使用RStudio导入单倍型文件,载入R包(ggplot2、reshape2),编写并且运行R脚本绘制金字塔图。

    使用DnaSP 6.12.03软件导入按照采集地分组后的菜豆象COI一致性序列,计算单倍型多样性、核苷酸多样性和Tajima's D值。使用Alrequin 3.5.2.2软件导入经过DnaSP软件预处理后的标准输入文件,计算固定系数Fst值,同时根据公式Nm = (1 - Fst) / (4 * Fst)计算基因流Nm(Wright,1931;Wright,1951;Excoffier and Lischer, 2010)。

    分析结果表明,菜豆象COI序列总共有15种单倍型H1~H15(表 3),其中单倍型Hap_2分布广泛,遍及欧洲、亚洲和非洲。总体上,国内外单倍型分布不均衡,显示出地理偏好性,其中国内云南和贵州仅发现为Hap_1、Hap_2、Hap_3、Hap_4型,且Hap_1和Hap_2为优势型(表 3),而国外12个样点发现有Hap_2、Hap_5、Hap_6、Hap_7、Hap_8、Hap_9、Hap_10、Hap_11、Hap_12、Hap_13、Hap_14、Hap_15,且Hap_2为优势型(表 3、图 1)。

    表  3  基于COI基因序列的单倍型表
    Table  3  Haplotype table based on COI gene sequences
    种群代码
    Population code
    洲
    Continent
    单倍型(数量)
    Haplotype (number)
    单倍型种类数
    Number of haplotype type
    GZBJ 亚洲Asia Hap_1(5) Hap_2(5) 2
    GZBJNY 亚洲Asia Hap_1(5) 1
    GZGY 亚洲Asia Hap_2(7) Hap_4(1) 2
    GZPB 亚洲Asia Hap_1(2) Hap_2(8) 2
    GZZJ 亚洲Asia Hap_1(1) 1
    HTQ 亚洲Asia Hap_1(2) Hap_2(2) Hap_3(1) 3
    YNES 亚洲Asia Hap_1(12) Hap_2(3) 2
    YNQJ 亚洲Asia Hap_1(3) Hap_2(2) 2
    YNZY 亚洲Asia Hap_1(12) Hap_2(4) 2
    ANG 非洲Africa Hap_2(4) Hap_11(3) Hap_12(1) 3
    BUR 非洲Africa Hap_2(3) Hap_7(1) Hap_8(1) 3
    CG 非洲Africa Hap_2(13) Hap_5(1) Hap_6(1) Hap_10(1) 4
    CMR 非洲Africa Hap_2(1) Hap_5(1) Hap_6(5) Hap_9(1) 4
    EGY 非洲Africa Hap_15(3) 1
    ETH 非洲Africa Hap_2(8) Hap_5(1) Hap_6(1) Hap_14(1) 4
    NGR 非洲Africa Hap_2(6) 1
    RWA 非洲Africa Hap_2(3) 1
    UGA 非洲Africa Hap_2(10) Hap_5(1) 2
    FIN 欧洲Europe Hap_2(1) Hap_5(1) Hap_6(1) 3
    GER 欧洲Europe Hap_2(2) Hap_13(6) 2
    CHI 南美洲South America Hap_5(2) Hap_11(1) 2
    图  1  国内外菜豆象COI单倍型丰度差异
    注:纵坐标代表单倍型类型。横坐标代表样本数量。图中数字代表具体样本数,红色代表国内,绿色代表国外。
    Fig.  1  Differences in COI haplotype abundance of Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) between domestic and foreign
    Note: The ordinate represented haplotype type. The abscissa represented the number of sample. The number in the figure represented the specific sample number. Red represented the domestic. Green represented the foreign.
    下载: 全尺寸图片

    按照地理种群对COI单倍型类型和数量进行分类统计,统计结果表明不同地理种群间单倍型多样性具有差异性(表 3),其中刚果(CG)、喀麦隆(CMR)和埃塞俄比亚(ETH)的单倍型多样性最高,各有4种单倍型,而贵州省毕节市纳雍县雍熙(GZBJNY)、贵州省毕节市织金县绮陌街道(GZZJ)、尼日利亚(NGR)、卢旺达(RWA)和埃及(EGY)的单倍型多样性最低,仅各有1种单倍型。

    单倍型网络结果显示,菜豆象单倍型网络结构为多中心点辐射模式,其单倍型形成三个线粒体群组,分别以Hap_2、Hap_5和Hap_6为祖先单倍型(图 2)(Oliveira et al.,2013)。Hap_1、Hap_4、Hap_8、Hap_11、Hap_13、Hap_14由Hap_2经过突变后形成。Hap_9由Hap_6经过突变后形成。Hap_3、Hap_7、Hap_10、Hap_12、Hap_15由Hap_5突变形成。进化树结果显示,菜豆象COI单倍型序列聚集成两个Clade,形成三个亚类群。CladeⅠ是Hap_2和Hap_6线粒体群组,CladeⅡ是Hap_5线粒体群组。CladeⅠ形成两个亚类群,其中Hap_1、Hap_2、Hap_4、Hap_8、Hap_11、Hap_13、Hap_14聚成一簇即亚群Ⅰ,而Hap_6、Hap_9聚成另一簇即亚群Ⅱ。CladeⅡ形成一个亚类群,Hap_3、Hap_5、Hap_7、Hap_10、Hap_12、Hap_15聚成一簇即亚群Ⅲ。进化树聚类结果与单倍型网络结果一致(图 3、详见网络版增强出版材料附图 1和附图 2)。

    图  2  COI序列的单倍型网络
    注:彩色饼图的大小代表样本数量,而每个采样地点用不同颜色进行标注。Hap_后缀的文本代表每种单倍型。右边图示中空心圆形黑框代表样本数量的梯度。右边图示中每个彩色实心圆和黑色字母代表每个采样地点。
    Fig.  2  Haplotypes network of COI sequences
    Note: The size of the color pie chart represented sample number, and each sampling site was marked with a different color. The text suffixed with 'Hap_' represented each haplotype. The hollow black box on the right represented the gradient of the number of samples. Each colored solid circle and black letter in the right figure represented each sampling site.
    下载: 全尺寸图片
    图  3  菜豆象COI单倍型ML进化树
    注:分类群名代表种群和单倍型。比例尺代表单位遗传距离。枝长代表遗传距离。进化枝旁的数字代表自展值。不同颜色区分进化枝聚类成的簇,其中蓝色枝为亚群Ⅰ、红色枝为亚群Ⅱ、绿色枝为亚群Ⅲ。建树序列来源信息见附表 3。
    Fig.  3  Maximum likelihood evolutionary tree of COI haplotype of Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say)
    Note: Taxa names represent haplotype type. Scale bars represented unit genetic distance. Branch length represented genetic distance. Numbers next to clades represented bootstrap values. Different colors were used to distinguish the clusters of clades. The blue clade was subgroup Ⅰ. The red clade was subgroup Ⅱ. The green clade was subgroup Ⅲ. The information of data source of sequence used to construct the evolutionary tree was listed in supplementary Table 3.
    下载: 全尺寸图片

    菜豆象种群COI单倍型多样性、核苷酸多样性及Tajima's D中性检验结果如表 4所示。结果表明,菜豆象21个地理种群的总体单倍型多样性指数Hd为0.665,种群间核苷酸多样性指数Pi为0.00291。种群内单倍型多样性为0.000~1.000,平均为0.422,其中单倍型多样性最高的种群为FIN(芬兰瓦萨市),单倍型多样性最低的种群为EGY(埃及)、GZBJNY(贵州省毕节市纳雍县雍熙)、NGR(尼日利亚)和RWA(卢旺达)。种群内核苷酸多样性为0.00000~0.00935,平均为0.00219,其中最高的种群为CHI(智利),最低的种群为EGY(埃及)、GZBJNY(贵州省毕节市纳雍县雍熙)、NGR(尼日利亚)和RWA(卢旺达)。结果表明EGY(埃及)、GZBJNY(贵州省毕节市纳雍县雍熙)、NGR(尼日利亚)和RWA(卢旺达)的遗传多样性最低。

    表  4  菜豆象不同地理种群COI基因的遗传多样性分析
    Table  4  Genetic diversity analysis of COI genes in different geographical populations of Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say)
    种群代码
    Population code
    单倍型多样性(Hd)
    Haplotype diversity
    核苷酸多样性(Pi)
    Nucleotide diversity
    Tajima's D
    测定值
    Tested value
    中性检验显著性
    Significance of neutral test
    ANG 0.679 0.00567 -0.27455 NS, P > 0.10
    BUR 0.700 0.00436 -1.16172 NS, P > 0.10
    CG 0.350 0.00235 -1.00422 NS, P > 0.10
    CHI 0.667 0.00935 NA NA
    CMR 0.643 0.00300 -1.35929 NS, P > 0.10
    EGY 0.000 0.00000 NA NA
    ETH 0.491 0.00221 -1.64995 NS, 0.10 > P > 0.05
    FIN 1.000 0.00623 NA NA
    GER 0.429 0.00067 0.3335 NS, P > 0.10
    GZBJ 0.556 0.00087 1.46364 NS, P > 0.10
    GZBJNY 0.000 0.00000 NA NA
    GZGY 0.250 0.00039 -1.05482 NS, P > 0.10
    GZPB 0.356 0.00055 0.01499 NS, P > 0.10
    GZZJ NA NA NA NA
    HTQ 0.800 0.00467 -0.74682 NS, P > 0.10
    NGR 0.000 0.00000 NA NA
    RWA 0.000 0.00000 NA NA
    UGA 0.182 0.00142 -1.79107 *, P < 0.05
    YNES 0.343 0.00053 0.23502 NS, P > 0.10
    YNQJ 0.600 0.00093 1.22474 NS, P > 0.10
    YNZY 0.400 0.00062 0.64998 NS, P > 0.10
    合计 0.665 0.00291 -1.44774 NS, P > 0.10
    注:NA代表无法计算该值,故未该值纳入分析。*代表显著,NS代表不显著。Note: NA represented that this value could not be calculated, so this value was not included in the analysis. * represented that there was significant. NS represented that there was not significant.

    中性检验是一种检测自然选择或遗传漂变的有效方法,Tajima's D值>0,表明群体经历平衡选择,=0表明群体没有经历选择,符合中性进化,而<0表明群体经历定向选择,可能近期经历种群扩张(Krutovsky and Neale, 2005)。Tajima's D中性检验(表 4)结果显示,除UGA种群外,中性检验结果均不显著,表明该20个菜豆象地理种群在过去没有出现群体扩张和持续增长模式,群体大小保持相对稳定状态。UGA种群的结果为负值(Tajima's D=-1.79107,P < 0.05),表明该种群可能在近期出现了种群扩张(Krutovsky and Neale, 2005)。

    此外,通过对21个菜豆象地理种群的遗传进化和基因流分析,研究发现不同地理种群间的Fst值差异较大,取值范围从0~1(详见网络版增强出版材料附表 2),表明不同地理种群间出现不同程度的遗传分化。基因流Nm分析表明,不同地理种群间基因交流程度存在较大差异,比如YNES和GZBJNY间基因交流活跃(Nm=15.0032),而NGR和GZBJNY间无基因交流(Nm=0.0000)。同时,从各个洲种群间的Fst和Nm的尺度看,Fst值和Nm的差异性依旧存在,比如欧洲-非洲(Fst=0.0851、Nm=2.6881)的遗传分化程度最低,基因交流最为活跃,而南美洲-亚洲(Fst=0.7690、Nm=0.0751)的遗传分化程度最高,基因交流最为消极,但整体上比地理种群间的差异性更小(Fst的取值范围0.0851~0.7690)(表 5)。

    表  5  亚洲、欧洲、非洲和南美洲间种群遗传分化和基因流
    Table  5  Genetic differentiation and gene flow among populations in Asia, Europe, Africa, and South America
    洲1 Continent 1 洲2 Continent 2 Fst Nm
    亚洲Asia 非洲Africa 0.2307 0.8337
    欧洲Europe 非洲Africa 0.0851 2.6881
    南美洲South America 非洲Africa 0.3348 0.4967
    欧洲Europe 亚洲Asia 0.4296 0.3319
    南美洲South America 亚洲Asia 0.7690 0.0751
    南美洲South America 欧洲Europe 0.4179 0.3482

    进一步通过Mantel检验,计算成对地理种群间的遗传距离Fst和各采集地间地理距离的相关性,得到相关系数r=0.2102(P=0.031 < 0.05),表明遗传分化与地理距离间基本不存在相关性。

