GABAB receptor modulates responses to sweet substances by regulating sugar metabolism in Spodoptera frugiperda larvae
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摘要:目的
前期研究发现代谢型受体γ氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid,GABA)B型受体(GABAB receptor,GABAB R)在草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda幼虫脂肪体内高表达,并且显著影响幼虫对蔗糖的取食行为。然而,GABAB受体调控草地贪夜蛾幼虫取食的机制尚不清楚。
方法本研究先后利用味觉单感器记录、转录组学、生理生化和行为检测技术研究GABAB受体介导的糖代谢对幼虫糖类取食行为的影响。
结果GABAB R基因被干涉后,幼虫口器侧栓锥味觉感器对蔗糖的敏感性降低,体内糖代谢相关基因表达发生变化,体内葡萄糖和海藻糖浓度升高;分别向幼虫注射葡萄糖和海藻糖后,幼虫口器侧栓锥感器对蔗糖的敏感性均降低,且不再趋向取食蔗糖处理的叶碟。
结论GABAB受体通过调控幼虫体内糖代谢影响糖类取食行为。本研究进一步揭示了神经递质GABA调控昆虫化学感受和取食行为的机制,为利用GABA防控草地贪夜蛾等农业害虫提供理论支持。
Abstract:AimPrevious studies have found that the metabotropic γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) B receptor (GABAB receptor, GABAB R) is highly expressed in the fat body of Spodoptera frugiperda larvae and significantly affects their feeding behavior in response to sucrose. However, the mechanism by which GABAB receptors regulate the feeding behavior of S. frugiperda larvae remains unclear.
MethodsIn this study, single sensillum recording (SSR) of taste, transcriptomics, physiological and biochemical assays, and behavioral tests were used to investigate the effect of GABAB receptor-mediated sugar metabolism on larval sugar-feeding behavior.
ResultsThe results showed that after knockdown of the GABAB R gene, the sensitivity of the lateral styloconic sensilla on the larval mouthparts to sucrose decreased, the expression of sugar metabolism-related genes in the larvae changed, and the concentrations of glucose and trehalose in the larvae increased. Additionally, after separate injections of glucose or trehalose into larvae, the sensitivity of the lateral styloconic sensilla on the larval mouthparts to sucrose decreased, and the larvae no longer preferred to feed on sucrose-treated leaf discs.
ConclusionThese findings indicate that GABAB receptors affect larval sugar-feeding behavior by regulating sugar metabolism in larvae. This study further reveals the mechanism by which the neurotransmitter GABA regulates chemosensation and feeding behavior in insects, and provides theoretical support for the use of GABA in managing agricultural pests such as S. frugiperda.
