小地老虎成虫复眼外部形态和内部超微结构观察

杨玉坤,  张博,  易靖,  任美凤,  李大琪,  王熠,  陆俊姣

杨玉坤, 张博, 易靖, 等. 小地老虎成虫复眼外部形态和内部超微结构观察 [J]. 环境昆虫学报, 2026, 48(3): 972-982. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0858.2026.03.33
引用本文: 杨玉坤, 张博, 易靖, 等. 小地老虎成虫复眼外部形态和内部超微结构观察 [J]. 环境昆虫学报, 2026, 48(3): 972-982. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0858.2026.03.33
YANG Yu-Kun, ZHANG Bo, YI Jing, et al. Observation on the external morphology and ultrastructure of compound eyes of adult Agrotis ipsilon (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) [J]. Journal of Environmental Entomology, 2026, 48(3): 972-982. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0858.2026.03.33
Citation: YANG Yu-Kun, ZHANG Bo, YI Jing, et al. Observation on the external morphology and ultrastructure of compound eyes of adult Agrotis ipsilon (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) [J]. Journal of Environmental Entomology, 2026, 48(3): 972-982. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0858.2026.03.33

小地老虎成虫复眼外部形态和内部超微结构观察

doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0858.2026.03.33
基金项目: 

山西省现代农业产业技术体系建设专项资金资助 2023CYJSTX01-18

详细信息
    作者简介:

    杨玉坤,男,硕士研究生,研究方向为昆虫生态与生理生化,E-mail:2418549827@qq.com

    通讯作者 Author for correspondence:

    陆俊姣,女,博士,副研究员,研究方向为昆虫生态学与有害生物综合治理技术,E-mail:lujunjiao@sxau.edu.cn

  • 中图分类号: Q964

    文献标识码: A

    文章编号: 1674-0858(2026)03-0972-11

Observation on the external morphology and ultrastructure of compound eyes of adult Agrotis ipsilon (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

  • 摘要:
    目的 

    小地老虎Agrotis ipsilon是分布广泛的迁飞性害虫,严重危害玉米等多种重要农作物,分析其复眼结构特征可了解小地老虎复杂的视觉行为与感光、趋光机制的关系。

    方法 

    本研究运用光学显微镜以及扫描电镜和透射电镜技术观察了小地老虎成虫复眼的外部形态和内部超微结构。

    结果 

    小地老虎成虫复眼着生于头部触角基部,呈椭圆形,属对称性复眼。雌、雄成虫复眼面积分别为(1.646 ± 0.046)mm2和(1.554 ± 0.063)mm2,单个复眼分别有(4 679 ± 131)个和(4 398 ± 170)个小眼,大多数小眼呈正六边形,少部分呈五边形。小眼表面密被角膜乳突,间隙偶有感觉毛。每个小眼由1个角膜、4个晶锥细胞、1对初级色素细胞,6个次级色素细胞、8个视网膜细胞和基膜等组成。小地老虎复眼为典型的重叠像眼,感杆束分布为“7+1”模式;雌、雄成虫小眼排列方式及内部结构无明显差异,但雌、雄虫复眼面积和小眼数量具有明显的性二型现象。

    结论 

    该研究为利用趋光性监测和防治小地老虎提供了理论基础。

     

    Abstract:
    Aim 

    Agrotis ipsilon is a widely distributed migratory pest, which causes severe damage to maize and other important crops. By analyzing the structural characteristics of the compound eye, we can understand the relationship between the complex visual behavior and the mechanism of photosensitivity and phototaxis of A.ipsilon.

    Methods 

    Optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were used to observe the external morphology and internal ultrastructure of the compound eyes of A.ipsilon adults.

    Results 

    The results showed that the compound eyes of A.ipsilon adults were symmetrical compound eyes, born at the base of head antennae, and ellipsoidal in shape. The areas of compound eye in female and male adults were (1.646 ± 0.046) mm2 and (1.554 ± 0.063) mm2. The compound eyes of females and males had (4 679 ± 131) and (4 398 ± 170) ommatidia per eye, respectively. Most of the ommatidia were regular hexagonal, and a few were pentagonal. The surface of each ommatidium was densely covered with corneal nipples, and there were occasional interfacetal hairs in the gap. Each ommatidium was composed of one cornea, four crystalline cone cells, one pair of primary pigment cells, six secondary pigment cells, eight retinal cells, and a basement membrane. The compound eyes of A. ipsilon adults were of the typical superposition type. The distribution pattern of rhabdom followed the '7+1'. There were no obvious differences in the arrangement and internal structure of ommatidia between the female and male adults, but compound eye area and the number of ommatidia in females and males presented obvious sex dimorphism.

    Conclusion 

    This study provided a theoretical basis for the monitoring and control of A. ipsilon using phototaxis.

     

  • 昆虫的视觉系统包括外部的单眼、复眼和内部的视叶。单眼的功能是捕捉光线并生成不同级别的感觉器电位;而复眼则能够感知环境中的多种视觉信号,如颜色、偏振光、光强、运动目标、飞行方向及速度;视叶负责对视觉信号进行初步分析,并将其传送至大脑作出相应的行为反应(刘红霞和彩万志,2007;谢桂英等,2023)。在昆虫寻找寄主和配偶的过程中,视觉系统发挥着关键的定位与识别作用(刘军和和赵紫华,2017)。