    本研究基于线粒体COI条形码序列解析国内外菜豆象种群结构和种群遗传分化现象,结果发现菜豆象种群广泛分布于世界各地,遍及亚洲、欧洲、非洲、南美洲,总计21个地点,共有15种单倍型。经统计发现,不同地理种群间单倍型类型和数量具有差异,其中Hap_1、3、4仅在亚洲(中国)发现,Hap_7、8、9、10、12、14、15仅在非洲发现,Hap_2在亚洲、欧洲和非洲有发现,Hap_5在非洲、欧洲和南美洲有发现,Hap_6在非洲和欧洲有发现,Hap_11在非洲和南美洲有发现,Hap_13仅在欧洲有发现,揭示菜豆象世界范围的仓储害虫的特征和地理偏好性。特别是,非洲保留有很多特有的单倍型(Hap_7、8、9、10、12、14、15)。同时,Tajima's D中性检验结果显示仅有非洲的UGA(乌干达)种群的结果为负值,表明该种群经历定向选择,并且可能在近期出现了种群扩张(Krutovsky and Neale, 2005)。此外,根据以往研究报道,菜豆象起源于中美洲,伴随着欧美的殖民和贸易活动,先传入南美洲,之后再传入欧洲、非洲和亚洲(Oliveira et al.,2013)。这些特有单倍型产生的原因可能是因为菜豆象传入非洲之后,为了适应当地高温、干旱环境而产生适应性进化,最终形成非洲特有的单倍型。

    单倍型网络和进化分析结果表明菜豆象种群已经出现一定程度的分化,形成三个亚群,并且不同洲的种群也会同属一个亚群。跨越地理隔离的种群聚类可能和人类历史上的贸易航线息息相关。15世纪末哥伦布开辟新航路之后,欧洲殖民者通过三角贸易(欧洲→非洲→美洲)大规模迁移人口和物种,而菜豆象可能伴随三角贸易,漂洋过海,扩散种群(Jordan,2016)。

    种群遗传多样性分析发现,菜豆象种群总体单倍型多样性指数Hd为0.665,总体核苷酸多样性指数Pi为0.00291,而种群内单倍型多样性平均为0.422,种群内核苷酸多样性平均为0.00219,整体水平的Pi值小于0.005,表明整体上国内外菜豆象mtDNA的COI基因多态性水平较低,为低核苷酸多态类群(Grant and Bowen, 1998)。菜豆象蛀食行为需要能量供给,而COI基因参与线粒体能量代谢的相关信号通路(Richter-Dennerlein et al.,2016)。本研究推测COI基因的保守性可能是维持能量代谢功能的关键,从而间接地帮助菜豆象保持蛀食豆粒的特性。目前,已经有研究发现将自然产生mtDNA突变的雌性菜豆象与雄性菜豆象进行交配可造成雄性繁殖力降低。未来可能利用该项技术减少菜豆象种群规模,实现菜豆象防控防治(Lea et al,2024)。

    群体分化聚焦于时空尺度下不同种群间遗传分化和基因交流。固定系数Fst(Fixation index)是种群和进化遗传学中使用最广泛的描述性统计,为进化提供了重要的见解影响种群内部和种群之间遗传变异结构的过程(Holsinger and Weir, 2009)。基因流Nm可以揭示出群体间可能的基因渗透及影响遗传分化的遗传现象,Nm值大于1说明群体间的基因交流活跃,小于1则说明群体的遗传分化很可能由遗传漂变引起(Wright,1931)。遗传分化和基因流分析发现菜豆象不同地理种群间的Fst值和Nm值存在较大差异,表明不同地理种群间具有一定程度的遗传分化,基因交流程度存在较大差异。通过分析具有代表性种群(种群数量大于3、Fst值不为负),研究发现菜豆象中国种群和欧洲种群之间的遗传分化程度差异较小,整体上遗传分化程度较小,基因交流消极(Fst取值范围为0.2443~0.8477,Nm取值范围0.0449~0.7732),而中国种群和非洲种群之间遗传分化程度差异大,基因交流程度差异大(Fst取值范围为0.0153~1.0000,Nm取值范围为0.0000~16.0792)。这种现象的产生,一方面可能是不同国家之间的贸易措施和检疫政策影响菜豆象种群的扩散。另外一方面,由于非洲种群单倍型种类多,而且存在非洲特有单倍型,某些非洲种群和中国种群之间可能已经出现生殖隔离,从而导致遗传分化和基因交流的差异程度大。此外,通过将各个种群按照洲进行合并数据后计算各个洲种群间的Fst和Nm,结果发现洲-洲种群间的Fst和Nm值均有差异,其中欧洲-非洲(Fst=0.0851、Nm=2.6881)的遗传分化程度最低,基因交流最为活跃,而南美洲-亚洲(Fst=0.7690、Nm=0.0751)的遗传分化程度最高,基因交流最为消极。这种现象可能源自于欧洲在非洲众多殖民地的人员交往密集,而南美洲与亚洲之间因传统贸易和人员交往相对偏少有关。

    Mantel检验显示遗传距离与地理距离基本无相关性(r = 0.2102,P = 0.031 < 0.05)。这种现象可能是由于近几百年人类商贸活动引发跨板块基因交流,特别是工业革命后的全球化贸易,通过集装箱运输等方式形成"跳板扩散",导致种群出现跨大陆单倍型混杂现象,从而掩盖了自然地理隔离的遗传信号(Hulme,2009;Estoup and Guillemaud, 2010;Seebens et al.,2017)。

    由于菜豆象的世界性分布、寄主的分布和扩散能力等诸多因素的制约,本研究无法对世界各地的菜豆象进行系统采样,同时受限于采集到的样本量,无法系统描述菜豆象种群间的进化路线,但是本研究的结果为进一步探讨国内外菜豆象的种群遗传结构、入侵来源和入侵路径奠定了基础。

    本研究基于COI基因条形码序列,通过人工采样测序并结合NCBI公共数据,对菜豆象21个地理种群共160个样本序列进行了系统的种群结构分析,得到如下结论:

    1)地理分布分析发现,菜豆象种群广泛分布于世界各地,遍及亚洲、欧洲、非洲、南美洲,并且菜豆象的单倍型种群分布不均衡,显示出地理偏好性。

    2)遗传多样性分析发现,菜豆象mtDNA COI基因片段在整体水平上具有较高的单倍型多样性,但是具有低核苷酸多样性。同时,种群间的单倍型多样性和核苷酸多样性具有较大差异,显示一定的种群分布。

    3)单倍型网络和进化分析发现,菜豆象单倍型网络结构为中心点辐射模式。菜豆象种群间出现一定程度的分化,具有一定程度的聚类,最终形成三个亚群。

    4)遗传分化和基因流分析发现,21个菜豆象地理种群间的Fst值和Nm值存在较大差异,表明不同地理种群间具有一定程度的遗传分化,基因交流程度具有较大差异。同时,Mantel测试结果显示种群间遗传距离与地理距离之间基本不存在相关性,表明地理隔离对遗传分化的基本无影响。

    5)中性检验结果显示除UGA种群外,其它20个菜豆象地理种群在过去没有出现群体扩张和持续增长模式,群体大小保持相对稳定状态。

    附录:附表 1 菜豆象原始采样记录

    附表 2 种群间地理距离、固定系数Fst和基因流Nm

    附表 3 用于构建进化树的序列的数据源

    附图 1 菜豆象COI单倍型NJ进化树

    附图 2 菜豆象COI单倍型贝叶斯树

    详细数据见网络版增强出版材料(http://hjkcxb.alljournals.net/)