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Keywords:
- Fat body metabolism /
- GABAB receptor /
- metabolic signals /
- gustatory perception /
- feeding behavior
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γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid,GABA)是动物神经系统中重要的神经递质,主要由中枢神经系统所发出的GABA能神经元来激活其他神经元上的GABA受体,调控摄食、记忆、感知、情绪等一系列生理反应(Shaye et al.,2021;Feng et al.,2023;Chen et al.,2024)。GABA受体分为两种类型,即离子型受体(如GABAA受体和GABAC受体)和代谢型受体(如GABAB受体)(Ghit et al.,2021;Bassetti,2022)。离子型受体结合GABA后,直接打开氯离子通道,引发氯离子内流,导致突触后膜超极化(Garifulina et al.,2022);代谢型受体结合GABA后,通过G蛋白激活下游信号通路,如环磷酸腺苷(Cyclic adenosine monophosphate,cAMP)信号通路,间接开放钾/钙离子通道,使细胞膜超极化(Miloslav et al.,1999)。两者均在调控神经元冲动的产生和传递方面发挥重要作用。
动物味觉通过识别食物化学特性区分营养物质与有害物质,促进高营养价值食物的摄取。其中,葡萄糖和海藻糖是昆虫重要的糖类营养物质,参与维持血糖稳态、提供能量和调控发育等重要过程(朱江燕等,2018;Matsushita and Nishimura, 2020)。昆虫触角、口器、附节等部位含有丰富的外周化学感觉神经元,包括甜味神经元(Agnihotri et al.,2016;King and Gunathunga, 2023)。甜味神经元通过味觉受体结合糖类分子,随后受体激活并偶联G蛋白,G蛋白的α亚基可激活腺苷酸环化酶(Adenylate cyclase,AC),使cAMP水平升高,cAMP可激活蛋白激酶A(Protein kinase A,PKA),PKA通过磷酸化作用关闭细胞膜上的离子通道,导致细胞膜去极化,产生神经冲动,从而将甜味信号传递给中枢神经系统,进而影响对糖类物质的取食反应(Lee and Owyang, 2017)。然而,刘永冲等(2024)发现,代谢型受体GABAB R基因在草地贪夜蛾幼虫体内的非外周神经组织脂肪体中高表达,并且能够调控幼虫对糖类的取食行为,鉴于昆虫脂肪体在昆虫能量代谢中的重要作用(王荣华等,2022),本研究提出GABAB受体可能通过介导草地贪夜蛾幼虫糖代谢过程调控幼虫对蔗糖味觉感受和取食选择行为的假设。基于此,本文以草地贪夜蛾GABAB R基因为研究对象,拟利用转录组、单感器顶端记录、RNAi等技术揭示GABAB R基因介导的糖代谢变化对幼虫味觉感受和取食行为的影响,为利用GABA信号途径绿色防控草地贪夜蛾等农业害虫提供理论支持。
1. 材料与方法
1.1 供试材料
1.1.1 供试昆虫
草地贪夜蛾幼虫采于中国农业科学院新乡综合试验基地,1龄和2龄幼虫集中用玉米叶片进行饲养,3龄后使用人工饲料单头饲养,人工饲料参考马英等(2023)的配方略作调整,成虫用含有维生素的10%蔗糖溶液饲喂。幼虫在人工气候箱温度为(26 ± 1)℃,相对湿度为(70 ± 5)%,光周期为14 L∶10 D条件下饲养,培养至5龄第2天用于试验。
1.1.2 供试植物
玉米品种为秋乐368,购买于河南省豫艺种业科技发展有限公司,在温室内种植,光周期为16 L∶8 D。
1.2 试验方法
1.2.1 dsRNA制备
首先用Trizol法提取草地贪夜蛾5龄第2天幼虫总RNA,之后反转录为cDNA,利用GABAB R引物进行PCR扩增,反应体系经过琼脂糖凝胶电泳后回收对应条带;再对收集的DNA进行TA克隆,然后进行菌液PCR鉴定并提取质粒,使用T7引物与质粒进行PCR扩增,回收纯化后得到GABAB R-dsRNA模板,之后利用T7 RNAi Transcription Kit(诺唯赞)体外合成试剂盒合成GABAB R-dsRNA,dsRNA于-80℃保存备用。制备GFP-dsRNA用于对照试验(引物序列见表 2)。
1.2.2 GABAB R基因的干涉
参考刘永冲等(2024)方法对草地贪夜蛾5龄第2天的幼虫GABAB R基因进行干涉。具体方法为每头幼虫饥饿6 h后,饲喂10 μg GABAB R-dsRNA,饲喂介质为Whatman玻璃纤维滤纸。幼虫取食4 h后,观察取食情况,取食完2/3片滤纸(约0.3 cm2)才能用于后续试验,以防止取食不充分导致摄入dsRNA量不足。随机挑取单头幼虫进行干涉效率检测。对照组为取食GFP-dsRNA的幼虫。