    昆虫的复眼位于头部两侧,多数为椭圆形,由小眼(Ommatidium)构成,小眼的数目、大小和形状在各种昆虫中存在差异。根据复眼结构不同,昆虫复眼可分为重叠像眼(Superposition eye)和并列像眼(Apposition eye),前者常存在于夜行性昆虫中,且复眼中晶锥与感杆束之间有明显的无色素间隙,即透明区(Clear zone);后者多存在于昼行性昆虫中,其内部晶锥与感杆束紧密相连。每个小眼从远端到近端由角膜(Cornea)、晶锥(Crystalline cone)、色素细胞(Pigment cell)、感杆束(Rhabdom)及基膜(Basement membrane)等组成,(Kunze,1979;文超等,2019)。大多数鳞翅目昆虫为重叠像眼,其灵敏度可以达到并列像眼的一千倍以上,但这可能会导致其复眼的分辨率降低(Warrant and Dacke,2011)。昆虫趋光行为是复眼对特定光源产生的趋向行为,大多数昆虫对紫外光、蓝光和绿光的波长高度敏感,这可能与昆虫的光感受器有关,它们可以感知这些波长范围内的光,每个小眼中包含多种类型的光感受器(Jia et al.,2015;van der Kooi et al.,2021)。

    小地老虎Agrotis ipsilon Rottemberg属鳞翅目Lepidoptera夜蛾科Noctuidae,别名土蚕、地蚕、切根虫等,食性杂、为害隐蔽,是一种世界范围内危害严重的地下害虫(Clement et al.,1982)。由于化学农药的长期使用,小地老虎已对多种化学农药产生了较高水平抗性(于伟丽等,2012)。而且该虫具有迁飞习性,存在暴发成灾现象,防治难度大(Jin et al.,2023)。小地老虎成虫具有较强的趋光特性,利用此特性进行虫情监测及物理诱杀具有高效且经济环保的特点,尤其在迁飞性害虫的防治中备受关注(Kim et al.,2019;陆俊姣等,2020)。目前国内外对于小地老虎的研究侧重于其生物学特性和生物化学方面(向玉勇等,2008,2016;Chang et al.,2019;Awad et al.,2024)。而关于其成虫的复眼结构、视叶结构和调光机制等研究尚无相关研究报道。本研究运用光学显微镜以及扫描电镜和透射电镜技术观察其复眼的外部形态和内部超微结构特征,旨在深入研究小地老虎小眼中光感受器与趋光行为之间的联系以及基于其趋光性为研发高效环保监测防控仪器提供理论依据。

    本研究所使用的小地老虎由山西农业大学植物保护研究所提供,在人工气候箱使用人工饲料继代饲养,人工饲料配方参考(王世英等,2019)。成虫羽化后喂饲15%蜂蜜水补充营养。小地老虎的饲养环境温度为(25 ± 1)℃,光暗周期为16 L∶8 D,光期时间为6:00-22:00,相对湿度设定为(65 ± 5)%。

    取2 d光照处理下的小地老虎雌、雄成虫各5头,冷冻麻醉10 min,用PBS磷酸盐缓冲液(0.1M pH7.2~7.4)清洗去除头部表面附着物、黏液等。固定:断头后,在XSZ-H体式显微镜(重庆光电仪器有限公司)下剖获完整复眼,迅速转移至装1.5 mL Servicebio电镜固定液(主要成分2.5%戊二醛,pH7.0~7.5)中4℃固定24 h;后固定:样品用超纯水清洗3次,每次10 min,经1%四氧化锇固定1~2 h,再经超纯水清洗3次,每次10 min;脱水:酒精逐级脱水,脱水剂浓度梯度为30%→50%→70%→90%→100%(100%浓度换3次),每次15 min;干燥:将样品放进K850临界点干燥仪(Quorum)进行干燥;导电处理:将样品用导电胶粘到样品台上,并放入Smart Coater离子溅射仪(日本电子JEOL)进行喷金处理。置于JSM-IT700HR扫描电子显微镜(日本电子JEOL)下观察并拍照。

    取2 d光照处理下的小地老虎雌、雄成虫各5头,样本预处理、固定及后固定同扫描电镜制备。脱水:丙酮逐级脱水,脱水剂浓度梯度为30%→50%→70%→80%→90%→95%→100%(100%浓度换3次),每次15 min;渗透:Epon-812包埋剂与丙酮按照比例分别为3∶1(v/v)、1∶1(v/v)、1∶3(v/v)依次渗透;包埋及聚合:将经渗透处理的样品用纯包埋剂包埋,放置在包埋模具底部,防止聚合过程中移动,首先在45℃下进行预聚合12 h,随后在60℃下聚合24 h;半薄定位及超薄切片:均使用钻石刀,先半薄定位,通过半薄切片在BA210Digital生物显微镜(麦克奥迪实业集团有限公司)下观察选取昆虫复眼横切、纵切特定区域,半薄切片厚度约700 nm,然后用Leica UC7rt超薄切片机(LEICA)作60~90 nm超薄切片捞至铜网上;染色:在室温下进行半薄切片和超薄切片染色,半薄切片用2%甲苯胺蓝染液染色观察,超薄切片先用醋酸双氧铀染色10~15 min,再用柠檬酸铅染色1~2 min。在连接JEM-1400FLASH透射电子显微镜(日本电子JEOL)下观察,使用配备的高像素CMOS相机对铜网进行图像采集。

    样本预处理、固定及后固定同扫描电镜制备。固定组织经JT-12S全自动脱水机(武汉俊杰电子有限公司)脱水。脱水时长:75%酒精3 h,85%酒精1 h,95%酒精1 h 20 min,100%酒精Ⅰ 25 min,100%酒精Ⅱ 20 min,100%酒精Ⅲ 20 min,100%酒精:二甲苯1/1混合20 min,二甲苯Ⅰ 15 min,二甲苯Ⅱ 15 min,石蜡Ⅰ 1 h,石蜡Ⅱ 2 h,石蜡Ⅲ 3 h;用BMJ-A组织包埋机包埋(常州郊区中威电子仪器厂);后用徕卡-2016转轮式切片机(德国徕卡)进行切片,厚度为3~5 μm;切片后如下操作:切片脱蜡至水,具体操作:二甲苯Ⅰ 5~10 min,二甲苯Ⅱ 5~10 min,无水乙醇Ⅰ 5 min,无水乙醇Ⅱ 5 min,95%酒精5 min,85%酒精5 min,75%酒精5 min,UP水浸泡5 min;苏木精染色10~20 min;自来水冲洗1~3 min;盐酸酒精分化5~10 s;自来水冲洗1~3 min;放入50℃的温水中或弱碱性水溶液返蓝,直到出现蓝色为止;自来水冲洗1~3 min;放入85%的酒精3~5 min;伊红染色3~5 min;水洗3~5 s;梯度酒精脱水;二甲苯透明;中性树胶封固,在连接Pannoramic 250数字切片扫描仪(3DHISTECH-Hungary)下观察复眼全景及拍照。