    附表 1  菜豆象原始采样记录
    Appendix Table 1  Original sampling records of Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say)
    采集时间
    Collection time(yy-mm-dd)
    采集地点
    Collection location
    自定义编号/GenBank号
    Custom number or GenBank number
    经纬度
    Longitude and latitude
    来源
    Sources
    2023-12-15 贵州省毕节市纳雍县雍熙 人工采集
    Yongxi, Nayong County, Bijie City, Guizhou Province AGZBJ01 105.385509, 26.779495 Manual collection
    2023-12-15 贵州省毕节市纳雍县雍熙 人工采集
    Yongxi, Nayong County, Bijie City, Guizhou Province AGZBJ02 105.385509, 26.779495 Manual collection
    2023-12-15 贵州省毕节市纳雍县雍熙 人工采集
    Yongxi, Nayong County, Bijie City, Guizhou Province AGZBJ03 105.385509, 26.779495 Manual collection
    2023-12-15 贵州省毕节市纳雍县雍熙 人工采集
    Yongxi, Nayong County, Bijie City, Guizhou Province AGZBJ04 105.385509, 26.779495 Manual collection
    2023-12-15 贵州省毕节市纳雍县雍熙 人工采集
    Yongxi, Nayong County, Bijie City, Guizhou Province AGZBJ05 105.385509, 26.779495 Manual collection
    2023-12-15 贵州省毕节市织金县绮陌街道 人工采集
    Qimo Subdistrict, Zhijin County, Bijie City, Guizhou Province AGZZJ23 105.808317, 26.725714 Manual collection
    2023-12-06 云南沾益
    Zhanyi, Yunnan
    AYNZY23-1 103.828593, 25.607933 人工采集
    Manual collection
    2023-12-06 云南沾益
    Zhanyi, Yunnan
    AYNZY23-2 103.828593, 25.607933 人工采集
    Manual collection
    2023-12-06 云南沾益
    Zhanyi, Yunnan
    AYNZY23-3 103.828593, 25.607933 人工采集
    Manual collection
    2023-12-06 云南沾益
    Zhanyi, Yunnan
    AYNZY23-4 103.828593, 25.607933 人工采集
    Manual collection
    2023-12-06 云南沾益
    Zhanyi, Yunnan
    AYNZY23 103.828593, 25.607933 人工采集
    Manual collection
    2023-11-20 贵州平坝
    Pingba, Guizhou
    AGZPB23 106.261981, 26.411264 人工采集
    Manual collection
    2023-08-22 贵州毕节
    Bijie, Guizhou
    AGZBJ23 105.298328, 27.289416 人工采集
    Manual collection
    2023-08-22 贵州毕节
    Bijie, Guizhou
    AGZBJ23-1 105.298328, 27.289416 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-08-22 贵州毕节
    Bijie, Guizhou
    AGZBJ23-2 105.298328, 27.289416 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-08-22 贵州毕节
    Bijie, Guizhou
    AGZBJ23-3 105.298328, 27.289416 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-08-22 贵州毕节
    Bijie, Guizhou
    AGZBJ23-4 105.298328, 27.289416 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-07-09 云南峨山县
    Eshan County, Yunnan Province
    AYNES23 102.412383, 24.174733 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-07-09 云南峨山县
    Eshan County, Yunnan Province
    AYNES23-1 102.412383, 24.174733 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-07-09 云南峨山县
    Eshan County, Yunnan Province
    AYNES23-2 102.412383, 24.174733 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-07-09 云南峨山县
    Eshan County, Yunnan Province
    AYNES26-M 102.412383, 24.174733 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-07-05 云南沾益
    Zhanyi, Yunnan
    AYNZY23-a 103.828593, 25.607933 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-07-05 云南沾益
    Zhanyi, Yunnan
    AYNZY23-b 103.828593, 25.607933 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-07-05 云南沾益
    Zhanyi, Yunnan
    AYNZY25-M 103.828593, 25.607933 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-07-05 云南曲靖茨营镇
    Ciying Town, Qujing City, Yunnan Province
    AYNQJ23 103.922593, 25.362731 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-07-05 云南曲靖茨营镇
    Ciying Town, Qujing City, Yunnan Province
    AYNQJ23-1 103.922593, 25.362731 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-07-05 云南曲靖茨营镇
    Ciying Town, Qujing City, Yunnan Province
    AYNQJ23-2 103.922593, 25.362731 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-07-05 云南曲靖茨营镇
    Ciying Town, Qujing City, Yunnan Province
    AYNQJ23-3 103.922593, 25.362731 人工采集
    Manual collection
    云南曲靖茨营镇 人工采集
    2023-07-05 Ciying Town, Qujing City, Yunnan Province AYNQJ23-M 103.922593, 25.362731 Manual collection
    2023-04-20 贵州平坝
    Pingba, Guizhou
    AGZPB23-1 106.261981, 26.411264 人工采集
    Manual collection
    2023-04-20 贵州平坝
    Pingba, Guizhou
    AGZPB23-2 106.261981, 26.411264 人工采集
    Manual collection
    2023-04-20 贵州平坝
    Pingba, Guizhou
    AGZPB23-3 106.261981, 26.411264 人工采集
    Manual collection
    2023-04-20 贵州平坝
    Pingba, Guizhou
    AGZPB24-M 106.261981, 26.411264 人工采集
    Manual collection
    2022-08-16 贵州省贵阳市
    Guiyang City, Guizhou Province
    AGZGY22 106.634858, 26.652434 人工采集
    Manual collection
    2022-08-16 贵州省贵阳市
    Guiyang City, Guizhou Province
    AGZGY27-F 106.634858, 26.652434 人工采集
    Manual collection
    2023-07-05 云南沾益
    Zhanyi, Yunnan
    AZY23 103.828593, 25.607933 人工采集
    Manual collection
    2023-07-05 云南沾益
    Zhanyi, Yunnan
    AZY23-1 103.828593, 25.607933 人工采集
    Manual collection
    2023-07-05 云南沾益
    Zhanyi, Yunnan
    AZY23-2 103.828593, 25.607933 人工采集
    Manual collection
    2023-07-05 云南沾益
    Zhanyi, Yunnan
    AZY23-3 103.828593, 25.607933 人工采集
    Manual collection
    2023-07-05 云南沾益
    Zhanyi, Yunnan
    AZY23-4 103.828593, 25.607933 人工采集
    Manual collection
    2023-07-09 云南峨山县
    Eshan County, Yunnan Province
    AYNES23-a 102.412383, 24.174733 人工采集
    Manual collection
    2023-07-09 云南峨山县
    Eshan County, Yunnan Province
    AYNES23-b 102.412383, 24.174733 人工采集
    Manual collection
    2023-07-09 云南峨山县
    Eshan County, Yunnan Province
    AYNES23-c 102.412383, 24.174733 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-07-09 云南峨山县
    Eshan County, Yunnan Province
    AYNES23-d 102.412383, 24.174733 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-07-09 云南峨山县
    Eshan County, Yunnan Province
    AYNES23-e 102.412383, 24.174733 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-09-28 贵州平坝
    Pingba, Guizhou
    AGZPB23-a 106.261981, 26.411264 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-09-28 贵州平坝
    Pingba, Guizhou
    AGZPB23-b 106.261981, 26.411264 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-09-28 贵州平坝
    Pingba, Guizhou
    AGZPB23-c 106.261981, 26.411264 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-09-28 贵州平坝
    Pingba, Guizhou
    AGZPB23-d 106.261981, 26.411264 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-09-28 贵州平坝
    Pingba, Guizhou
    AGZPB23-e 106.261981, 26.411264 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-07-04 云南曲靖市茨营镇红土墙村
    Hongtuqiang Village, Ciying Town, Qujing City, Yunnan Province
    AHTQ23 104.005065, 25.327365 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-07-04 云南曲靖市茨营镇红土墙村
    Hongtuqiang Village, Ciying Town, Qujing City, Yunnan Province
    AHTQ23-1 104.005065, 25.327365 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-07-04 云南曲靖市茨营镇红土墙村
    Hongtuqiang Village, Ciying Town, Qujing City, Yunnan Province
    AHTQ23-2 104.005065, 25.327365 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-07-04 云南曲靖市茨营镇红土墙村
    Hongtuqiang Village, Ciying Town, Qujing City, Yunnan Province
    AHTQ23-3 104.005065, 25.327365 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-07-04 云南曲靖市茨营镇红土墙村
    Hongtuqiang Village, Ciying Town, Qujing City, Yunnan Province
    AHTQ23-4 104.005065, 25.327365 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-09-25 贵州毕节
    Bijie, Guizhou
    AGZBJ23-a 105.298328, 27.289416 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-09-25 贵州毕节
    Bijie, Guizhou
    AGZBJ23-b 105.298328, 27.289416 人工采集Manual
    2023-09-25 贵州毕节
    Bijie, Guizhou
    AGZBJ23-c 105.298328, 27.289416 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-09-25 贵州毕节
    Bijie, Guizhou
    AGZBJ23-d 105.298328, 27.289416 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-09-25 贵州毕节
    Bijie, Guizhou
    AGZBJ23-e 105.298328, 27.289416 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-07-09 云南峨山县
    Eshan County, Yunnan Province
    AES23-1 102.412383, 24.174733 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-07-09 云南峨山县
    Eshan County, Yunnan Province
    AES23-2 102.412383, 24.174733 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-07-09 云南峨山县
    Eshan County, Yunnan Province
    AES23-3 102.412383, 24.174733 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2022-08-16 贵州省贵阳市
    Guiyang City, Guizhou Province
    AGZ22-1 106.634858, 26.652434 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2022-08-16 贵州省贵阳市
    Guiyang City, Guizhou Province
    AGZ22-2 106.634858, 26.652434 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-07-05 云南沾益
    Zhanyi, Yunnan
    AZY23-a 103.828593, 25.607933 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-07-05 云南沾益
    Zhanyi, Yunnan
    AZY23-b 103.828593, 25.607933 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-07-05 云南沾益
    Zhanyi, Yunnan
    AZY23-c 103.828593, 25.607933 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-04 贵州省贵阳市
    Guiyang City, Guizhou Province
    AGZGY23 106.634858, 26.652434 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-04 贵州省贵阳市
    Guiyang City, Guizhou Province
    AGZGY23-1 106.634858, 26.652434 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-04 贵州省贵阳市
    Guiyang City, Guizhou Province
    AGZGY23-2 106.634858, 26.652434 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-07-09 云南峨山县
    Eshan County, Yunnan Province
    AES23-a 102.412383, 24.174733 人工采集
    Manual collection
    2023-07-09 云南峨山县
    Eshan County, Yunnan Province
    AES23-b 102.412383, 24.174733 人工采集
    Manual collection
    2023-07-09 云南峨山县
    Eshan County, Yunnan Province
    AES23-c 102.412383, 24.174733 人工采集
    Manual collection
    未知unknown 4楼养虫室Insectary on the fourth floor AGZ022 106.634858, 26.652434 人工采集
    Manual collection
    2023-04-09 埃塞俄比亚
    Ethiopia
    AETH23-1 38.713061, 9.010381 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2023-04-09 埃塞俄比亚
    Ethiopia
    AETH23-2 38.713061, 9.010381 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2023-04-09 埃塞俄比亚
    Ethiopia
    AETH23-3 38.713061, 9.010381 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2023-04-09 埃塞俄比亚
    Ethiopia
    AETH01 38.713061, 9.010381 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2019-05-21 埃塞俄比亚
    Ethiopia
    AETH19-1 38.713061, 9.010381 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2019-05-21 埃塞俄比亚
    Ethiopia
    AETH02 38.713061, 9.010381 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2017-06-13 埃塞俄比亚
    Ethiopia
    AETH17-1 38.713061, 9.010381 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2017-06-13 埃塞俄比亚
    Ethiopia
    AETH17-2 38.713061, 9.010381 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2017-06-13 埃塞俄比亚
    Ethiopia
    AETH17-3 38.713061, 9.010381 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2017-06-13 埃塞俄比亚
    Ethiopia
    AETH03 38.713061, 9.010381 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2017-03-06 卢旺达
    Rwanda
    ARWA17-1 30.102263, -1.960504 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2017-03-06 卢旺达
    Rwanda
    ARWA17-2 30.102263, -1.960504 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2017-03-06 卢旺达
    Rwanda
    ARW04 30.102263, -1.960504 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2019-09-20 布隆迪
    Burundi
    ABI19-1 29.386904, -3.3861 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2019-09-20 布隆迪
    Burundi
    ABI19-2 29.386904, -3.3861 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2019-09-20 布隆迪
    Burundi
    ABI19-3 29.386904, -3.3861 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2019-09-20 布隆迪
    Burundi
    ABUR06 29.386904, -3.3861 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2018 喀麦隆
    Cameroon
    ACMR18-a 11.509764, 3.897924 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2018 喀麦隆
    Cameroon
    ACMR18-b 11.509764, 3.897924 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2018 喀麦隆
    Cameroon
    ACMR18-c 11.509764, 3.897924 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2018 喀麦隆
    Cameroon
    ACM07 11.509764, 3.897924 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2018-12-25 喀麦隆
    Cameroon
    ACMR18-1 11.509764, 3.897924 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2018-12-25 喀麦隆
    Cameroon
    ACMR18-2 11.509764, 3.897924 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2018-12-25 喀麦隆
    Cameroon
    ACMR18-3 11.509764, 3.897924 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2018-12-25 喀麦隆
    Cameroon
    ACM08 11.509764, 3.897924 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2019-09-04 刚果Congo ACG19-1 15.266665, -4.269357 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2019-09-04 刚果Congo ACG010 15.266665, -4.269357 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2017-12-11 刚果Congo ACG17-1 15.266665, -4.269357 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2017-12-11 刚果Congo ACG17-2 15.266665, -4.269357 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2017-12-11 刚果Congo ACG17-3 15.266665, -4.269357 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2017-12-11 刚果Congo ACG011 15.266665, -4.269357 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2015-04-17 尼日利亚
    Nigeria
    ANGR15-1 7.481027, 9.042213 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2015-04-17 尼日利亚
    Nigeria
    ANGR15-2 7.481027, 9.042213 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2015-04-17 尼日利亚
    Nigeria
    ANGR15-3 7.481027, 9.042213 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2015-04-17 尼日利亚
    Nigeria
    ANGR15-4 7.481027, 9.042213 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2015-04-17 尼日利亚
    Nigeria
    ANG020 7.481027, 9.042213 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2017-07-21 乌干达
    Uganda
    AUGA17-a 32.594626, 0.336523 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2017-07-21 乌干达
    Uganda
    AUG019 32.594626, 0.336523 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2017-01-28 乌干达
    Uganda
    AUGA17-1 32.594626, 0.336523 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2017-01-28 乌干达
    Uganda
    AUGA17-2 32.594626, 0.336523 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2017-01-28 乌干达