1.2.3 幼虫对蔗糖的味觉电生理反应
利用单感器记录(Single sensillum recording,SSR)(Syntech,德国)技术测定草地贪夜蛾幼虫GABAB R基因干涉后对1 mmol/L蔗糖的电生理反应。基因干涉如1.2.2所述。电生理测试前将幼虫饥饿4 h,然后切下草地贪夜蛾幼虫头部,插入到SSR的银丝电极上,利用微动操作仪将装有待测试剂的玻璃电极接触幼虫口外颚叶上的侧栓锥感器端部。如果感器内部的味觉受体神经元的活性被激活,其产生的电位依次经过信号放大器、味觉探头(DTP-1)和信号处理系统(IDIC-4)传导至台式电脑硬盘以波形的方式保存。每次刺激时间为2 s,每两次操作间隔不少于2 min,至少测定15头幼虫。处理溶液为溶于KCl的1 mmol/L蔗糖,2 mmol/L KCl作为对照溶液。获得的波形利用Autospike 32软件进行分析,分析幼虫对处理溶液和对照溶液的电位类别及反应频率,从而揭示其对应味觉受体神经元的类别和反应频率。
1.2.4 幼虫GABAB R基因干涉后的转录组信息分析
利用1.2.2所述饲喂法干涉草地贪夜蛾幼虫GABAB R,重复3次。使用Trizol法对虫体进行总RNA提取,之后RNA样品送于上海派森诺生物科技有限公司进行转录组测序。采用第二代测序技术(Next-Generation Sequencing, NGS),基于Illumina HiSeq测序平台,进行双末端(Paired-end,PE)测序。如表 1所示,质控分析表明喂食GFP-dsRNA对照组(CK1、CK2和CK3)Q30分别为94.58%、94.26%、94.49%,喂食GABAB R-dsRNA处理组(dsRNA1、dsRNA2和dsRNA3)Q30为94.45%、94.65%和95.69%。两组测序数据Q30均超过90%,表明测序结果准确可靠。随后,采用DESeq对基因表达进行差异分析,差异倍数|log2Fold Change| ≥ 1,P-value ≤ 0.05。随后对差异基因进行GO和KEGG pathway分析。GO注释通过Blast2 GO程序完成,KEGG Pathway注释采用KOBAS注释系统完成。
表 1 转录组数据质控Table 1 Transcriptome data quality controlSample
样本Raw reads
原始读数Raw size(bp)
原始大小(碱基对)Clean reads
清洁读数Clean size(bp)
清洁大小(碱基对)Error(%)
错误率Q20(%)
Q20比例Q30(%)
Q30比例CK1 51 804 604 7 822 495 204 49 318 898 7 447 153 598 0.003 98.07 94.58 CK2 46 662 598 7 046 052 298 44 463 728 6 714 022 928 0.003 97.99 94.26 CK3 47 170 096 7 122 684 496 44 879 934 6 776 870 034 0.002 98.07 94.49 dsRNA1 46 147 918 6 968 335 618 43 923 580 6 632 460 580 0.002 98.07 94.45 dsRNA2 48 841 336 7 375 041 736 46 452 898 7 014 387 598 0.001 98.17 94.65 dsRNA3 45 949 424 6 938 363 024 43 682 364 6 596 036 964 0.003 98.61 95.69 1.2.5 候选糖代谢相关基因在GABAB R基因干涉幼虫体内的表达
GABAB R基因干涉草地贪夜蛾幼虫和对照幼虫如上述1.2.2和1.2.4所述,利用RT-qPCR法对上述1.5筛选的8个候选糖代谢相关基因表达量进行检测。首先检测RNA的质量与浓度,再反转录为cDNA,之后进行RT-qPCR检测,Ribosomal Protrin L10作为内参基因。采用2-ΔΔCT法分析基因的相对表达量(RT-qPCR引物信息见表 2)。
表 2 本研究引物信息Table 2 Primer information in the study引物名称Primers name 引物序列Primer sequences 目的Aim GABAB R F: GCTGTCGCTTTGGCTTTCAA
R: CACCAAACCCGATACACCGART-qPCR Ribosomal Protein L10 F: TGGGTAAGAAGAAGGCTACG
R: TGTTGATGCGGATGACATRT-qPCR GABAB R F: TCACGTGGTTGGAACGAGAG
R: GCCTCCAAAGGGAAGGTCTCRNAi GFP F: CTTGAAGTTGACCTTGAT
R: TGGTCCCAATTCTCGTGGAACRNAi T7_GABAB R F: GATCACTAATACGACTCACTATAGGGAAAAAGCGCATACACGGCTG