    在不同倍数下拍照并使用Image J图像分析并采集数据。采用SPSS 26.0软件对数据进行分析。采用独立样本t检验对雌、雄成虫复眼外部及内部超微结构的测量参数进行差异显著性分析(P<0.05)。

    小地老虎成虫头部两侧的复眼呈规则的椭圆形,左右复眼外部形态基本一致,属于对称性复眼,雄成虫触角直径大于雌成虫,分别约386.40 μm和278.15 μm(图 1-A、B)。雌、雄成虫复眼面积分别为(1.646 ± 0.046)mm2和(1.554 ± 0.063)mm2,雄成虫复眼面积略小于雌成虫(图 1-C~D,表 1)。且在小眼数量上也表现出差异,雌、雄成虫小眼数量分别(4 679 ± 131)个和(4 398 ± 170)个,极大多数小眼呈规则的正六边形,极少数呈不规则五边形,小眼面微外凸,排列整齐紧密有规律(图 1-E、F)。小眼间偶尔可见感觉毛,外表面密布着角膜乳突,角膜乳突横截面呈圆形(图 1-G、H)。

    图  1  扫描电子显微镜下小地老虎成虫视觉器官外部形态
    注:A,雄虫头部;B,雌虫头部;C,雄虫复眼正面观;D,雌虫复眼正面观;E,雄成虫小眼;F,雄成虫小眼边缘;G,小眼间偶有感觉毛;H,小眼表面密被角膜乳突;An,触角;Ce,复眼;Mo,口器;Om,小眼;Ih,感觉毛。
    Fig.  1  General external morphology of visual organs of Agrotis ipsilon adults by scanning electron microscope
    Note: A, The head of male adult; B, The head of female adult; C, Compound eye of male, frontal view; D, Compound eye of female, positive view; E, Male adult ommatidium; F, Male adult ommatidium edge; G, Occasional interfacetal hairs between ommatidium; H, Dense corneal nipples on the ommatidial surface; An, Antenna; Ce, Compound eye; Mo, Mouthpart; Om, Ommatidium; Ih, Interfacetal hairs.
    下载: 全尺寸图片
    表  1  小地老虎成虫复眼外部形态结构的参数比较
    Table  1  Comparison of parameters of the external morphology and structure of compound eye of Agrotis ipsilon adults
    参数Parameters 样本数n 雌Female 雄Male
    复眼面积(mm2)Compound eye area 5 1.646 ± 0.046 a 1.554 ± 0.063 a
    小眼数量(个)Number of ommatidia 5 4 678.00 ± 131.00 a 4 398.00 ± 170.00 a
    小眼周长(μm)Ommatidium circumference 5 69.24 ± 0.71 a 70.63 ± 0.38 a
    小眼面积(μm2)Ommatidium area 5 351.80 ± 4.41 a 353.33 ± 3.94 a
    小眼直径(μm)Ommatidium diameter 5 22.68 ± 0.35 a 22.56 ± 0.30 a
    感觉毛长度(μm)Interfacetal hairs length 5 8.78 ± 0.87 a 8.04 ± 0.95 a
    感觉毛直径(μm)Interfacetal hairs diameter 5 2.99 ± 0.27 a 3.35 ± 0.12 a
    注:表中数据为平均值±标准误;同行数据后不同字母表示雌雄间差异显著性(P<0.05,t检验);表 2、表 3同。Note: Data in the table were presented as mean ± SE. Different letters following the data in the same row indicated the significance of difference between the female and male (P<0.05, t-test). The same for Table 2 and Table 3.

    小地老虎雌、雄成虫小眼的外部形态和内部超微结构均无明显差异。因此,为方便描述,下文统一选择雄蛾的小眼由外到内进行结构描述。

    2.2.1   角膜

    角膜(Cornea,Co),亦称角膜晶体,乃是一种高度特化的真皮细胞结构,和晶锥一起构成屈光器,两者组成主要的集光部分,它坐落于小眼的最外缘,向内紧挨晶锥(Crystalline cone,CC)。其外缘向外微凸、内缘稍平直的结构,纵切面显示,约25层纤维层叠加而成,中心纤维层排列松散,而两侧边缘纤维层则排列紧密(图 3-B)。角膜的外表层上着生着微小的锥状凸起,称为角膜乳突(Corneal nipple,CN),其主要功能是保护复眼免受机械损伤和减少光在角膜上的反射将入射光折射入晶锥,高(0.21 ± 0.04)μm(图 3-A)。