    Uganda
    AUGA17-3 32.594626, 0.336523 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2017-01-28 乌干达
    Uganda
    AUGA17-4 32.594626, 0.336523 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2017-01-28 乌干达
    Uganda
    AUG18-F 32.594626, 0.336523 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2017-01-28 乌干达
    Uganda
    AUG018 32.594626, 0.336523 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2019-12-19 安哥拉Angola AAGO19-1 13.255758, -8.810835 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2019-12-19 安哥拉Angola AAGO19-2 13.255758, -8.810835 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2019-12-19 安哥拉Angola AAGO19-3 13.255758, -8.810835 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2019-12-19 安哥拉Angola AAGO19-4 13.255758, -8.810835 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2019-12-19 安哥拉Angola ANG016 13.255758, -8.810835 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2017-03-04 安哥拉Angola AAGO17-1 13.255758, -8.810835 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2017-03-04 安哥拉Angola ANG014 13.255758, -8.810835 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    未知unknown 刚果Congo ACG-1 15.266665, -4.269357 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    未知unknown 刚果Congo ACG-2 15.266665, -4.269357 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    未知unknown 刚果Congo ACG-3 15.266665, -4.269357 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    未知unknown 刚果Congo ACG013 15.266665, -4.269357 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    未知unknown 德国Germany AGER-1 13.416846, 52.513637 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    未知unknown 德国Germany AGER-2 13.416846, 52.513637 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    未知unknown 德国Germany AGER-3 13.416846, 52.513637 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2023-05-29 智利Chile ACHI23-1 -70.610128, -33.425174 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2023-05-29 智利Chile ACHI23-2 -70.610128, -33.425174 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2023-05-29 智利Chile ACHI23-3 -70.610128, -33.425174 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2024-01-09 德国Germany AGER24-1 13.416846, 52.513637 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2024-01-09 德国Germany AGER24-2 13.416846, 52.513637 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2024-01-09 德国Germany AGER24-3 13.416846, 52.513637 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2024-01-09 德国Germany AGER24-4 13.416846, 52.513637 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2017-12-11 刚果Congo ACG17-a 15.266665, -4.269357 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2017-01-18 乌干达
    Uganda
    AUGA17b 32.594626, 0.336523 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2017-01-18 乌干达
    Uganda
    AUGA17c 32.594626, 0.336523 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2015-04-17 尼日利亚
    Nigeria
    ANGR15-a 7.481027, 9.042213 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2015-04-17 尼日利亚
    Nigeria
    ANGR15-b 7.481027, 9.042213 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2019-05-21 埃塞俄比亚
    Ethiopia
    AETH19-a 38.713061, 9.010381 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    未知unknown 刚果Congo AP1307008-1 15.266665, -4.269357 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    未知unknown 刚果Congo AP1307008-2 15.266665, -4.269357 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    未知unknown 布隆迪
    Burundi
    ABUR05 29.386904, -3.3861 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2019-04-04 刚果Congo ABA0216406 15.266665, -4.269357 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2019-04-04 刚果Congo ACG09 15.266665, -4.269357 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    未知unknown 刚果Congo ACG012 15.266665, -4.269357 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    未知unknown 乌干达
    Uganda
    AUG017 32.594626, 0.336523 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    未知unknown 安哥拉Angola ANG015 13.255758, -8.810835 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    未知unknown 埃及Egypt OM057843 31.1539996, 30.03 NCBI
    未知unknown 埃及Egypt OM057841 31.1539996, 30.03 NCBI
    未知unknown 埃及Egypt OM057842 31.1539996, 30.03 NCBI
    2012-02-15 芬兰瓦萨市Vassa, Finland KJ962630 21.7411, 63.1398 NCBI
    2012-02-15 芬兰瓦萨市Vassa, Finland KJ962201 21.7411, 63.1398 NCBI
    2012-02-15 芬兰瓦萨市Vassa, Finland KJ967359 21.7411, 63.1398 NCBI
    2009-03-01 德国Germany HM398869 15.266665, -4.269357 NCBI
    附表 2  种群间地理距离、固定系数Fst和基因流Nm
    Appendix Table 2  Geographic distance, fixed coefficient Fst, and gene flow Nm between populations
    种群代码1 Population code 1 种群代码2 Population code 2 地理距离(m) Geographical distance(m) Fst Nm
    BUR ANG 1882977 0.0414 5.7886
    CG ANG 549247 0.1496 1.4213
    CG BUR 1571376 -0.0743 inf
    CHI ANG 8912049 0.1137 1.9480
    CHI BUR 10732726 0.1309 1.6603
    CHI CG 9371299 0.4163 0.3506
    CMR ANG 1418637 0.3298 0.5082
    CMR BUR 2145627 0.2557 0.7277
    CMR CG 995095 0.3306 0.5062
    CMR CHI 9520801 0.3595 0.4454
    EGY ANG 4705538 0.7046 0.1048
    EGY BUR 3702647 0.7560 0.0807
    EGY CG 4156333 0.8293 0.0514
    EGY CHI 12784840 0.5000 0.2500
    EGY CMR 3555590 0.8080 0.0594
    ETH ANG 3442390 0.1306 1.6647
    ETH BUR 1717614 -0.0704 inf
    ETH CG 2987731 -0.0692 inf
    ETH CHI 12352814 0.4168 0.3498
    ETH CMR 3060469 0.3204 0.5303
    ETH EGY 2456574 0.8508 0.0438
    FIN ANG 8011224 0.0753 3.0687
    FIN BUR 7406391 -0.1321 inf
    FIN CG 7496005 0.0644 3.6344
    FIN CHI 13375203 -0.1539 inf
    FIN CMR 6626297 -0.0628 inf
    FIN EGY 3741867 0.6842 0.1154
    FIN ETH 6160008 0.0728 3.1850
    GER ANG 6794835 0.3214 0.5278
    GER BUR 6374844 0.3289 0.5101
    GER CG 6295013 0.3242 0.5211
    GER CHI 12501621 0.6308 0.1463
    GER CMR 5392353 0.6071 0.1618
    GER EGY 2888149 0.9622 0.0098
    GER ETH 5339578 0.3466 0.4714
    GER FIN 1280200 0.5120 0.2383
    GZBJ ANG 10659734 0.2663 0.6889
    GZBJ BUR 8800337 0.2159 0.9081
    GZBJ CG 10234025 0.1854 1.0986
    GZBJ CHI 19224336 0.6256 0.1496
    GZBJ CMR 10192141 0.5690 0.1894
    GZBJ EGY 7120594 0.9472 0.0139
    GZBJ ETH 7248957 0.1897 1.0682
    GZBJ FIN 7016123 0.4568 0.2973
    GZBJ GER 7771239 0.6020 0.1653
    GZBJNY ANG 10661647 0.3557 0.4529
    GZBJNY BUR 8799644 0.4167 0.3500
    GZBJNY CG 10239077 0.4436 0.3136
    GZBJNY CHI 19177598 0.6104 0.1596
    GZBJNY CMR 10206000 0.6426 0.1390
    GZBJNY EGY 7149880 1.0000 0.0000
    GZBJNY ETH 7255297 0.4801 0.2708
    GZBJNY FIN 7069287 0.5522 0.2027
    GZBJNY GER 7819878 0.8477 0.0449
    GZBJNY GZBJ 57157.67 0.3333 0.5000
    GZGY ANG 10783558 0.1805 1.1354
    GZGY BUR 8920216 0.0814 2.8213
    GZGY CG 10362361 0.0153 16.0792
    GZGY CHI 19210256 0.6042 0.1638
    GZGY CMR 10331100 0.5414 0.2118
    GZGY EGY 7270155 0.9762 0.0061
    GZGY ETH 7379086 -0.0031 inf
    GZGY FIN 7143862 0.4146 0.3529
    GZGY GER 7910843 0.6122 0.1583
    GZGY GZBJ 150300 0.3409 0.4834
    GZGY GZBJNY 125113.7 0.8615 0.0402
    GZPB ANG 10743664 0.2161 0.9069
    GZPB BUR 8879408 0.1220 1.8000
    GZPB CG 10323779 0.0512 4.6347
    GZPB CHI 19173089 0.6353 0.1435
    GZPB CMR 10296830 0.5601 0.1964
    GZPB EGY 7246148 0.9648 0.0091
    GZPB ETH 7341191 0.0372 6.4759
    GZPB FIN 7148375 0.4459 0.3107
    GZPB GER 7907382 0.5906 0.1733
    GZPB GZBJ 136525.9 0.0889 2.5625
    GZPB GZBJNY 96366.77 0.7101 0.1020
    GZPB GZGY 45768.49 0.0631 3.7151
    GZZJ ANG 10702719 -0.1209 inf
    GZZJ BUR 8840201 -0.1667 inf
    GZZJ CG 10280686 0.1678 1.2397
    GZZJ CHI 19189321 -0.0588 inf
    GZZJ CMR 10248432 0.4066 0.3649
    GZZJ EGY 7191050 1.0000 0.0000
    GZZJ ETH 7297108 0.1790 1.1470
    GZZJ FIN 7095573 -0.2000 inf
    GZZJ GER 7851612 0.7551 0.0811
    GZZJ GZBJ 80394.37 -0.1111 inf
    GZZJ GZBJNY 42476.74 0.0000 inf
    GZZJ GZGY 82668.3 0.7778 0.0714
    GZZJ GZPB 57067.52 0.5556 0.2000
    HTQ ANG 10504526 0.0689 3.3784
    HTQ BUR 8636812 -0.1154 inf
    HTQ CG 10090180 -0.0048 inf
    HTQ CHI 18971852 0.1429 1.5000
    HTQ CMR 10082445 0.2751 0.6589
    HTQ EGY 7083386 0.7458 0.0852
    HTQ ETH 7111145 -0.0041 inf
    HTQ FIN 7139379 -0.0949 inf
    HTQ GER 7853251 0.2443 0.7732
    HTQ GZBJ 252832.5 0.0396 6.0711
    HTQ GZBJNY 212042.3 0.1667 1.2500
    HTQ GZGY 301453.3 0.1453 1.4706
    HTQ GZPB 256094.3 0.0821 2.7940
    HTQ GZZJ 237850.3 -0.6667 inf
    NGR ANG 2075465 0.1402 1.5338
    NGR BUR 2792389 0.0400 6.0000
    NGR CG 1706845 -0.0218 inf
    NGR CHI 9473576 0.5663 0.1915
    NGR CMR 722574 0.5248 0.2264
    NGR EGY 3386121 1.0000 0.0000
    NGR ETH 3432894 -0.0432 inf
    NGR FIN 6112198 0.3846 0.4000
    NGR GER 4850542 0.6779 0.1188
    NGR GZBJ 10321464 0.3617 0.4412
    NGR GZBJNY 10341420 1.0000 0.0000
    NGR GZGY 10465945 -0.0403 inf
    NGR GZPB 10435271 0.0400 6.0000
    NGR GZZJ 10383805 1.0000 0.0000
    NGR HTQ 10237770 0.1045 2.1428
    RWA ANG 2013837 0.0024 102.2090
    RWA BUR 176572.9 -0.1321 inf
    RWA CG 1668591 -0.1347 inf
    RWA CHI 10886987 0.3571 0.4500
    RWA CMR 2167576 0.4146 0.3529
    RWA EGY 3541986 1.0000 0.0000
    RWA ETH 1544137 -0.1658 inf
    RWA FIN 7254634 0.1429 1.5000
    RWA GER 6236908 0.5932 0.1714
    RWA GZBJ 8655316 0.2500 0.7500
    RWA GZBJNY 8655553 1.0000 0.0000
    RWA GZGY 8776656 -0.1748 inf
    RWA GZPB 8736195 -0.0860 inf
    RWA GZZJ 8696311 1.0000 0.0000
    RWA HTQ 8495006 -0.0714 inf
    RWA NGR 2788858 0.0000 inf
    UGA ANG 2371160 0.1518 1.3965
    UGA BUR 544802 -0.0518 inf
    UGA CG 1993436 -0.0633 inf
    UGA CHI 11259042 0.4959 0.2541
    UGA CMR 2377996 0.4424 0.3152
    UGA EGY 3289775 0.9020 0.0272
    UGA ETH 1174736 -0.0748 inf
    UGA FIN 7024881 0.2087 0.9481
    UGA GER 6053159 0.4256 0.3374
    UGA GZBJ 8290677 0.2292 0.8408
    UGA GZBJNY 8291782 0.5932 0.1714
    UGA GZGY 8413359 -0.0190 inf
    UGA GZPB 8373242 0.0294 8.2621
    UGA GZZJ 8332720 0.3750 0.4167
    UGA HTQ 8133498 0.0261 9.3285
    UGA NGR 2945240 -0.0645 inf
    UGA RWA 376110.5 -0.1871 inf
    YNES ANG 10327420 0.4452 0.3115
    YNES BUR 8456112 0.4742 0.2773
    YNES CG 9919340 0.4199 0.3455
    YNES CHI 18781457 0.7468 0.0848
    YNES CMR 9931506 0.6925 0.1110
    YNES EGY 6983679 0.9662 0.0087
    YNES ETH 6945242 0.4550 0.2994
    YNES FIN 7170104 0.6491 0.1351
    YNES GER 7846536 0.7586 0.0796
    YNES GZBJ 450427.8 0.1134 1.9548
    YNES GZBJNY 415472.8 0.0164 15.0032
    YNES GZGY 505718.4 0.6674 0.1246
    YNES GZPB 460053.6 0.4876 0.2627
    YNES GZZJ 443265.8 -0.7143 inf
    YNES HTQ 205563.7 0.2279 0.8468
    YNES NGR 10103161 0.7073 0.1034
    YNES RWA 8316019 0.6591 0.1293
    YNES UGA 7956304 0.5234 0.2276
    YNQJ ANG 10496806 0.1924 1.0496
    YNQJ BUR 8629286 0.1500 1.4167
    YNQJ CG 10082190 0.1818 1.1254
    YNQJ CHI 18971401 0.4986 0.2514
    YNQJ CMR 10073849 0.5144 0.2360
    YNQJ EGY 7074216 0.9538 0.0121
    YNQJ ETH 7102994 0.1859 1.0952
    YNQJ FIN 7131848 0.3412 0.4827
    YNQJ GER 7844899 0.6319 0.1456
    YNQJ GZBJ 253828.6 -0.1527 inf
    YNQJ GZBJNY 214619.6 0.2500 0.7500
    YNQJ GZGY 306818 0.4545 0.3001
    YNQJ GZPB 261635.5 0.1813 1.1290
    YNQJ GZZJ 241691.4 -0.5000 inf
    YNQJ HTQ 9179.559 -0.0465 inf
    YNQJ NGR 10228870 0.5385 0.2143
    YNQJ RWA 8487392 0.3878 0.3947
    YNQJ UGA 8125798 0.2557 0.7278
    YNQJ YNES 201605.1 -0.0345 inf
    YNZY ANG 10491012 0.4310 0.3301
    YNZY BUR 8624587 0.4443 0.3127
    YNZY CG 10074813 0.3893 0.3921
    YNZY CHI 18990647 0.7404 0.0877
    YNZY CMR 10062230 0.6803 0.1175
    YNZY EGY 7055122 0.9601 0.0104
    YNZY ETH 7094630 0.4194 0.3460
    YNZY FIN 7103594 0.6296 0.1471
    YNZY GER 7818073 0.7265 0.0941
    YNZY GZBJ 237046.4 0.0522 4.5365
    YNZY GZBJNY 202641.5 0.0625 3.7500
    YNZY GZGY 303560.2 0.6074 0.1616
    YNZY GZPB 259351.3 0.4145 0.3532
    YNZY GZZJ 233467.6 -0.6000 inf
    YNZY HTQ 35785.86 0.2009 0.9945
    YNZY NGR 10214409 0.6377 0.1420
    YNZY RWA 8482215 0.5826 0.1791
    YNZY UGA 8120149 0.4801 0.2707
    YNZY YNES 213721.9 -0.0614 inf
    YNZY YNQJ 28760.72 -0.0874 inf
    注:表中出现负的Fst值是由于计算过程中的数值问题、样本大小差异或者遗传标记的性质等原因引起的,因此本研究中具有负的Fst值的种群不进行解读,后续计算Nm值时负的Fst值按照0进行计算。inf表示无穷大。Note: The negative Fst values in the table were caused by numerical problems in the calculation process, sample size differences, or the nature of genetic markers, etc. Therefore, the population with negative Fst values were not be interpreted in this study, and thecu negative Fst values was regarded as zero when it was used to calculate Nm values. The text, inf, meant infinity.
    附表 3  用于构建进化树的序列的数据源
    Appendix Table 3  Data source of sequence used to construct the evolutionary tree
    自定义编号/GenBank号
    Custom number or GenBank number
    分类群名
    Taxon name
    AGZBJ01 GZBJNY-Hap1
    AGZZJ23 GZZJ-Hap1
    AYNZY23-1 YNZY-Hap1
    AYNZY23 YNZY-Hap2
    AGZPB23 GZPB-Hap1
    AGZBJ23 GZBJ-Hap2
    AGZBJ23-1 GZBJ-Hap1
    AYNES23 YNES-Hap1
    AYNQJ23 YNQJ-Hap2
    AYNQJ23-1 YNQJ-Hap1
    AGZPB23-1 GZPB-Hap2
    AGZGY22 GZGY-Hap2
    AYNES23-b YNES-Hap2
    AHTQ23 HTQ-Hap1
    AHTQ23-1 HTQ-Hap2
    AHTQ23-2 HTQ-Hap3
    AGZGY23-2 GZGY-Hap4
    AETH23-1 ETH-Hap2
    AETH19-1 ETH-Hap5
    AETH02 ETH-Hap6
    ARWA17-1 RWA-Hap2
    ABI19-1 BUR-Hap2
    ABI19-2 BUR-Hap7
    ABUR06 BUR-Hap8
    ACMR18-a CMR-Hap6
    ACM07 CMR-Hap2
    ACMR18-1 CMR-Hap9
    ACMR18-2 CMR-Hap5
    ACG19-1 CG-Hap2
    ACG010 CG-Hap10
    ACG17-1 CG-Hap5
    ANGR15-1 NGR-Hap2
    AUGA17-a UGA-Hap2
    AUG18-F UGA-Hap5
    AAGO19-1 ANG-Hap11
    AAGO19-2 ANG-Hap12
    AAGO19-3 ANG-Hap2
    AGER-1 GER-Hap2
    AGER-3 GER-Hap13
    ACHI23-1 CHI-Hap5
    ACHI23-2 CHI-Hap11
    AETH19-a ETH-Hap14
    ACG012 CG-Hap6
    KJ962630 FIN-Hap5
    OM057843 EGY-Hap15
    KJ962201 FIN-Hap6
    KJ967359 FIN-Hap2
    附图 1  菜豆象COⅠ单倍型NJ进化树
    Appendix Fig. 1  Evolutionary tree of the COⅠ haplotype of Acanthoscelides obtectus
    下载: 全尺寸图片
    附图 2  菜豆象COⅠ单倍型贝叶斯树
    Appendix Fig. 2  Bayesian tree of COⅠ haplotypes of Acanthoscelides obtectus
    下载: 全尺寸图片
  • 图  1   国内外菜豆象COI单倍型丰度差异