R: GATCACTAATACGACTCACTATAGGGGCTAGAGACACGAAGGGGAARNAi T7_ GFP F: GATCACTAATACGACTCACTATAGGGCTTGAAGTTGACCTTGAT
R: GATCACTAATACGACTCACTATAGGGTGGTCCCAATTCTCGTGGAACRNAi Hexokinase type 2 F: TCACTAGCGCTAAGCGAACC
R: AGTTTGACCGCGAAGTCGATRT-qPCR Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase F: TACCAGATTGATCCCGTGCG
R: AGTCTGTGCGAGGAAGTTGGRT-qPCR Isocitrate dehydrogenase F: ACCACTTTTACGTCCCCGTC
R: TCACACCTATGGGGTAGGCART-qPCR ATP-citrate synthase F: CCCGAACTGTACCTCCGATG
R: TCGAGGAGTACCACGTCTGTRT-qPCR Fructose-1, 6-bisphosphatase 1 F: CACGCCCCCATTTTTACGTC
R: TCCGCCGAAGGTTGCTTATTRT-qPCR Calcium-activated potassium channel slowpoke F: ACGTTCGACGACACGATAGG
R: ACTGTCGTTCACCAGCTCAGRT-qPCR Calmodulin F: TCCTGTCTTCTCAGGGTCGT
R: GACCACCAAATGCAGAGGGART-qPCR Inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate receptor F: TGTACGACCCTCGATACGCT
R: TCTGCATGAAGCCGAAGTGTRT-qPCR 1.2.6 GABAB R基因干涉后幼虫糖含量测定
GABAB R基因干涉草地贪夜蛾幼虫和对照幼虫如上述1.2.2和1.2.4所述。使用葡萄糖含量试剂盒和海藻糖含量试剂盒(苏州格锐思生物科技有限公司)测定处理组和对照组幼虫体内的葡萄糖含量和海藻糖含量,具体操作步骤按照试剂盒说明书进行。
1.2.7 幼虫注射葡萄糖和海藻糖后蔗糖味觉敏感性测定
选取5龄第2天的草地贪夜蛾幼虫,利用微量进样器对幼虫分别注射5 μL的100 mmol/L葡萄糖溶液和100 mmol/L海藻糖溶液,以注射5 μL无菌水的幼虫为对照。幼虫注射后静置50 min,然后检测幼虫对蔗糖的电生理反应。电生理测试同1.2.3。
1.2.8 幼虫注射葡萄糖和海藻糖后对蔗糖的取食选择行为
草地贪夜蛾幼虫分为3组,分别为注射无菌水、注射海藻糖与注射葡萄糖的幼虫。幼虫注射葡萄糖、海藻糖和无菌水注射法如上述1.2.7所述,注射结束后静置50 min,然后测定其对蔗糖的取食选择行为。取食选择法如汤清波和王琛柱(2007)所述,以新鲜健康直径为10 mm的玉米叶碟作为幼虫取食介质,玉米叶碟在1 mmol/L蔗糖溶液浸泡10 min作为处理叶碟,以在蒸馏水中侵泡10 min的玉米叶碟为对照叶碟。取食选择行为在底部预先放置湿润滤纸的的玻璃培养皿(直径为100 mm)内进行,4片处理叶碟和对照叶碟在一个培养皿底部周缘交替放置,然后每个培养皿中放置一头幼虫,观察并测定幼虫对处理叶碟和对照叶碟的取食选择,单头幼虫取食选择停止的标准为该头幼虫取食处理叶碟或对照叶碟约一半面积左右(即约2片叶碟),则停止该头幼虫的取食选择试验,测量并记录每1头幼虫对处理和对照叶碟取食的面积,取食超过6 h达不到结束条件幼虫的数据不被记录。每组处理有效数据量不少于30个,重复3次。
1.3 数据分析
利用Graphpad Prism 9.0作图软件作图。使用SPSS 26.0分析软件对数据进行分析。利用独立样本t检验比较幼虫电生理、基因表达量、糖含量的变化(P < 0.05)。利用配对t检验比较幼虫对甜味物质处理的叶碟和对照叶碟的取食选择指数差异(P < 0.05)。
2. 结果与分析
2.1 GABAB R基因干涉后幼虫蔗糖敏感性的变化
前期研究发现,干涉GABAB R基因能够显著抑制草地贪夜蛾幼虫对糖类物质的取食行为(刘永冲等,2024)。为解释这一现象,本研究利用单感器记录技术测定了5龄幼虫GABAB R基因干涉后味觉受体神经元对蔗糖的电生理反应。结果如图 1所示,对照组幼虫侧栓锥感器对氯化钾和蔗糖的反应频率分别为(18.80 ± 3.405)spikes/s和(42.79 ± 3.521)spikes/s;干涉GABAB R基因后,幼虫的侧栓锥感器对氯化钾和蔗糖的反应频率分别为(18.63 ± 4.298)spikes/s和(31.40 ± 3.548)spikes/s;侧栓锥感器内味觉受体神经元对氯化钾(t = -2.12, df = 19, P = 0.834)的反应没有显著性变化,但对蔗糖的反应显著降低(t = 2.145, df = 18, P < 0.05)。上述结果表明GABAB R基因可能通过影响幼虫侧栓锥内味觉神经元的敏感性来影响其对蔗糖的取食反应。