    图  2  小地老虎雄成虫复眼全景图(H-E染色)
    注:Co,角膜;CC,晶锥;CZ,透明区;Rh,感杆束;BM,基膜;La,视神经节层;Me,视髓;Lox,视小叶复合体;OCH1,第一交叉神经;OCH2,第二交叉神经。
    Fig.  2  Panorama of the compound eyes of male adults of Agrotis ipsilon (Hematoxylin-eosin staining)
    Note: Co, Cornea; CC, Crystalline cone; CZ, Clear zone; Rh, Rhabdom; BM, Basement membrane; La, Lamina; Me, Medulla; Lox, Lobula complex; OCH1, First optic chiasma; OCH2, Second optic chiasma.
    下载: 全尺寸图片
    图  3  小地老虎雄成虫小眼远端透射电镜观察
    注:A,角膜纵切,可见角膜上密布着参差不齐的乳突;B,小眼远端,可见角膜及其下晶锥;C,晶锥横切,可见次级色素细胞及其内部的球状电子致密颗粒;D,晶锥中部,可见4个晶锥细胞;E,晶锥近端,可见次级色素细胞膨大和色素细胞边界(有尾箭头所示);F,晶锥纵切,可见晶体束;Co,角膜;CC,晶锥;CN,角膜乳突;N,细胞核;PG,色素颗粒;PPC,初级色素细胞;SPC,次级色素细胞;ve,囊泡;CT,晶体束;Rc,视网膜细胞;Mt,线粒体;MT,微管。
    Fig.  3  Distal parts of ommatidia of male adults of Agrotis ipsilon observed by transmission electron microscope
    Note: A, Longitudinal section of the cornea, showing the cornea was densely covered with uneven nipples; B, Distal part of ommatidium, showing the cornea and the underlying crystalline cone; C, Transverse sections of the crystalline cone, showing the secondary pigment cells and their internal spheroidal electron dense particles; D, Middle part of crystalline cone, showing four crystalline cone cells; E, Proximal part of the crystalline cone, showing the secondary pigment cell enlargement and the boundaries (shown with arrows); F, Longitudinal sections of the crystalline cone, showing the crystalline tract; Co, Cornea; CC, Crystalline cone; CN, Corneal nipple; N, Nucleus; PG, Pigment granule; PPC, Primary pigment cell; SPC, Secondary pigment cell; ve, Vesicles; CT, Crystalline tract; Rc, Retinula cell; Mt, Mitochondria; MT, Microtubule.
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    2.2.2   晶锥

    整个小眼结构中最明显的,位于角膜下方,是角膜和透明区(Clear zone,CZ)之间的光路通道,该结构近似圆锥状,类似于人眼内部的晶状体。晶锥细胞的细胞核位于晶锥的远端,其细胞质呈颗粒状,且细胞内缺乏细胞器(图 3-B)。横切面呈椭圆形,由4个晶锥细胞及其胞内分泌物形成,属真晶体类型,胞内分泌物呈现出不均匀的分布,形成两个同心区域,并在它们之间布满了直径为(0.47 ± 0.06)μm微小的囊泡,构成了一个密集的中间带,内部同心区分布密致呈电子不透明状,分泌物浓度由中心向外逐渐降低(图 3-C、D)。晶锥近心端出现次级色素细胞边界(有尾箭头所示),以及含有线粒体等其它细胞器(图 3-E)。观察晶锥的纵切面,可以发现其近端表面逐渐收缩,4个晶锥细胞的细胞质沿核区的中央分泌区向下延伸,汇聚至晶体的近端,形成细长的晶体束(Crystalline tract,CT),其内含有密致的纤维状微管(图 3-F,图 4-A)。

    图  4  小地老虎雄成虫小眼感光层透射电镜观察
    注:A,透明区远端纵切,可见晶体束和大量色素颗粒;B,透明区近端,可见次级色素细胞边界(有尾箭头所示);C,感杆束横切面,8个视网膜细胞(用数字指示)形成感杆束;D,感杆束近端横切;Des,桥粒;Rh,感杆束;CZ,透明区;MB,多泡体;Rc,视网膜细胞;SPC,次级色素细胞;PG,色素颗粒。
    Fig.  4  Photosensitive layer of ommatidium of male adults of Agrotis ipsilon observed by transmission electron microscope
    Note: A, Longitudinal section of the distal part of clear zone, showing the crystal tract and a large number of pigment granules; B, Proximal part of the clear zone, showing the boundaries of secondary pigment cells (shown with arrows); C, Transverse sections of rhabdom, showing eight retinula cells (numbered) forming the rhabdom; D, Transverse sections of proximal part of the rhabdom; Des, Desmosome; Rh, Rhabdom; CZ, Clear zone; MB, Multivesicular body; Rc, Retinula cell; SPC, Secondary pigment cell; PG, Pigment granule.
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    2.2.3   色素细胞

    复眼的色素细胞主要作用是吸收、分散到达小眼的光线,分布在感杆束和晶锥周围。通过其在透明区远端和晶锥之间的色素颗粒移动来调节进光量,从而适应周围环境的光照变化。角膜下方,一对初级色素细胞(PPC)将晶锥包围,其最远端与角膜内侧表面相接,其细胞核位于晶锥纵切的中部水平,细胞质中分布很多直径为(0.81 ± 0.04)μm的球状色素颗粒,6个次级色素细胞(SPC)则包围在晶锥和初级色素细胞外部(图 3-B、C)。晶锥近端,次级色素细胞膨大,出现色素细胞边界,其细胞核集中分布于此,在细胞核周围还存有线粒体,视网膜细胞开始出现,位于晶锥外缘(图 3-E)。

    表  2  小地老虎成虫复眼内部形态结构的参数比较
    Table  2  Comparison of parameters of the internal morphology and structure of compound eye of Agrotis ipsilon adults
    参数Parameters 样本数(n) Sample size 雌Female 雄Male
    角膜乳突(μm)Height of corneal nipple 5 0.22 ± 0.08 a 0.21 ± 0.04 a
    角膜中心厚度(μm)Cornea centre thickness 5 12.87 ± 0.63 a 14.73 ± 0.65 a
    角膜边缘厚度(μm)Cornea edge thickness 5 9.35 ± 0.45 b 12.32 ± 0.43 a
    晶锥长度(μm)Length of crystalline cone 5 55.07 ± 0.84 a 57.34 ± 1.32 a
    晶锥宽度(μm)Width of crystalline cone 5 16.19 ± 0.45 a 15.93 ± 0.48 a
    感杆束长度(μm)Length of rhabdom 5 100.29 ± 4.45 a 104.49 ± 3.85 a
    透明区长度(μm)Length of clear zone 5 241.21 ± 5.62 a 264.83 ± 10.86 a
    基膜厚度(μm)Thickness of basement membrane 5 1.18 ± 0.16 a 1.20 ± 0.14 a
    角膜曲率半径(μm)Cornea radius curvature 5 17.60 ± 0.77 a 18.26 ± 0.54 a
    小眼间角(度)Interommatidial angle of ommatidia 5 2.39 ± 0.29 a 3.27 ± 0.20 a
    小眼长度(μm)Length of the ommatidium 5 399.46 ± 5.06 a 423.14 ± 7.79 a
    囊泡直径(μm)Vesicle diameter 5 0.51 ± 0.07 a 0.47 ± 0.06 a
    2.2.4   透明区