    注:纵坐标代表单倍型类型。横坐标代表样本数量。图中数字代表具体样本数,红色代表国内,绿色代表国外。

    Fig.  1   Differences in COI haplotype abundance of Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) between domestic and foreign

    Note: The ordinate represented haplotype type. The abscissa represented the number of sample. The number in the figure represented the specific sample number. Red represented the domestic. Green represented the foreign.

    下载: 全尺寸图片

    图  2   COI序列的单倍型网络

    注:彩色饼图的大小代表样本数量,而每个采样地点用不同颜色进行标注。Hap_后缀的文本代表每种单倍型。右边图示中空心圆形黑框代表样本数量的梯度。右边图示中每个彩色实心圆和黑色字母代表每个采样地点。

    Fig.  2   Haplotypes network of COI sequences

    Note: The size of the color pie chart represented sample number, and each sampling site was marked with a different color. The text suffixed with 'Hap_' represented each haplotype. The hollow black box on the right represented the gradient of the number of samples. Each colored solid circle and black letter in the right figure represented each sampling site.

    下载: 全尺寸图片

    图  3   菜豆象COI单倍型ML进化树

    注:分类群名代表种群和单倍型。比例尺代表单位遗传距离。枝长代表遗传距离。进化枝旁的数字代表自展值。不同颜色区分进化枝聚类成的簇,其中蓝色枝为亚群Ⅰ、红色枝为亚群Ⅱ、绿色枝为亚群Ⅲ。建树序列来源信息见附表 3。

    Fig.  3   Maximum likelihood evolutionary tree of COI haplotype of Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say)

    Note: Taxa names represent haplotype type. Scale bars represented unit genetic distance. Branch length represented genetic distance. Numbers next to clades represented bootstrap values. Different colors were used to distinguish the clusters of clades. The blue clade was subgroup Ⅰ. The red clade was subgroup Ⅱ. The green clade was subgroup Ⅲ. The information of data source of sequence used to construct the evolutionary tree was listed in supplementary Table 3.

    下载: 全尺寸图片

    附图 1   菜豆象COⅠ单倍型NJ进化树

    Appendix Fig. 1   Evolutionary tree of the COⅠ haplotype of Acanthoscelides obtectus

    下载: 全尺寸图片

    附图 2   菜豆象COⅠ单倍型贝叶斯树

    Appendix Fig. 2   Bayesian tree of COⅠ haplotypes of Acanthoscelides obtectus

    下载: 全尺寸图片

    表  1   本研究中采集的菜豆象样本信息

    Table  1   The sample information of collected Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) in this study

    采集地点
    Collection location
    洲
    Continent
    种群代码
    Population code
    经纬度
    Longitude and latitude
    样本数量
    Sample number
    贵州省毕节市纳雍县雍熙
    Yongxi, Nayong County, Bijie City, Guizhou Province
    亚洲Asia GZBJNY 105.3855°E 26.7795°N 5
    贵州省毕节市织金县绮陌街道
    Qimo Subdistrict, Zhijin County, Bijie City, Guizhou Province
    亚洲Asia GZZJ 105.8083°E 26.7257°N 1
    云南沾益
    Zhanyi, Yunnan
    亚洲Asia YNZY 103.8286°E 25.6079°N 16
    贵州平坝
    Pingba, Guizhou
    亚洲Asia GZPB 106.2620°E 26.4113°N 10
    贵州毕节
    Bijie, Guizhou
    亚洲Asia GZBJ 105.2983°E 27.2894°N 10
    云南峨山县
    Eshan County, Yunnan Province
    亚洲Asia YNES 102.4124°E 24.1747°N 15
    云南曲靖茨营镇
    Ciying Town, Qujing City, Yunnan Province
    亚洲Asia YNQJ 103.9226°E 25.3627°N 5
    贵州省贵阳市
    Guiyang City, Guizhou Province
    亚洲Asia GZGY 106.6349°E 26.6524°N 8
    云南曲靖市茨营镇红土墙村
    Hongtuqiang Village, Ciying Town, Qujing City, Yunnan Province
    亚洲Asia HTQ 104.0051°E 25.3274°N 5
    埃塞俄比亚
    Ethiopia
    非洲Africa ETH 38.7131°E 9.0104°N 11
    卢旺达
    Rwanda
    非洲Africa RWA 30.1023°E 1.9605°S 3
    布隆迪
    Burundi
    非洲Africa BUR 29.3869°E 3.3861°S 5
    喀麦隆
    Cameroon
    非洲Africa CMR 11.5098°E 3.8979°N 8
    刚果Congo 非洲Africa CG 15.2667°E 4.2694°S 16
    尼日利亚
    Nigeria
    非洲Africa NGR 7.4810°E 9.0422°N 7
    乌干达
    Uganda
    非洲Africa UGA 32.5946°E 0.3365°N 11
    安哥拉
    Angola
    非洲
    Africa
    ANG 13.2558°E 8.8108°S 8
    德国
    Germany
    欧洲
    Europe
    GER 13.4168°E 52.5136°N 8
    智利
    Chile
    南美洲
    South America
    CHI 70.6101°W 33.4252°S 3
    埃及
    Egypt
    非洲
    Africa
    EGY 31.1540°E 30.0300°N 3
    芬兰瓦萨市
    Vassa, Finland
    欧洲
    Europe
    FIN 21.7411°E 63.1398°N 3

    表  2   扩增COI基因序列的通用引物

    Table  2   Universal primers for amplification of COI gene sequences

    引物Primer 引物序列Primer sequence
    LCO1490 GGTCAACAAATCATAAAGATATTGG
    HC02198 TAAACTTCAGGGTGACCAAAAAATCA

    表  3   基于COI基因序列的单倍型表

    Table  3   Haplotype table based on COI gene sequences

    种群代码
    Population code
    洲
    Continent
    单倍型(数量)
    Haplotype (number)
    单倍型种类数
    Number of haplotype type
    GZBJ 亚洲Asia Hap_1(5) Hap_2(5) 2
    GZBJNY 亚洲Asia Hap_1(5) 1
    GZGY 亚洲Asia Hap_2(7) Hap_4(1) 2
    GZPB 亚洲Asia Hap_1(2) Hap_2(8) 2
    GZZJ 亚洲Asia Hap_1(1) 1
    HTQ 亚洲Asia Hap_1(2) Hap_2(2) Hap_3(1) 3
    YNES 亚洲Asia Hap_1(12) Hap_2(3) 2
    YNQJ 亚洲Asia Hap_1(3) Hap_2(2) 2
    YNZY 亚洲Asia Hap_1(12) Hap_2(4) 2
    ANG 非洲Africa Hap_2(4) Hap_11(3) Hap_12(1) 3
    BUR 非洲Africa Hap_2(3) Hap_7(1) Hap_8(1) 3
    CG 非洲Africa Hap_2(13) Hap_5(1) Hap_6(1) Hap_10(1) 4
    CMR 非洲Africa Hap_2(1) Hap_5(1) Hap_6(5) Hap_9(1) 4
    EGY 非洲Africa Hap_15(3) 1
    ETH 非洲Africa Hap_2(8) Hap_5(1) Hap_6(1) Hap_14(1) 4
    NGR 非洲Africa Hap_2(6) 1
    RWA 非洲Africa Hap_2(3) 1
    UGA 非洲Africa Hap_2(10) Hap_5(1) 2
    FIN 欧洲Europe Hap_2(1) Hap_5(1) Hap_6(1) 3
    GER 欧洲Europe Hap_2(2) Hap_13(6) 2
    CHI 南美洲South America Hap_5(2) Hap_11(1) 2

    表  4   菜豆象不同地理种群COI基因的遗传多样性分析

    Table  4   Genetic diversity analysis of COI genes in different geographical populations of Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say)

    种群代码
    Population code
    单倍型多样性(Hd)
    Haplotype diversity
    核苷酸多样性(Pi)
    Nucleotide diversity
    Tajima's D
    测定值
    Tested value
    中性检验显著性
    Significance of neutral test
    ANG 0.679 0.00567 -0.27455 NS, P > 0.10
    BUR 0.700 0.00436 -1.16172 NS, P > 0.10
    CG 0.350 0.00235 -1.00422 NS, P > 0.10
    CHI 0.667 0.00935 NA NA
    CMR 0.643 0.00300 -1.35929 NS, P > 0.10
    EGY 0.000 0.00000 NA NA
    ETH 0.491 0.00221 -1.64995 NS, 0.10 > P > 0.05
    FIN 1.000 0.00623 NA NA
    GER 0.429 0.00067 0.3335 NS, P > 0.10
    GZBJ 0.556 0.00087 1.46364 NS, P > 0.10
    GZBJNY 0.000 0.00000 NA NA
    GZGY 0.250 0.00039 -1.05482 NS, P > 0.10
    GZPB 0.356 0.00055 0.01499 NS, P > 0.10
    GZZJ NA NA NA NA
    HTQ 0.800 0.00467 -0.74682 NS, P > 0.10
    NGR 0.000 0.00000 NA NA
    RWA 0.000 0.00000 NA NA
    UGA 0.182 0.00142 -1.79107 *, P < 0.05
    YNES 0.343 0.00053 0.23502 NS, P > 0.10
    YNQJ 0.600 0.00093 1.22474 NS, P > 0.10
    YNZY 0.400 0.00062 0.64998 NS, P > 0.10
    合计 0.665 0.00291 -1.44774 NS, P > 0.10
    注:NA代表无法计算该值,故未该值纳入分析。*代表显著,NS代表不显著。Note: NA represented that this value could not be calculated, so this value was not included in the analysis. * represented that there was significant. NS represented that there was not significant.