图 1 草地贪夜蛾幼虫GABAB R基因干涉后对蔗糖的电生理反应注:A,饲喂GFP-dsRNA后幼虫侧栓锥感器对KCl和蔗糖的电生理反应;B,饲喂GABAB R-dsRNA后幼虫侧栓锥感器对KCl和蔗糖的电生理反应;C,幼虫侧栓锥感器对KCl和蔗糖的电生理反应数量统计与差异性分析。图中显示的值为平均值±标准误,上标有星号表示该处理组与对照组差异显著;ns表示该处理组与对照组差异不显著(*,P < 0.05;**,P < 0.01; ***,P < 0.001;ns,P > 0.05;t-检验),下图同。Fig. 1 Electrophysiological responses of Spodoptera frugiperda larvae to sucrose after silencing of the GABAB R geneNote: A, Electrophysiological responses of larval lateral styloconic sensilla to KCl and sucrose after feeding GFP-dsRNA; B, Electrophysiological responses of larval lateral styloconic sensilla to KCl and sucrose after feeding GABAB R-dsRNA; C, Quantitative statistics and differential analysis of electrophysiological responses of larval lateral styloconic sensilla to KCl and sucrose. Data in the figure were mean ± SE, the asterisks above the column indicated significant differences between the two groups, "ns" indicated non-significant differences between two groups (*, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001; ns, P > 0.05; t-test), the same applies to subsequent figures.2.2 GABAB R基因干涉后幼虫糖代谢相关信号基因表达水平的变化
为了进一步阐述GABAB R基因干涉后幼虫对蔗糖行为和味觉感受改变的分子机制,本研究利用RNA-seq筛选草地贪夜蛾幼虫GABAB R基因干涉后诱导的差异表达基因,分析其功能和通路。结果表明,草地贪夜蛾幼虫GABAB R基因干涉后,体内共7 164个基因发生显著性变化,其中4 484个基因显著上调,2 680个基因显著下调(图 2-A),涉及碳水化合物代谢过程(Carbohydrate metabolic process)、葡萄糖分解代谢过程(Glucose catabolic process)、脂肪酸代谢过程(Fatty acid metabolic process)、ATP代谢过程(ATP metabolic process)等999个GO term(图 2-B)。此外,上述差异表达基因涉及柠檬酸循环(Citrate cycle)、糖酵解/糖异生(Glycolysis/Gluconeogenesis)、胰岛素分泌(Insulin secretion)、氧化磷酸化(Oxidative phosphorylation)等73个KEGG通路(图 2-C)。其中,碳水化合物代谢过程(Carbohydrate metabolic process)、葡萄糖分解代谢过程(Glucose catabolic process)、柠檬酸循环(Citrate cycle)、糖酵解/糖异生(Glycolysis/Gluconeogenesis)、胰岛素分泌(Insulin secretion)等在昆虫糖代谢中发挥重要功能作用(图 2-D~I),这些结果表明GABAB R基因干涉可能影响幼虫的糖代谢过程。
图 2 GABAB R基因干涉后草地贪夜蛾幼虫转录组水平分析注:A,差异表基因数量;B,差异表达基因GO功能通路分析;C,差异表达基因KEGG功能通路分析;D-I,干涉GABAB R基因分别对葡萄糖分解代谢过程、细胞葡萄糖稳态、单糖分解代谢过程、糖酵解/糖异生、淀粉和蔗糖代谢和胰岛素信号通路的基因表达的影响。