    透明区(Clear zone,CZ)将感杆束与屈光器(角膜和晶锥)分隔,由次级色素细胞和远端区域的视网膜细胞构成,此区域次级色素细胞为无任何细胞器透明胞浆,因此形成一个透明区,透明区中的视网膜细胞具细胞核和细胞器,但并不形成感杆束(图 4-A)。透明区远端分布很多直径为(0.66 ± 0.03)μm的球状色素颗粒,明显小于初级色素细胞质中色素颗粒大小(图 4-A,表 3)。小眼晶体束末端与远端区域的视网膜细胞相接并穿过透明区一直向下延伸至感杆束远端,偶尔感杆束远端延伸至透明区,透明区长度为(264.83 ± 10.86)μm。

    表  3  小地老虎成虫复眼内不同分布位置的色素颗粒直径参数比较
    Table  3  Comparison of parameters of pigment granule diameter at different distribution sites in the compound eyes of Agrotis ipsilon adults
    参数
    Parameter
    样本数
    No.
    雌
    Female
    雄
    Male
    初级色素细胞(μm)
    Primary pigment cell
    5 0.83 ± 0.04 a 0.81 ± 0.04 a
    次级色素细胞(μm)
    Secondary pigment cell
    5 0.63 ± 0.05 a 0.66 ± 0.03 a
    视网膜细胞(μm)
    Retinula cell
    5 0.49 ± 0.04 a 0.53 ± 0.03 a
    神经元细胞(μm)
    Neuronal cell
    5 0.46 ± 0.02 a 0.45 ± 0.01 a
    2.2.5   感光层

    在透明区远端,视网膜细胞组成细杆状围绕小眼轴聚集,其在向下延伸的过程中可能发生了一定程度的扭转,因而在纵切面上出现截断的现象(图 4-A)。衔接透明区的感光层远端,形成透明区域的次级色素细胞出现边界,且不具有色素颗粒,7个视网膜细胞与中间第8个视网膜细胞聚集在一起,形成感杆束,呈“7+1”模式(图 4-B、C)。在感光层近端,感杆束中视网膜细胞呈放射状排列,形成融合型感杆束,相邻感杆束之间填充着骤缩呈近小三角形的次级色素细胞和一些圆形或线形微气管,从横截面的角度来看,感杆束中单个视网膜细胞的微绒毛是平行排列的,增加了感杆束的表面积(图 4-D)。整个感杆束长度为(104.49 ± 3.85)μm,感杆束在传递和过滤入射光中扮演着重要角色,也是将光学信号转换为电生理信号的重要区域。

    2.2.6   基膜

    小眼的感杆束止于基膜上方约28 μm,小眼感杆束末端和基膜之间,存在着由次级色素细胞、基部视网膜细胞、膨大的气管以及色素颗粒共同构成的特殊区域,视网膜细胞的色素颗粒主要集中在基膜的近端区域,直径为(0.53 ± 0.03)μm(图 5-A、B)。基膜位于感光系统下方,厚度为(1.20 ± 0.14)μm,在整个小眼的基部,具有褶皱结构的胶原纤维,其间由许多神经轴突穿过而留下的穿孔,眼内的轴突穿过基膜后,进入视叶的视神经节层,在基膜下方,还有少量膜下色素细胞(图 5-B)。基膜横切部位可见交叉排列的基部视网膜细胞被气管包裹(图 5-E、F)。

    图  5  小地老虎雄成虫小眼基膜及神经节层透射电镜观察
    注:A,基膜纵切,可见视神经节层有大量细胞核;B,基部视网膜细胞纵切;C,视神经节层细胞核横切,可见其包裹着气管;D,视神经节层与视髓连接处的神经元胞体层,可见有大量神经元细胞以及第一交叉神经;E,基膜横切;F,基部视网膜细胞横切;Ax,轴突;BM,基膜;BRC,基部视网膜细胞;PG,色素颗粒;Rh,感杆束;T,微气管;TT,微气管绒毡层;SPC,次级色素细胞;Nc,神经元细胞;He,异染色质;Eu,常染色质;Ve,绒丝;La,视神经节层;Me,视髓;OCH1,第一交叉神经;SOPC,膜下色素细胞。
    Fig.  5  Basement membrane and Lamina of ommatidium of male adults of Agrotis ipsilon observed by transmission electron microscope
    Note: A, Longitudinal section of basement membrane, showing a large number of nucleus in the lamina; B, Longitudinal section of the basal retinula cell; C, Transverse section of the lamina nucleus, showing that it wraps around the tracheole; D, The cell body layer of neurons at the lamina-medulla junction, showing a large number of neuronal cells and the first optic chiasma; E, Transverse section of basement membrane; F, Transverse section of the basal retinula cell; Ax, Axon; BM, Basement membrane; BRC, Basal retinula cell; PG, Pigment granule; Rh, Rhabdom; T, Tracheole; TT, Tracheal tapetum; SPC, Secondary pigment cell; Nc, Neuronal cell; He, Heterochromatin; Eu, Euchromatin; Ve, Velvet; La, Lamina; Me, Medulla; OCH1, First optic chiasma; SOPC, Subommatidial pigment cell.
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    2.2.7   视神经