    表  5   亚洲、欧洲、非洲和南美洲间种群遗传分化和基因流

    Table  5   Genetic differentiation and gene flow among populations in Asia, Europe, Africa, and South America

    洲1 Continent 1 洲2 Continent 2 Fst Nm
    亚洲Asia 非洲Africa 0.2307 0.8337
    欧洲Europe 非洲Africa 0.0851 2.6881
    南美洲South America 非洲Africa 0.3348 0.4967
    欧洲Europe 亚洲Asia 0.4296 0.3319
    南美洲South America 亚洲Asia 0.7690 0.0751
    南美洲South America 欧洲Europe 0.4179 0.3482

    附表 1   菜豆象原始采样记录

    Appendix Table 1   Original sampling records of Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say)

    采集时间
    Collection time(yy-mm-dd)
    采集地点
    Collection location
    自定义编号/GenBank号
    Custom number or GenBank number
    经纬度
    Longitude and latitude
    来源
    Sources
    2023-12-15 贵州省毕节市纳雍县雍熙 人工采集
    Yongxi, Nayong County, Bijie City, Guizhou Province AGZBJ01 105.385509, 26.779495 Manual collection
    2023-12-15 贵州省毕节市纳雍县雍熙 人工采集
    Yongxi, Nayong County, Bijie City, Guizhou Province AGZBJ02 105.385509, 26.779495 Manual collection
    2023-12-15 贵州省毕节市纳雍县雍熙 人工采集
    Yongxi, Nayong County, Bijie City, Guizhou Province AGZBJ03 105.385509, 26.779495 Manual collection
    2023-12-15 贵州省毕节市纳雍县雍熙 人工采集
    Yongxi, Nayong County, Bijie City, Guizhou Province AGZBJ04 105.385509, 26.779495 Manual collection
    2023-12-15 贵州省毕节市纳雍县雍熙 人工采集
    Yongxi, Nayong County, Bijie City, Guizhou Province AGZBJ05 105.385509, 26.779495 Manual collection
    2023-12-15 贵州省毕节市织金县绮陌街道 人工采集
    Qimo Subdistrict, Zhijin County, Bijie City, Guizhou Province AGZZJ23 105.808317, 26.725714 Manual collection
    2023-12-06 云南沾益
    Zhanyi, Yunnan
    AYNZY23-1 103.828593, 25.607933 人工采集
    Manual collection
    2023-12-06 云南沾益
    Zhanyi, Yunnan
    AYNZY23-2 103.828593, 25.607933 人工采集
    Manual collection
    2023-12-06 云南沾益
    Zhanyi, Yunnan
    AYNZY23-3 103.828593, 25.607933 人工采集
    Manual collection
    2023-12-06 云南沾益
    Zhanyi, Yunnan
    AYNZY23-4 103.828593, 25.607933 人工采集
    Manual collection
    2023-12-06 云南沾益
    Zhanyi, Yunnan
    AYNZY23 103.828593, 25.607933 人工采集
    Manual collection
    2023-11-20 贵州平坝
    Pingba, Guizhou
    AGZPB23 106.261981, 26.411264 人工采集
    Manual collection
    2023-08-22 贵州毕节
    Bijie, Guizhou
    AGZBJ23 105.298328, 27.289416 人工采集
    Manual collection
    2023-08-22 贵州毕节
    Bijie, Guizhou
    AGZBJ23-1 105.298328, 27.289416 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-08-22 贵州毕节
    Bijie, Guizhou
    AGZBJ23-2 105.298328, 27.289416 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-08-22 贵州毕节
    Bijie, Guizhou
    AGZBJ23-3 105.298328, 27.289416 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-08-22 贵州毕节
    Bijie, Guizhou
    AGZBJ23-4 105.298328, 27.289416 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-07-09 云南峨山县
    Eshan County, Yunnan Province
    AYNES23 102.412383, 24.174733 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-07-09 云南峨山县
    Eshan County, Yunnan Province
    AYNES23-1 102.412383, 24.174733 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-07-09 云南峨山县
    Eshan County, Yunnan Province
    AYNES23-2 102.412383, 24.174733 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-07-09 云南峨山县
    Eshan County, Yunnan Province
    AYNES26-M 102.412383, 24.174733 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-07-05 云南沾益
    Zhanyi, Yunnan
    AYNZY23-a 103.828593, 25.607933 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-07-05 云南沾益
    Zhanyi, Yunnan
    AYNZY23-b 103.828593, 25.607933 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-07-05 云南沾益
    Zhanyi, Yunnan
    AYNZY25-M 103.828593, 25.607933 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-07-05 云南曲靖茨营镇
    Ciying Town, Qujing City, Yunnan Province
    AYNQJ23 103.922593, 25.362731 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-07-05 云南曲靖茨营镇
    Ciying Town, Qujing City, Yunnan Province
    AYNQJ23-1 103.922593, 25.362731 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-07-05 云南曲靖茨营镇
    Ciying Town, Qujing City, Yunnan Province
    AYNQJ23-2 103.922593, 25.362731 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-07-05 云南曲靖茨营镇
    Ciying Town, Qujing City, Yunnan Province
    AYNQJ23-3 103.922593, 25.362731 人工采集
    Manual collection
    云南曲靖茨营镇 人工采集
    2023-07-05 Ciying Town, Qujing City, Yunnan Province AYNQJ23-M 103.922593, 25.362731 Manual collection
    2023-04-20 贵州平坝
    Pingba, Guizhou
    AGZPB23-1 106.261981, 26.411264 人工采集
    Manual collection
    2023-04-20 贵州平坝
    Pingba, Guizhou
    AGZPB23-2 106.261981, 26.411264 人工采集
    Manual collection
    2023-04-20 贵州平坝
    Pingba, Guizhou
    AGZPB23-3 106.261981, 26.411264 人工采集
    Manual collection
    2023-04-20 贵州平坝
    Pingba, Guizhou
    AGZPB24-M 106.261981, 26.411264 人工采集
    Manual collection
    2022-08-16 贵州省贵阳市
    Guiyang City, Guizhou Province
    AGZGY22 106.634858, 26.652434 人工采集
    Manual collection
    2022-08-16 贵州省贵阳市
    Guiyang City, Guizhou Province
    AGZGY27-F 106.634858, 26.652434 人工采集
    Manual collection
    2023-07-05 云南沾益
    Zhanyi, Yunnan
    AZY23 103.828593, 25.607933 人工采集
    Manual collection
    2023-07-05 云南沾益
    Zhanyi, Yunnan
    AZY23-1 103.828593, 25.607933 人工采集
    Manual collection
    2023-07-05 云南沾益
    Zhanyi, Yunnan
    AZY23-2 103.828593, 25.607933 人工采集
    Manual collection
    2023-07-05 云南沾益
    Zhanyi, Yunnan
    AZY23-3 103.828593, 25.607933 人工采集
    Manual collection
    2023-07-05 云南沾益
    Zhanyi, Yunnan
    AZY23-4 103.828593, 25.607933 人工采集
    Manual collection
    2023-07-09 云南峨山县
    Eshan County, Yunnan Province
    AYNES23-a 102.412383, 24.174733 人工采集
    Manual collection
    2023-07-09 云南峨山县
    Eshan County, Yunnan Province
    AYNES23-b 102.412383, 24.174733 人工采集
    Manual collection
    2023-07-09 云南峨山县
    Eshan County, Yunnan Province
    AYNES23-c 102.412383, 24.174733 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-07-09 云南峨山县
    Eshan County, Yunnan Province
    AYNES23-d 102.412383, 24.174733 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-07-09 云南峨山县
    Eshan County, Yunnan Province
    AYNES23-e 102.412383, 24.174733 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-09-28 贵州平坝
    Pingba, Guizhou
    AGZPB23-a 106.261981, 26.411264 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-09-28 贵州平坝
    Pingba, Guizhou
    AGZPB23-b 106.261981, 26.411264 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-09-28 贵州平坝
    Pingba, Guizhou
    AGZPB23-c 106.261981, 26.411264 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-09-28 贵州平坝
    Pingba, Guizhou
    AGZPB23-d 106.261981, 26.411264 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-09-28 贵州平坝
    Pingba, Guizhou
    AGZPB23-e 106.261981, 26.411264 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-07-04 云南曲靖市茨营镇红土墙村
    Hongtuqiang Village, Ciying Town, Qujing City, Yunnan Province
    AHTQ23 104.005065, 25.327365 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-07-04 云南曲靖市茨营镇红土墙村
    Hongtuqiang Village, Ciying Town, Qujing City, Yunnan Province
    AHTQ23-1 104.005065, 25.327365 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-07-04 云南曲靖市茨营镇红土墙村
    Hongtuqiang Village, Ciying Town, Qujing City, Yunnan Province
    AHTQ23-2 104.005065, 25.327365 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-07-04 云南曲靖市茨营镇红土墙村
    Hongtuqiang Village, Ciying Town, Qujing City, Yunnan Province
    AHTQ23-3 104.005065, 25.327365 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-07-04 云南曲靖市茨营镇红土墙村
    Hongtuqiang Village, Ciying Town, Qujing City, Yunnan Province
    AHTQ23-4 104.005065, 25.327365 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-09-25 贵州毕节
    Bijie, Guizhou
    AGZBJ23-a 105.298328, 27.289416 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-09-25 贵州毕节
    Bijie, Guizhou
    AGZBJ23-b 105.298328, 27.289416 人工采集Manual
    2023-09-25 贵州毕节
    Bijie, Guizhou
    AGZBJ23-c 105.298328, 27.289416 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-09-25 贵州毕节
    Bijie, Guizhou
    AGZBJ23-d 105.298328, 27.289416 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-09-25 贵州毕节
    Bijie, Guizhou
    AGZBJ23-e 105.298328, 27.289416 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-07-09 云南峨山县
    Eshan County, Yunnan Province
    AES23-1 102.412383, 24.174733 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-07-09 云南峨山县
    Eshan County, Yunnan Province
    AES23-2 102.412383, 24.174733 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-07-09 云南峨山县
    Eshan County, Yunnan Province
    AES23-3 102.412383, 24.174733 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2022-08-16 贵州省贵阳市
    Guiyang City, Guizhou Province
    AGZ22-1 106.634858, 26.652434 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2022-08-16 贵州省贵阳市
    Guiyang City, Guizhou Province
    AGZ22-2 106.634858, 26.652434 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-07-05 云南沾益
    Zhanyi, Yunnan
    AZY23-a 103.828593, 25.607933 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-07-05 云南沾益
    Zhanyi, Yunnan
    AZY23-b 103.828593, 25.607933 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-07-05 云南沾益
    Zhanyi, Yunnan
    AZY23-c 103.828593, 25.607933 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-04 贵州省贵阳市
    Guiyang City, Guizhou Province
    AGZGY23 106.634858, 26.652434 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-04 贵州省贵阳市
    Guiyang City, Guizhou Province
    AGZGY23-1 106.634858, 26.652434 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-04 贵州省贵阳市
    Guiyang City, Guizhou Province
    AGZGY23-2 106.634858, 26.652434 人工采集
    Manualcollection
    2023-07-09 云南峨山县
    Eshan County, Yunnan Province
    AES23-a 102.412383, 24.174733 人工采集
    Manual collection
    2023-07-09 云南峨山县
    Eshan County, Yunnan Province
    AES23-b 102.412383, 24.174733 人工采集
    Manual collection
    2023-07-09 云南峨山县
    Eshan County, Yunnan Province
    AES23-c 102.412383, 24.174733 人工采集
    Manual collection
    未知unknown 4楼养虫室Insectary on the fourth floor AGZ022 106.634858, 26.652434 人工采集
    Manual collection
    2023-04-09 埃塞俄比亚
    Ethiopia
    AETH23-1 38.713061, 9.010381 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2023-04-09 埃塞俄比亚
    Ethiopia
    AETH23-2 38.713061, 9.010381 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2023-04-09 埃塞俄比亚
    Ethiopia
    AETH23-3 38.713061, 9.010381 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2023-04-09 埃塞俄比亚
    Ethiopia
    AETH01 38.713061, 9.010381 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2019-05-21 埃塞俄比亚
    Ethiopia
    AETH19-1 38.713061, 9.010381 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2019-05-21 埃塞俄比亚
    Ethiopia
    AETH02 38.713061, 9.010381 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2017-06-13 埃塞俄比亚
    Ethiopia
    AETH17-1 38.713061, 9.010381 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2017-06-13 埃塞俄比亚
    Ethiopia
    AETH17-2 38.713061, 9.010381 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2017-06-13 埃塞俄比亚
    Ethiopia
    AETH17-3 38.713061, 9.010381 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2017-06-13 埃塞俄比亚
    Ethiopia
    AETH03 38.713061, 9.010381 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2017-03-06 卢旺达
    Rwanda
    ARWA17-1 30.102263, -1.960504 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2017-03-06 卢旺达
    Rwanda
    ARWA17-2 30.102263, -1.960504 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2017-03-06 卢旺达
    Rwanda
    ARW04 30.102263, -1.960504 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2019-09-20 布隆迪
    Burundi
    ABI19-1 29.386904, -3.3861 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2019-09-20 布隆迪
    Burundi
    ABI19-2 29.386904, -3.3861 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2019-09-20 布隆迪
    Burundi
    ABI19-3 29.386904, -3.3861 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2019-09-20 布隆迪
    Burundi
    ABUR06 29.386904, -3.3861 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2018 喀麦隆
    Cameroon
    ACMR18-a 11.509764, 3.897924 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2018 喀麦隆
    Cameroon
    ACMR18-b 11.509764, 3.897924 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2018 喀麦隆
    Cameroon
    ACMR18-c 11.509764, 3.897924 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2018 喀麦隆
    Cameroon
    ACM07 11.509764, 3.897924 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2018-12-25 喀麦隆
    Cameroon
    ACMR18-1 11.509764, 3.897924 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2018-12-25 喀麦隆
    Cameroon
    ACMR18-2 11.509764, 3.897924 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2018-12-25 喀麦隆
    Cameroon
    ACMR18-3 11.509764, 3.897924 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2018-12-25 喀麦隆
    Cameroon
    ACM08 11.509764, 3.897924 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2019-09-04 刚果Congo ACG19-1 15.266665, -4.269357 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2019-09-04 刚果Congo ACG010 15.266665, -4.269357 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2017-12-11 刚果Congo ACG17-1 15.266665, -4.269357 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2017-12-11 刚果Congo ACG17-2 15.266665, -4.269357 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2017-12-11 刚果Congo ACG17-3 15.266665, -4.269357 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2017-12-11 刚果Congo ACG011 15.266665, -4.269357 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2015-04-17 尼日利亚
    Nigeria
    ANGR15-1 7.481027, 9.042213 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2015-04-17 尼日利亚
    Nigeria
    ANGR15-2 7.481027, 9.042213 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2015-04-17 尼日利亚
    Nigeria
    ANGR15-3 7.481027, 9.042213 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2015-04-17 尼日利亚
    Nigeria
    ANGR15-4 7.481027, 9.042213 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2015-04-17 尼日利亚
    Nigeria
    ANG020 7.481027, 9.042213 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2017-07-21 乌干达
    Uganda
    AUGA17-a 32.594626, 0.336523 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2017-07-21 乌干达
    Uganda
    AUG019 32.594626, 0.336523 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2017-01-28 乌干达
    Uganda
    AUGA17-1 32.594626, 0.336523 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2017-01-28 乌干达
    Uganda
    AUGA17-2 32.594626, 0.336523 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2017-01-28 乌干达
    Uganda
    AUGA17-3 32.594626, 0.336523 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2017-01-28 乌干达
    Uganda
    AUGA17-4 32.594626, 0.336523 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2017-01-28 乌干达
    Uganda
    AUG18-F 32.594626, 0.336523 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2017-01-28 乌干达
    Uganda
    AUG018 32.594626, 0.336523 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2019-12-19 安哥拉Angola AAGO19-1 13.255758, -8.810835 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2019-12-19 安哥拉Angola AAGO19-2 13.255758, -8.810835 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2019-12-19 安哥拉Angola AAGO19-3 13.255758, -8.810835 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2019-12-19 安哥拉Angola AAGO19-4 13.255758, -8.810835 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2019-12-19 安哥拉Angola ANG016 13.255758, -8.810835 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2017-03-04 安哥拉Angola AAGO17-1 13.255758, -8.810835 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2017-03-04 安哥拉Angola ANG014 13.255758, -8.810835 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    未知unknown 刚果Congo ACG-1 15.266665, -4.269357 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    未知unknown 刚果Congo ACG-2 15.266665, -4.269357 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    未知unknown 刚果Congo ACG-3 15.266665, -4.269357 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    未知unknown 刚果Congo ACG013 15.266665, -4.269357 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    未知unknown 德国Germany AGER-1 13.416846, 52.513637 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    未知unknown 德国Germany AGER-2 13.416846, 52.513637 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    未知unknown 德国Germany AGER-3 13.416846, 52.513637 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2023-05-29 智利Chile ACHI23-1 -70.610128, -33.425174 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2023-05-29 智利Chile ACHI23-2 -70.610128, -33.425174 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2023-05-29 智利Chile ACHI23-3 -70.610128, -33.425174 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2024-01-09 德国Germany AGER24-1 13.416846, 52.513637 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2024-01-09 德国Germany AGER24-2 13.416846, 52.513637 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2024-01-09 德国Germany AGER24-3 13.416846, 52.513637 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2024-01-09 德国Germany AGER24-4 13.416846, 52.513637 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2017-12-11 刚果Congo ACG17-a 15.266665, -4.269357 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2017-01-18 乌干达
    Uganda
    AUGA17b 32.594626, 0.336523 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2017-01-18 乌干达
    Uganda
    AUGA17c 32.594626, 0.336523 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2015-04-17 尼日利亚
    Nigeria
    ANGR15-a 7.481027, 9.042213 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2015-04-17 尼日利亚
    Nigeria
    ANGR15-b 7.481027, 9.042213 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2019-05-21 埃塞俄比亚
    Ethiopia
    AETH19-a 38.713061, 9.010381 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    未知unknown 刚果Congo AP1307008-1 15.266665, -4.269357 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    未知unknown 刚果Congo AP1307008-2 15.266665, -4.269357 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    未知unknown 布隆迪
    Burundi
    ABUR05 29.386904, -3.3861 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2019-04-04 刚果Congo ABA0216406 15.266665, -4.269357 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    2019-04-04 刚果Congo ACG09 15.266665, -4.269357 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    未知unknown 刚果Congo ACG012 15.266665, -4.269357 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    未知unknown 乌干达
    Uganda
    AUG017 32.594626, 0.336523 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    未知unknown 安哥拉Angola ANG015 13.255758, -8.810835 口岸截获
    Interception at port
    未知unknown 埃及Egypt OM057843 31.1539996, 30.03 NCBI
    未知unknown 埃及Egypt OM057841 31.1539996, 30.03 NCBI
    未知unknown 埃及Egypt OM057842 31.1539996, 30.03 NCBI
    2012-02-15 芬兰瓦萨市Vassa, Finland KJ962630 21.7411, 63.1398 NCBI
    2012-02-15 芬兰瓦萨市Vassa, Finland KJ962201 21.7411, 63.1398 NCBI
    2012-02-15 芬兰瓦萨市Vassa, Finland KJ967359 21.7411, 63.1398 NCBI
    2009-03-01 德国Germany HM398869 15.266665, -4.269357 NCBI