Fig. 2 Transcriptomic analysis of Spodoptera frugiperda larvae with the silenced GABAB R geneNote: A, Number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs); B, GO functional pathway analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs); C, KEGG functional pathway analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs); D-I, Effects of silencing the GABAB receptor gene on the gene expressions related to glucose catabolic process, cellular glucose homeostasis, monosaccharide catabolic process, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, starch and sucrose metabolism, and insulin signaling pathway.2.3 干涉GABAB R基因后幼虫体内糖代谢相关基因表达水平变化
为了验证GABAB R基因对草地贪夜蛾幼虫糖代谢途径的影响,从上述糖代谢相关GO term和KEGG pathway中随机挑取8个功能基因进行RT-qPCR验证。如图 3-A所示,干涉GABAB R基因后,幼虫体内1, 4, 5-三磷酸肌醇受体(Inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate receptor)(t = -9.791,df = 2.081,P < 0.01)基因表达量显著上调;钙调蛋白(Calmodulin)(t = 6.237,df = 4,P < 0.01)、ATP柠檬酸合成酶(ATP-citrate synthase)(t = 7.459,df = 6,P < 0.01)、钙激活钾离子通道slowpoke基因(Calcium-activated potassium channel slowpoke)(t = 9.525,df = 6,P < 0.01)、果糖-1, 6-二磷酸酶(Fructose-1, 6-bisphosphatase)(t = 4.427,df = 4,P < 0.01)、葡萄糖-6-磷酸异构酶(Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase)(t = 17.905,df = 5,P < 0.01)、己糖激酶Ⅱ型(Hexokinase type 2)(t = 62.907,df = 6,P < 0.01)和异柠檬酸脱氢酶(Isocitrate dehydrogenase)(t = 38.229,df = 4,P < 0.01)基因表达量显著下调。进一步,对幼虫体内葡萄糖和海藻糖含量进行测定。如图 3-B、C所示,干涉GABAB R基因后,幼虫体内的葡萄糖(t = -2.316,df = 28,P < 0.05)和海藻糖(t = -3.163,df = 18,P < 0.01)含量均显著上升。上述结果表明,干涉GABAB R基因后,草地贪夜蛾幼虫体内糖代谢发生显著改变。
图 3 草地贪夜蛾幼虫GABAB R基因干涉后糖代谢相关基因表达量验证及糖含量测定注:A,钙调蛋白、ATP-柠檬酸合酶、钙激活钾通道slowpoke基因、果糖-1, 6 -二磷酸酶、6 -磷酸葡萄糖异构酶、己糖激酶、异柠檬酸脱氢酶和三磷酸肌醇受体表达量验证;B,幼虫GABAB R基因干涉后葡萄糖含量测定;C,幼虫GABAB R基因干涉后海藻糖含量测定。Fig. 3 Expression validation of sugar metabolism-related genes and sugar content assay in Spodoptera frugiperda larvae following GABAB R gene silencingNote: A, Verification of the expression levels of calmodulin, ATP-citrate synthase, Calcium-activated potassium channel slowpoke gene, Fructose-1, 6-bisphosphatase, Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, Hexokinase type 2, Isocitrate dehydrogenase and Inositol trisphosphate receptor; B, Determination of glucose content in the larvae after silencing of the GABAB R gene; C, Determination of trehalose content in the larvae after silencing of the GABAB R gene.2.4 幼虫体内葡萄糖和海藻糖水平升高对幼虫味觉敏感性的影响