    视神经节层区域具有较大的细胞核,密集的轴突、气管和色素颗粒,从横切面看细胞核包裹着气管(图 5-C)。视神经与感杆束为小眼主要的感光部分。视神经节层与视髓连接处为神经元胞体层可见有大量神经元细胞和色素颗粒,此处的色素颗粒直径为(0.45 ± 0.01)μm,以及颜色较深的异染色质和颜色较浅的常染色质,以及二者之间的第一交叉神经(图 5-D)。

    不同种类的昆虫在复眼的形状、面积和小眼的数量上具有各自的特点。小地老虎每个小眼排列整齐且紧凑,外部略微凸起,为鲜明的六边形结构,彼此结合形成蜂巢样式,边缘有少数小眼呈不规则五边形,这与其他夜出行昆虫的小眼结构相符。小地老虎雌、雄成虫在复眼面积、小眼数量表现出差异,雌成虫的复眼面积略大于雄成虫,分别为(1.646 ± 0.046)mm2和(1.554 ± 0.063)mm2,雌、雄成虫小眼数量分别(4 679 ± 131)和(4 398 ± 170)个。这种复眼性二型现象也表现在其他昆虫中,像美国白蛾雄虫小眼数多于雌虫(陆苗等,2013),柚木野螟成虫雌蛾小眼数多于雄蛾,雌蛾拥有更为发达的视力(苑鹏宇等,2022)。

    昆虫的视觉能力受到多个因素的影响,包括复眼的面积、小眼数量、角膜曲率半径以及小眼间角。其中,小眼间角直接决定了复眼的分辨率,两个小眼纵轴夹角越小,潜在的分辨率就越高(Pichaud and Casares,2022)。直翅目飞蝗科Locusta migratoria和蜻蜓目蜓科Anax junius小眼间角均小于1°使其在搜寻猎物时具有较高的分辨能力(Sherk,1978;Horridge,1978)。小地老虎雌、雄成虫小眼间角均大于1°且雄虫小眼间角略大于雌虫,因此,可以推断出小地老虎雌性成虫在复眼的分辨能力方面稍强于雄性,有利于雌性成虫定位寄主或寻找适合产卵场所等。小地老虎小眼间隙内的感觉毛分布方式较为随机且数量较为稀少,能否有助于其风速感知和飞行调控仍需深入研究,且感觉毛的密度与长度的差异可能与趋光性有关。

    在鳞翅目中,昼行性蝶类和夜行性蛾类等昆虫,小眼的表面上存在着密集的角膜乳突,且有着凹凸和褶纹共同组成的特殊结构,这些结构发挥了辅助性集光的功能,有助于减少光的反射等(陈伟之等,2002)。根据角膜乳突不同的高度有三种类型,Ⅰ类:高度低于50 nm;Ⅱ类:高度在50~200 nm之间;Ⅲ类:高度大于200 nm(Bernhard et al.,1970)。其中Ⅱ类与Ⅲ类能够有效降低复眼表面的光线反射,使进入角膜和晶锥的光效显著提高,为夜行性昆虫提供伪装(Meyer-Rochow et al.,1979)。小地老虎角膜乳头高度为(0.21 ± 0.04)μm,属于Ⅲ类,具备多波段的反射抑制作用。且小地老虎角膜乳突横截面呈圆形,利用高分辨率扫描电子显微镜进行的详细分析蛾类和蝶类角膜表层结构,其中蛾类的角膜乳突有序排列,而蝶类的角膜乳突排列更为复杂。从横截面看,蛾类的单个乳突为圆形,而蝶类的角膜乳突并不呈圆形,而是具有边数为5、6或7的多边形(Varija and Thamankar,2020)。

    通过观察小地老虎成虫复眼的内部超微结构,发现晶锥与感杆束之间存在明显的透明区域,为鲜明的重叠像眼特征,每个小眼由1个角膜、4个晶锥细胞、8个视网膜细胞、1对初级色素细胞,6个次级色素细胞以及基膜组成(Fischer et al.,2012)。在夜间重叠像眼具备较高的光能利用率和更佳视觉灵敏度(兰英和魏琮,2020)。角膜由蛋白质纤维和几丁质交替排列而形成不同数量的层次(Gordon and Winfree,1978),本研究发现,小地老虎中角膜层数约为25层,不同于灰茶尺蠖约为20层(许曼飞等,2022),团花绢野螟约26层(江莹莹等,2024)。小地老虎角膜中心厚度为(14.73 ± 0.65)μm,而鳞翅目昆虫成虫主要在空中活动,复眼不需要接触坚硬物质,极少有物理损伤的风险,所以其复眼角膜一般较薄,且小地老虎与其他鳞翅目昆虫的角膜厚度相似。小地老虎角膜曲率半径为(18.26 ± 0.54)μm,较大的角膜曲率半径能够适应夜间较暗的环境(van Langevelde et al.,2011)。

    感杆束具有复杂的视觉定向功能,小地老虎成虫复眼的视网膜细胞分布呈“7+1”式,8个视网膜细胞形成感杆束;夜蛾科粘虫Mythimna separata和灯蛾科亲土苔蛾Eilema affineola的视网膜细胞分布也呈“7+1”式(陈庆霄,2020;Chen and Han,2024);螟蛾科欧洲玉米螟Ostrinia nubilalis的视网膜细胞分布呈“11+1”式(Belušič et al.,2017);毒蛾科古毒蛾Orgyia antiqua的视网膜细胞分布呈成“8+1”式(Lau et al.,2007);此外,尺蛾科Operophtera brumata的视网膜细胞呈“14+1”式分布(Meyer-Rochow et al.,2008)。其感杆束内部单个视网膜细胞中微绒毛呈平行排列,增加了感杆束横截面积可以提高对光效的吸收,进而提升小眼光感受器的敏感度,相邻视网膜细胞中微绒毛的方向却有所不同,其排列方式或许能够识别偏振光(Meyer-Rochow,1977;Blake et al.,2023)。