    附表 2   种群间地理距离、固定系数Fst和基因流Nm

    Appendix Table 2   Geographic distance, fixed coefficient Fst, and gene flow Nm between populations

    种群代码1 Population code 1 种群代码2 Population code 2 地理距离(m) Geographical distance(m) Fst Nm
    BUR ANG 1882977 0.0414 5.7886
    CG ANG 549247 0.1496 1.4213
    CG BUR 1571376 -0.0743 inf
    CHI ANG 8912049 0.1137 1.9480
    CHI BUR 10732726 0.1309 1.6603
    CHI CG 9371299 0.4163 0.3506
    CMR ANG 1418637 0.3298 0.5082
    CMR BUR 2145627 0.2557 0.7277
    CMR CG 995095 0.3306 0.5062
    CMR CHI 9520801 0.3595 0.4454
    EGY ANG 4705538 0.7046 0.1048
    EGY BUR 3702647 0.7560 0.0807
    EGY CG 4156333 0.8293 0.0514
    EGY CHI 12784840 0.5000 0.2500
    EGY CMR 3555590 0.8080 0.0594
    ETH ANG 3442390 0.1306 1.6647
    ETH BUR 1717614 -0.0704 inf
    ETH CG 2987731 -0.0692 inf
    ETH CHI 12352814 0.4168 0.3498
    ETH CMR 3060469 0.3204 0.5303
    ETH EGY 2456574 0.8508 0.0438
    FIN ANG 8011224 0.0753 3.0687
    FIN BUR 7406391 -0.1321 inf
    FIN CG 7496005 0.0644 3.6344
    FIN CHI 13375203 -0.1539 inf
    FIN CMR 6626297 -0.0628 inf
    FIN EGY 3741867 0.6842 0.1154
    FIN ETH 6160008 0.0728 3.1850
    GER ANG 6794835 0.3214 0.5278
    GER BUR 6374844 0.3289 0.5101
    GER CG 6295013 0.3242 0.5211
    GER CHI 12501621 0.6308 0.1463
    GER CMR 5392353 0.6071 0.1618
    GER EGY 2888149 0.9622 0.0098
    GER ETH 5339578 0.3466 0.4714
    GER FIN 1280200 0.5120 0.2383
    GZBJ ANG 10659734 0.2663 0.6889
    GZBJ BUR 8800337 0.2159 0.9081
    GZBJ CG 10234025 0.1854 1.0986
    GZBJ CHI 19224336 0.6256 0.1496
    GZBJ CMR 10192141 0.5690 0.1894
    GZBJ EGY 7120594 0.9472 0.0139
    GZBJ ETH 7248957 0.1897 1.0682
    GZBJ FIN 7016123 0.4568 0.2973
    GZBJ GER 7771239 0.6020 0.1653
    GZBJNY ANG 10661647 0.3557 0.4529
    GZBJNY BUR 8799644 0.4167 0.3500
    GZBJNY CG 10239077 0.4436 0.3136
    GZBJNY CHI 19177598 0.6104 0.1596
    GZBJNY CMR 10206000 0.6426 0.1390
    GZBJNY EGY 7149880 1.0000 0.0000
    GZBJNY ETH 7255297 0.4801 0.2708
    GZBJNY FIN 7069287 0.5522 0.2027
    GZBJNY GER 7819878 0.8477 0.0449
    GZBJNY GZBJ 57157.67 0.3333 0.5000
    GZGY ANG 10783558 0.1805 1.1354
    GZGY BUR 8920216 0.0814 2.8213
    GZGY CG 10362361 0.0153 16.0792
    GZGY CHI 19210256 0.6042 0.1638
    GZGY CMR 10331100 0.5414 0.2118
    GZGY EGY 7270155 0.9762 0.0061
    GZGY ETH 7379086 -0.0031 inf
    GZGY FIN 7143862 0.4146 0.3529
    GZGY GER 7910843 0.6122 0.1583
    GZGY GZBJ 150300 0.3409 0.4834
    GZGY GZBJNY 125113.7 0.8615 0.0402
    GZPB ANG 10743664 0.2161 0.9069
    GZPB BUR 8879408 0.1220 1.8000
    GZPB CG 10323779 0.0512 4.6347
    GZPB CHI 19173089 0.6353 0.1435
    GZPB CMR 10296830 0.5601 0.1964
    GZPB EGY 7246148 0.9648 0.0091
    GZPB ETH 7341191 0.0372 6.4759
    GZPB FIN 7148375 0.4459 0.3107
    GZPB GER 7907382 0.5906 0.1733
    GZPB GZBJ 136525.9 0.0889 2.5625
    GZPB GZBJNY 96366.77 0.7101 0.1020
    GZPB GZGY 45768.49 0.0631 3.7151
    GZZJ ANG 10702719 -0.1209 inf
    GZZJ BUR 8840201 -0.1667 inf
    GZZJ CG 10280686 0.1678 1.2397
    GZZJ CHI 19189321 -0.0588 inf
    GZZJ CMR 10248432 0.4066 0.3649
    GZZJ EGY 7191050 1.0000 0.0000
    GZZJ ETH 7297108 0.1790 1.1470
    GZZJ FIN 7095573 -0.2000 inf
    GZZJ GER 7851612 0.7551 0.0811
    GZZJ GZBJ 80394.37 -0.1111 inf
    GZZJ GZBJNY 42476.74 0.0000 inf
    GZZJ GZGY 82668.3 0.7778 0.0714
    GZZJ GZPB 57067.52 0.5556 0.2000
    HTQ ANG 10504526 0.0689 3.3784
    HTQ BUR 8636812 -0.1154 inf
    HTQ CG 10090180 -0.0048 inf
    HTQ CHI 18971852 0.1429 1.5000
    HTQ CMR 10082445 0.2751 0.6589
    HTQ EGY 7083386 0.7458 0.0852
    HTQ ETH 7111145 -0.0041 inf
    HTQ FIN 7139379 -0.0949 inf
    HTQ GER 7853251 0.2443 0.7732
    HTQ GZBJ 252832.5 0.0396 6.0711
    HTQ GZBJNY 212042.3 0.1667 1.2500
    HTQ GZGY 301453.3 0.1453 1.4706
    HTQ GZPB 256094.3 0.0821 2.7940
    HTQ GZZJ 237850.3 -0.6667 inf
    NGR ANG 2075465 0.1402 1.5338
    NGR BUR 2792389 0.0400 6.0000
    NGR CG 1706845 -0.0218 inf
    NGR CHI 9473576 0.5663 0.1915
    NGR CMR 722574 0.5248 0.2264
    NGR EGY 3386121 1.0000 0.0000
    NGR ETH 3432894 -0.0432 inf
    NGR FIN 6112198 0.3846 0.4000
    NGR GER 4850542 0.6779 0.1188
    NGR GZBJ 10321464 0.3617 0.4412
    NGR GZBJNY 10341420 1.0000 0.0000
    NGR GZGY 10465945 -0.0403 inf
    NGR GZPB 10435271 0.0400 6.0000
    NGR GZZJ 10383805 1.0000 0.0000
    NGR HTQ 10237770 0.1045 2.1428
    RWA ANG 2013837 0.0024 102.2090
    RWA BUR 176572.9 -0.1321 inf
    RWA CG 1668591 -0.1347 inf
    RWA CHI 10886987 0.3571 0.4500
    RWA CMR 2167576 0.4146 0.3529
    RWA EGY 3541986 1.0000 0.0000
    RWA ETH 1544137 -0.1658 inf
    RWA FIN 7254634 0.1429 1.5000
    RWA GER 6236908 0.5932 0.1714
    RWA GZBJ 8655316 0.2500 0.7500
    RWA GZBJNY 8655553 1.0000 0.0000
    RWA GZGY 8776656 -0.1748 inf
    RWA GZPB 8736195 -0.0860 inf
    RWA GZZJ 8696311 1.0000 0.0000
    RWA HTQ 8495006 -0.0714 inf
    RWA NGR 2788858 0.0000 inf
    UGA ANG 2371160 0.1518 1.3965
    UGA BUR 544802 -0.0518 inf
    UGA CG 1993436 -0.0633 inf
    UGA CHI 11259042 0.4959 0.2541
    UGA CMR 2377996 0.4424 0.3152
    UGA EGY 3289775 0.9020 0.0272
    UGA ETH 1174736 -0.0748 inf
    UGA FIN 7024881 0.2087 0.9481
    UGA GER 6053159 0.4256 0.3374
    UGA GZBJ 8290677 0.2292 0.8408
    UGA GZBJNY 8291782 0.5932 0.1714
    UGA GZGY 8413359 -0.0190 inf
    UGA GZPB 8373242 0.0294 8.2621
    UGA GZZJ 8332720 0.3750 0.4167
    UGA HTQ 8133498 0.0261 9.3285
    UGA NGR 2945240 -0.0645 inf
    UGA RWA 376110.5 -0.1871 inf
    YNES ANG 10327420 0.4452 0.3115
    YNES BUR 8456112 0.4742 0.2773
    YNES CG 9919340 0.4199 0.3455
    YNES CHI 18781457 0.7468 0.0848
    YNES CMR 9931506 0.6925 0.1110
    YNES EGY 6983679 0.9662 0.0087
    YNES ETH 6945242 0.4550 0.2994
    YNES FIN 7170104 0.6491 0.1351
    YNES GER 7846536 0.7586 0.0796
    YNES GZBJ 450427.8 0.1134 1.9548
    YNES GZBJNY 415472.8 0.0164 15.0032
    YNES GZGY 505718.4 0.6674 0.1246
    YNES GZPB 460053.6 0.4876 0.2627
    YNES GZZJ 443265.8 -0.7143 inf
    YNES HTQ 205563.7 0.2279 0.8468
    YNES NGR 10103161 0.7073 0.1034
    YNES RWA 8316019 0.6591 0.1293
    YNES UGA 7956304 0.5234 0.2276
    YNQJ ANG 10496806 0.1924 1.0496
    YNQJ BUR 8629286 0.1500 1.4167
    YNQJ CG 10082190 0.1818 1.1254
    YNQJ CHI 18971401 0.4986 0.2514
    YNQJ CMR 10073849 0.5144 0.2360
    YNQJ EGY 7074216 0.9538 0.0121
    YNQJ ETH 7102994 0.1859 1.0952
    YNQJ FIN 7131848 0.3412 0.4827
    YNQJ GER 7844899 0.6319 0.1456
    YNQJ GZBJ 253828.6 -0.1527 inf
    YNQJ GZBJNY 214619.6 0.2500 0.7500
    YNQJ GZGY 306818 0.4545 0.3001
    YNQJ GZPB 261635.5 0.1813 1.1290
    YNQJ GZZJ 241691.4 -0.5000 inf
    YNQJ HTQ 9179.559 -0.0465 inf
    YNQJ NGR 10228870 0.5385 0.2143
    YNQJ RWA 8487392 0.3878 0.3947
    YNQJ UGA 8125798 0.2557 0.7278
    YNQJ YNES 201605.1 -0.0345 inf
    YNZY ANG 10491012 0.4310 0.3301
    YNZY BUR 8624587 0.4443 0.3127
    YNZY CG 10074813 0.3893 0.3921
    YNZY CHI 18990647 0.7404 0.0877
    YNZY CMR 10062230 0.6803 0.1175
    YNZY EGY 7055122 0.9601 0.0104
    YNZY ETH 7094630 0.4194 0.3460
    YNZY FIN 7103594 0.6296 0.1471
    YNZY GER 7818073 0.7265 0.0941
    YNZY GZBJ 237046.4 0.0522 4.5365
    YNZY GZBJNY 202641.5 0.0625 3.7500
    YNZY GZGY 303560.2 0.6074 0.1616
    YNZY GZPB 259351.3 0.4145 0.3532
    YNZY GZZJ 233467.6 -0.6000 inf
    YNZY HTQ 35785.86 0.2009 0.9945
    YNZY NGR 10214409 0.6377 0.1420
    YNZY RWA 8482215 0.5826 0.1791
    YNZY UGA 8120149 0.4801 0.2707
    YNZY YNES 213721.9 -0.0614 inf
    YNZY YNQJ 28760.72 -0.0874 inf
    注:表中出现负的Fst值是由于计算过程中的数值问题、样本大小差异或者遗传标记的性质等原因引起的,因此本研究中具有负的Fst值的种群不进行解读,后续计算Nm值时负的Fst值按照0进行计算。inf表示无穷大。Note: The negative Fst values in the table were caused by numerical problems in the calculation process, sample size differences, or the nature of genetic markers, etc. Therefore, the population with negative Fst values were not be interpreted in this study, and thecu negative Fst values was regarded as zero when it was used to calculate Nm values. The text, inf, meant infinity.