为了明确血糖内葡萄糖和海藻糖水平对幼虫味觉的影响,分别向幼虫体内注射5 μL葡萄糖和海藻糖溶液(浓度均为100 mmol/L)后,利用单感器记录技术检测幼虫侧栓锥对蔗糖的电生理反应。如图 4所示,分别注射葡萄糖和海藻糖后,幼虫侧栓锥感器对1 mmol/L蔗糖的反应频率分别为(61.04 ± 3.836)spikes/s和(59.59 ± 3.274)spikes/s,均显著低于注射水的幼虫对蔗糖的反应频率(83.09 ± 5.324)spikes/s;幼虫侧栓锥感器内味觉神经元对蔗糖的反应均显著降低(葡萄糖处理组:t = 3.499,df = 37,P < 0.01;海藻糖处理组:t = 3.446,df = 48,P < 0.01),表明草地贪夜蛾幼虫体内葡萄糖和海藻糖水平均能够显著影响侧栓锥感器对蔗糖的味觉敏感性。
图 4 草地贪夜蛾幼虫体内注射葡萄糖和海藻糖后对蔗糖敏感性的影响注:A-C,草地贪夜蛾幼虫注射蒸馏水、海藻糖和葡萄糖后对氯化钾和蔗糖的电生理波形示意图;D,注射蒸馏水、海藻糖、葡萄糖后幼虫侧栓锥对蔗糖反应的变化。图中虚线(下):第一四分位数(Q1),表示数据集中有25%的数据小于或等于这个值;虚线(中):中位数(Median),表示数据集中有50%的数据小于或等于这个值;虚线(上):第三四分位数(Q3),表示数据集中有75%的数据小于或等于这个值。不同字母表示不同处理幼虫口器侧栓锥味觉感器对蔗糖反应差异显著(P < 0.05)。Fig. 4 Effects of injecting glucose and trehalose into Spodoptera frugiperda larvae on their sensitivity to sucroseNote: A-C, Schematic diagrams of the electrophysiological waveforms of S. frugiperda larvae in response to potassium chloride and sucrose after injection with distilled water, trehalose, and glucose; D, Changes in the responses of the lateral styloconic sensilla of the larvae to sucrose after injection with distilled water, trehalose, and glucose. The lower dashed line in the figure: the first quartile (Q1), which indicated that 25% of the data in the dataset was less than or equal to this value; The middle dashed line: the median, which indicated that 50% of the data in the dataset was less than or equal to this value; The upper dashed line: the third quartile (Q3), which indicated that 75% of the data in the dataset was less than or equal to this value. Different letters indicated significant differences in the responses of the lateral styloconic sensilla on the larval mouthparts to sucrose among different treatments (P < 0.05).2.5 幼虫体内葡萄糖和海藻糖水平升高对蔗糖取食选择行为的影响
为了最终明确草地贪夜蛾幼虫体内糖含量变化对蔗糖取食选择的影响,分别向幼虫体内注射5 μL高浓度(100 mmol/L)葡萄糖和海藻糖溶液后,用二项叶碟法进行了蔗糖取食选择实验。如图 5所示,注射蒸馏水的幼虫显著倾向取食蔗糖处理的叶碟(t = -5.935,df = 28,P < 0.01),但是注射高浓度葡萄糖溶液的幼虫对蔗糖处理的叶碟没有呈现显著取食倾向(t = -1.435,df = 32,P = 0.161)。同样地,注射高浓度海藻糖溶液的幼虫对蔗糖处理的叶碟也没有呈现显著取食倾向(t = 0.915,df = 24,P = 0.369)。结果表明,草地贪夜蛾幼虫体内高水平的葡萄糖和海藻糖能够抑制幼虫对蔗糖的取食行为。
3. 结论与讨论
环境中的刺激物质能够激活动物外周神经系统味觉神经元的活性,触发电化学信号级联反应并将信号传到至中枢神经系统(Chaudhari and Roper, 2010)。此外,动物体内代谢信号也会直接通过血脑屏障传入中枢神经系统(Smith and Ferguson, 2014)。中枢神经系统通过整合外周神经信号和体内代谢信号动态调整取食决策,平衡能量摄入与消耗(Williams and Elmquist, 2012)。前期研究已表明,GABAB受体在5龄草地贪夜蛾幼虫脂肪体内高表达,并且显著影响幼虫对蔗糖的取食反应(刘永冲等,2024)。本文进一步发现,GABAB受体能够通过调控幼虫体内糖类代谢相关信号进而影响幼虫对蔗糖的味觉反应和取食行为。