    通过对小眼基部的纵切和横切观察,气管主要在基膜两侧密集成层。昆虫复眼中气管组织可为其生理代谢活动提供氧气,或者具有减轻体重利于飞行的作用,还提高了夜行性昆虫对光的敏感度(张胜杰等,2015)。小地老虎视神经节层与视髓连接处,有大量的轴突神经汇合形成第一交叉神经。昆虫的视觉中枢位于视叶,光感光器在小眼内通过视网膜接收不同波长和光强的视觉信号,并将其传送至视神经节层。视神经节层通过第一交叉神经将信号传送至视髓(视髓与中央脑相连),并通过第二交叉神经将视觉信号传送至视小叶复合体,最终转运至高级脑中枢进行计算和整合,以做出相应的行为反应(Ribi and Scheel,1981;Strausfeld,2009)。

    此次样本的采集过程在光照条件下完成的,色素颗粒集中分布在晶锥近端、透明区远端以及基膜周围,起保护感光系统的作用。夜出行昆虫的复眼不仅能够通过色素颗粒移动调节来适应不同的光照环境,且复眼在不同的光照环境的状态转化与趋光性也有着密切的联系(张海强等,2007;蒋月丽等,2021)。本研究对小地老虎成虫的复眼进行了初步的外部形态和内部超微结构观察,但尚未深入探讨其复眼在光、暗环境下的调光机制、视叶结构以及感光和趋光行为内在联系。因此,仍需开展电生理学和行为学方面的后续研究。

  • 图  1   扫描电子显微镜下小地老虎成虫视觉器官外部形态

    注:A,雄虫头部;B,雌虫头部;C,雄虫复眼正面观;D,雌虫复眼正面观;E,雄成虫小眼;F,雄成虫小眼边缘;G,小眼间偶有感觉毛;H,小眼表面密被角膜乳突;An,触角;Ce,复眼;Mo,口器;Om,小眼;Ih,感觉毛。

    Fig.  1   General external morphology of visual organs of Agrotis ipsilon adults by scanning electron microscope

    Note: A, The head of male adult; B, The head of female adult; C, Compound eye of male, frontal view; D, Compound eye of female, positive view; E, Male adult ommatidium; F, Male adult ommatidium edge; G, Occasional interfacetal hairs between ommatidium; H, Dense corneal nipples on the ommatidial surface; An, Antenna; Ce, Compound eye; Mo, Mouthpart; Om, Ommatidium; Ih, Interfacetal hairs.

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    图  2   小地老虎雄成虫复眼全景图(H-E染色)

    注:Co,角膜;CC,晶锥;CZ,透明区;Rh,感杆束;BM,基膜;La,视神经节层;Me,视髓;Lox,视小叶复合体;OCH1,第一交叉神经;OCH2,第二交叉神经。

    Fig.  2   Panorama of the compound eyes of male adults of Agrotis ipsilon (Hematoxylin-eosin staining)

    Note: Co, Cornea; CC, Crystalline cone; CZ, Clear zone; Rh, Rhabdom; BM, Basement membrane; La, Lamina; Me, Medulla; Lox, Lobula complex; OCH1, First optic chiasma; OCH2, Second optic chiasma.

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    图  3   小地老虎雄成虫小眼远端透射电镜观察

    注:A,角膜纵切,可见角膜上密布着参差不齐的乳突;B,小眼远端,可见角膜及其下晶锥;C,晶锥横切,可见次级色素细胞及其内部的球状电子致密颗粒;D,晶锥中部,可见4个晶锥细胞;E,晶锥近端,可见次级色素细胞膨大和色素细胞边界(有尾箭头所示);F,晶锥纵切,可见晶体束;Co,角膜;CC,晶锥;CN,角膜乳突;N,细胞核;PG,色素颗粒;PPC,初级色素细胞;SPC,次级色素细胞;ve,囊泡;CT,晶体束;Rc,视网膜细胞;Mt,线粒体;MT,微管。

    Fig.  3   Distal parts of ommatidia of male adults of Agrotis ipsilon observed by transmission electron microscope

    Note: A, Longitudinal section of the cornea, showing the cornea was densely covered with uneven nipples; B, Distal part of ommatidium, showing the cornea and the underlying crystalline cone; C, Transverse sections of the crystalline cone, showing the secondary pigment cells and their internal spheroidal electron dense particles; D, Middle part of crystalline cone, showing four crystalline cone cells; E, Proximal part of the crystalline cone, showing the secondary pigment cell enlargement and the boundaries (shown with arrows); F, Longitudinal sections of the crystalline cone, showing the crystalline tract; Co, Cornea; CC, Crystalline cone; CN, Corneal nipple; N, Nucleus; PG, Pigment granule; PPC, Primary pigment cell; SPC, Secondary pigment cell; ve, Vesicles; CT, Crystalline tract; Rc, Retinula cell; Mt, Mitochondria; MT, Microtubule.

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    图  4   小地老虎雄成虫小眼感光层透射电镜观察

    注:A,透明区远端纵切,可见晶体束和大量色素颗粒;B,透明区近端,可见次级色素细胞边界(有尾箭头所示);C,感杆束横切面,8个视网膜细胞(用数字指示)形成感杆束;D,感杆束近端横切;Des,桥粒;Rh,感杆束;CZ,透明区;MB,多泡体;Rc,视网膜细胞;SPC,次级色素细胞;PG,色素颗粒。

    Fig.  4   Photosensitive layer of ommatidium of male adults of Agrotis ipsilon observed by transmission electron microscope

    Note: A, Longitudinal section of the distal part of clear zone, showing the crystal tract and a large number of pigment granules; B, Proximal part of the clear zone, showing the boundaries of secondary pigment cells (shown with arrows); C, Transverse sections of rhabdom, showing eight retinula cells (numbered) forming the rhabdom; D, Transverse sections of proximal part of the rhabdom; Des, Desmosome; Rh, Rhabdom; CZ, Clear zone; MB, Multivesicular body; Rc, Retinula cell; SPC, Secondary pigment cell; PG, Pigment granule.