    附表 3   用于构建进化树的序列的数据源

    Appendix Table 3   Data source of sequence used to construct the evolutionary tree

    自定义编号/GenBank号
    Custom number or GenBank number
    分类群名
    Taxon name
    AGZBJ01 GZBJNY-Hap1
    AGZZJ23 GZZJ-Hap1
    AYNZY23-1 YNZY-Hap1
    AYNZY23 YNZY-Hap2
    AGZPB23 GZPB-Hap1
    AGZBJ23 GZBJ-Hap2
    AGZBJ23-1 GZBJ-Hap1
    AYNES23 YNES-Hap1
    AYNQJ23 YNQJ-Hap2
    AYNQJ23-1 YNQJ-Hap1
    AGZPB23-1 GZPB-Hap2
    AGZGY22 GZGY-Hap2
    AYNES23-b YNES-Hap2
    AHTQ23 HTQ-Hap1
    AHTQ23-1 HTQ-Hap2
    AHTQ23-2 HTQ-Hap3
    AGZGY23-2 GZGY-Hap4
    AETH23-1 ETH-Hap2
    AETH19-1 ETH-Hap5
    AETH02 ETH-Hap6
    ARWA17-1 RWA-Hap2
    ABI19-1 BUR-Hap2
    ABI19-2 BUR-Hap7
    ABUR06 BUR-Hap8
    ACMR18-a CMR-Hap6
    ACM07 CMR-Hap2
    ACMR18-1 CMR-Hap9
    ACMR18-2 CMR-Hap5
    ACG19-1 CG-Hap2
    ACG010 CG-Hap10
    ACG17-1 CG-Hap5
    ANGR15-1 NGR-Hap2
    AUGA17-a UGA-Hap2
    AUG18-F UGA-Hap5
    AAGO19-1 ANG-Hap11
    AAGO19-2 ANG-Hap12
    AAGO19-3 ANG-Hap2
    AGER-1 GER-Hap2
    AGER-3 GER-Hap13
    ACHI23-1 CHI-Hap5
    ACHI23-2 CHI-Hap11
    AETH19-a ETH-Hap14
    ACG012 CG-Hap6
    KJ962630 FIN-Hap5
    OM057843 EGY-Hap15
    KJ962201 FIN-Hap6
    KJ967359 FIN-Hap2
  • Alvarez N, McKey D, Hossaert-McKey M, et al. Ancient and recent evolutionary history of the bruchid beetle, Acanthoscelides obtectus Say, a cosmopolitan pest of beans [J]. Molecular Ecology, 2005, 14 (4): 1015-1024. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02470.x
    Darriba D, Taboada GL, Doallo R, et al. jModelTest 2: more models, new heuristics and parallel computing [J]. Nature Methods, 2012, 9 (8): 772-772.
    Estoup A, Guillemaud T. Reconstructing routes of invasion using genetic data: why, how and so what? [J]. Molecular Ecology, 2010, 19 (19): 4113-4130. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04773.x
    Excoffier L, Lischer HEL. Arlequin suite ver 3.5: a new series of programs to perform population genetics analyses under Linux and Windows [J]. Molecular Ecology Resources, 2010, 10 (3): 564-567. doi: 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2010.02847.x
    Felsenstein J. Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap [J]. Evolution, 1985, 39 (4): 783-791. doi: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1985.tb00420.x
    Grant W, Bowen BW. Shallow population histories in deep evolutionary lineages of marine fishes: insights from sardines and anchovies and lessons for conservation [J]. Journal of Heredity, 1998, 89 (5): 415-426. doi: 10.1093/jhered/89.5.415
    Hebert PDN, Cywinska A, Ball SL, et al. Biological identifications through DNA barcodes [J]. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 2003, 270 (1512): 313-321. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2002.2218
    Holsinger KE, Weir BS. Genetics in geographically structured populations: defining, estimating and interpreting FST [J]. Nature Reviews Genetics, 2009, 10 (9): 639-650. doi: 10.1038/nrg2611
    Hulme PE. Trade, transport and trouble: managing invasive species pathways in an era of globalization [J]. Journal of Applied Ecology, 2009, 46 (1): 10-18. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01600.x
    Jordan IK. The Columbian Exchange as a source of adaptive introgression in human populations [J]. Biology Direct, 2016, 11 (1): 17-24. doi: 10.1186/s13062-016-0121-x
    Krutovsky KV, Neale DB. Nucleotide diversity and linkage disequilibrium in cold-hardiness- and wood quality-related candidate genes in Douglas fir [J]. Genetics, 2005, 171 (4): 2029-2041. doi: 10.1534/genetics.105.044420
    Kumar S, Stecher G, Li M, et al. MEGA X: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms [J]. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 2018, 35 (6): 1547-1549. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msy096
    Lea V, Uroš S, Jelena J, et al. Toward the development of the Trojan Female Technique in pest insects: male- specific influence of mitochondrial haplotype on reproductive output in the seed beetle Acanthoscelides obtectus [J]. Evolutionary Applications, 2024, 17 (12): e70065. doi: 10.1111/eva.70065
    Leigh JW, Bryant D. PopART: full‐feature software for haplotype network construction [J]. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 2015, 6 (9): 1110-1116. doi: 10.1111/2041-210X.12410
    Oliveira MRC, Corrêa AS, de Souza GA, et al. Mesoamerican origin and Pre- and Post-Columbian expansions of the ranges of Acanthoscelides obtectus Say, a cosmopolitan insect pest of the common bean [J]. PLoS ONE, 2013, 8 (7): e70039. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070039
    Padı́n S, Dal Bello G, Fabrizio M. Grain loss caused by Tribolium castaneum, Sitophilus oryzae and Acanthoscelides obtectus in stored durum wheat and beans treated with Beauveria bassiana [J]. Journal of Stored Products Research, 2002, 38 (1): 69-74. doi: 10.1016/S0022-474X(00)00046-1
    Richter-Dennerlein R, Oeljeklaus S, Lorenzi I, et al. Mitochondrial protein synthesis adapts to influx of nuclear-encoded protein [J]. Cell, 2016, 167 (2): 471-483. e10. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.09.003
    Ronquist F, Huelsenbeck JP. MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models [J]. Bioinformatics, 2003, 19 (12): 1572-1574. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btg180
    Rozas J, Ferrer-Mata A, Sánchez-DelBarrio JC, et al. DnaSP 6: DNA sequence polymorphism analysis of large data sets [J]. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 2017, 34 (12): 3299-3302. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msx248
    Seebens H, Blackburn TM, Dyer EE, et al. No saturation in the accumulation of alien species worldwide [J]. Nature Communications, 2017, 8 (1): 14435-14443. doi: 10.1038/ncomms14435
    Tembrock LR, Wilson CR, Zink FA, et al. CO1 barcodes resolve an asymmetric biphyletic clade for Diabrotica undecimpunctata subspecies and provide nucleotide variants for differentiation from related lineages using real-time PCR [J]. Frontiers in Insect Science, 2023, 3: 1168586. doi: 10.3389/finsc.2023.1168586
    王辉, 李琳, 梁正, 等. 菜豆象检疫及防治研究进展[J]. 农业灾害研究, 2013, 3 (9): 8-12

    Wang H, Li L, Liang Z, et al. Research progress on plantquarantine and control of Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) [J]. Journal of Agricultural Catastrophology, 2013, 3 (9): 8-12.
    Wright S. Evolution in mendelian populations [J]. Genetics, 1931, 16 (2): 97-159. doi: 10.1093/genetics/16.2.97
    Wright S. The genetical structure of populations [J]. Annals of Eugenics, 1951, 15 (4): 323-354.
    易山青, 彭硕, 贾涛, 等. 基于MaxEnt模型的菜豆象和蚕豆象在中国的适生区预测[J]. 植物保护学报, 2023, 50 (6): 1480-1490

    Yi SQ, Peng S, Jia T, et al. Prediction of the potential suitable areas for bean weevil Acanthoscelides obtectus and the broad bean weevil Bruchus rufimanus in China based on the MaxEnt model [J]. Journal of Plant Protection, 2023, 50 (6): 1480-1490.
    游丽斌, 李玉伟, 王金章, 等. 福建省白纹伊蚊mtDNA-CO1基因的系统发育分析[J]. 中国病原生物学杂志, 2019, 14 (5): 521-524

    You LB, Li YW, Wang JZ, et al. Phylogenetic analysis of cytochrome C oxidase subunit Ⅰ genes in Aedes albopictus in Fujian Province, China [J]. Journal of Pathogen Biology, 2019, 14 (5): 521-524.
WeChat 点击查看大图
图(5)  /  表(8)
出版历程
  • 收稿日期:  2025-04-03
  • 修回日期:  2025-07-05
  • 接受日期:  2025-07-07

目录

    /

    返回文章
    返回