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    图  5   小地老虎雄成虫小眼基膜及神经节层透射电镜观察

    注:A,基膜纵切,可见视神经节层有大量细胞核;B,基部视网膜细胞纵切;C,视神经节层细胞核横切,可见其包裹着气管;D,视神经节层与视髓连接处的神经元胞体层,可见有大量神经元细胞以及第一交叉神经;E,基膜横切;F,基部视网膜细胞横切;Ax,轴突;BM,基膜;BRC,基部视网膜细胞;PG,色素颗粒;Rh,感杆束;T,微气管;TT,微气管绒毡层;SPC,次级色素细胞;Nc,神经元细胞;He,异染色质;Eu,常染色质;Ve,绒丝;La,视神经节层;Me,视髓;OCH1,第一交叉神经;SOPC,膜下色素细胞。

    Fig.  5   Basement membrane and Lamina of ommatidium of male adults of Agrotis ipsilon observed by transmission electron microscope

    Note: A, Longitudinal section of basement membrane, showing a large number of nucleus in the lamina; B, Longitudinal section of the basal retinula cell; C, Transverse section of the lamina nucleus, showing that it wraps around the tracheole; D, The cell body layer of neurons at the lamina-medulla junction, showing a large number of neuronal cells and the first optic chiasma; E, Transverse section of basement membrane; F, Transverse section of the basal retinula cell; Ax, Axon; BM, Basement membrane; BRC, Basal retinula cell; PG, Pigment granule; Rh, Rhabdom; T, Tracheole; TT, Tracheal tapetum; SPC, Secondary pigment cell; Nc, Neuronal cell; He, Heterochromatin; Eu, Euchromatin; Ve, Velvet; La, Lamina; Me, Medulla; OCH1, First optic chiasma; SOPC, Subommatidial pigment cell.

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    表  1   小地老虎成虫复眼外部形态结构的参数比较

    Table  1   Comparison of parameters of the external morphology and structure of compound eye of Agrotis ipsilon adults

    参数Parameters 样本数n 雌Female 雄Male
    复眼面积(mm2)Compound eye area 5 1.646 ± 0.046 a 1.554 ± 0.063 a
    小眼数量(个)Number of ommatidia 5 4 678.00 ± 131.00 a 4 398.00 ± 170.00 a
    小眼周长(μm)Ommatidium circumference 5 69.24 ± 0.71 a 70.63 ± 0.38 a
    小眼面积(μm2)Ommatidium area 5 351.80 ± 4.41 a 353.33 ± 3.94 a
    小眼直径(μm)Ommatidium diameter 5 22.68 ± 0.35 a 22.56 ± 0.30 a
    感觉毛长度(μm)Interfacetal hairs length 5 8.78 ± 0.87 a 8.04 ± 0.95 a
    感觉毛直径(μm)Interfacetal hairs diameter 5 2.99 ± 0.27 a 3.35 ± 0.12 a
    注:表中数据为平均值±标准误;同行数据后不同字母表示雌雄间差异显著性(P<0.05,t检验);表 2、表 3同。Note: Data in the table were presented as mean ± SE. Different letters following the data in the same row indicated the significance of difference between the female and male (P<0.05, t-test). The same for Table 2 and Table 3.

    表  2   小地老虎成虫复眼内部形态结构的参数比较

    Table  2   Comparison of parameters of the internal morphology and structure of compound eye of Agrotis ipsilon adults

    参数Parameters 样本数(n) Sample size 雌Female 雄Male
    角膜乳突(μm)Height of corneal nipple 5 0.22 ± 0.08 a 0.21 ± 0.04 a
    角膜中心厚度(μm)Cornea centre thickness 5 12.87 ± 0.63 a 14.73 ± 0.65 a
    角膜边缘厚度(μm)Cornea edge thickness 5 9.35 ± 0.45 b 12.32 ± 0.43 a
    晶锥长度(μm)Length of crystalline cone 5 55.07 ± 0.84 a 57.34 ± 1.32 a
    晶锥宽度(μm)Width of crystalline cone 5 16.19 ± 0.45 a 15.93 ± 0.48 a
    感杆束长度(μm)Length of rhabdom 5 100.29 ± 4.45 a 104.49 ± 3.85 a
    透明区长度(μm)Length of clear zone 5 241.21 ± 5.62 a 264.83 ± 10.86 a
    基膜厚度(μm)Thickness of basement membrane 5 1.18 ± 0.16 a 1.20 ± 0.14 a
    角膜曲率半径(μm)Cornea radius curvature 5 17.60 ± 0.77 a 18.26 ± 0.54 a
    小眼间角(度)Interommatidial angle of ommatidia 5 2.39 ± 0.29 a 3.27 ± 0.20 a
    小眼长度(μm)Length of the ommatidium 5 399.46 ± 5.06 a 423.14 ± 7.79 a
    囊泡直径(μm)Vesicle diameter 5 0.51 ± 0.07 a 0.47 ± 0.06 a

    表  3   小地老虎成虫复眼内不同分布位置的色素颗粒直径参数比较

    Table  3   Comparison of parameters of pigment granule diameter at different distribution sites in the compound eyes of Agrotis ipsilon adults

    参数
    Parameter
    样本数
    No.
    雌
    Female
    雄
    Male
    初级色素细胞(μm)
    Primary pigment cell
    5 0.83 ± 0.04 a 0.81 ± 0.04 a
    次级色素细胞(μm)
    Secondary pigment cell
    5 0.63 ± 0.05 a 0.66 ± 0.03 a
    视网膜细胞(μm)
    Retinula cell
    5 0.49 ± 0.04 a 0.53 ± 0.03 a
    神经元细胞(μm)
    Neuronal cell
    5 0.46 ± 0.02 a 0.45 ± 0.01 a
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  • 收稿日期:  2024-09-18
  • 修回日期:  2024-11-07
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