GABAB受体能够调控草地贪夜蛾幼虫体内糖代谢过程。GABAB受体是一种代谢型受体,通过触发cAMP、IP3等信号通路,间接引起离子通道开放;cAMP作为第二信使能够激活PKA系统使下游靶蛋白磷酸化,从而影响细胞代谢和行为,在细胞应答胞外信号过程中发挥重要作用(Koschinski and Zaccolo, 2017;Plank et al.,2024)。本研究表明,干涉草地贪夜蛾幼虫GABAB R基因后,幼虫体内环磷酸腺苷趋化性(Chemotaxis to cAMP)、对环磷酸腺苷的应答(Response to cAMP)、蛋白激酶A调节亚基结合(Protein kinase A regulatory subunit binding)、蛋白激酶A催化亚基结合(Protein kinase A catalytic subunit binding)等相关功能基因发生显著性变化,表明干涉草地贪夜蛾幼虫GABAB受体影响了cAMP-PKA相关信号通路的基因表达。cAMP-PKA通路通过多种机制严格调控动物体内糖代谢过程,如cAMP-PKA通路激活糖酵解重要限速酶磷酸果糖激酶,加速6-磷酸果糖转化为1, 6-二磷酸果糖,推动糖酵解进程(Depre et al.,1998)。cAMP-PKA还能促进胰岛素的合成和释放,维持血糖平衡(Kaihara et al.,2015;Tengholm and Gylfe, 2017)。此外,cAMP-PKA还可以通过关联脂肪酸代谢间接影响糖代谢(Kjaer et al.,2016)。本文结果显示,干涉GABAB R基因后幼虫体内糖酵解/糖异生(Glycolysis/Gluconeogenesis)、葡萄糖分解代谢过程(Glucose catabolic process)、脂肪酸代谢过程(Fatty acid metabolic process)、胰岛素分泌(Insulin secretion)等相关通路基因的表达水平均发生显著变化。进一步研究发现,干涉GABAB R基因后草地贪夜蛾幼虫体内葡萄糖和海藻糖含量显著升高。表明GABAB R基因能够调控cAMP-PKA相关信号通路,如干涉GABAB R基因后使糖代谢相关功能和通路受阻,最终引起幼虫血糖浓度升高。
本研究进一步发现,向草地贪夜蛾幼虫体内分别注射一定水平的葡萄糖和海藻糖后,幼虫对蔗糖的味觉敏感性下降,不再显著趋向取食蔗糖处理的叶碟,表明草地贪夜蛾幼虫体内的葡萄糖和海藻糖水平均能够影响对蔗糖的敏感性和取食选择。这种影响趋势与前期研究发现的GABAB R基因干涉后对蔗糖的味觉敏感性和趋向取食行为均下降的趋势一致(刘永冲等,2024)。这些结果间接表明草地贪夜蛾幼虫体内GABAB受体和幼虫体内糖代谢之间的联系,即GABAB R基因干涉后,影响了幼虫体内糖代谢,导致幼虫体内葡萄糖和海藻糖的积累,从而影响了昆虫对能量物质的需求,在味觉感受上表现为蔗糖敏感性下降,在行为上表现为趋向蔗糖的取食行为不显著。这种体内糖水平影响昆虫味觉感受和取食行为的机制也受到国内外关注。在哺乳动物中,一些代谢信号如葡萄糖、胰岛素、ATP/ADP等,能够直接作用于中枢神经系统,进而影响糖类物质的取食反应,如中枢神经系统通过葡萄糖敏感神经元直接监测血液中的葡萄糖浓度影响糖类取食反应(He et al.,2020;Choi and Kim, 2022);胰岛素信号探测出昆虫血糖中的糖水平后,能够通过血脑屏障进入中枢神经系统,与下丘脑等区域的胰岛素受体结合,抑制相关神经元减少糖类取食反应(Woods and D’Alessio,2022)。
此外,代谢信号还能作用于外周味觉神经元,如胰岛素可通过血液循环作用于外周味觉神经元,调节其膜电位及突触传递效率(王秀丽等,2012);高浓度血糖抑制ATP依赖的神经递质释放,干扰味觉信号传导效率(Kinnamon and Finger, 2013;Sakowicz-Burkiewicz et al.,2013);高浓度血糖还会抑制味觉受体基因,如甜味受体T1R2/T1R3的转录,导致外周味蕾中甜味受体蛋白减少(Chalmers et al.,2014;Nakmura and Ookura, 2016);高浓度血糖还会引起味觉细胞凋亡损伤(范瑞锦等,2016)。本研究发现草地贪夜蛾幼虫GABAB R基因被干涉后,幼虫体内能量代谢、甜味感受、细胞凋亡相关基因发生显著性变化,也证明了GABAB R基因能够通过调控体内糖代谢来调控幼虫的甜味感受和甜味取食选择。
综上所述,本研究表明GABAB受体能够通过调控幼虫体内糖代谢信号途径以介导幼虫对甜味物质的味觉感受和取食行为,但“GABAB受体-代谢信号-甜味感受”之间的互作机制尚需进一步阐明。此外,本研究还发现沉默GABAB R基因能够影响Toll和Imd信号途径(Toll and Imd signaling pathway)、杀虫剂反应途径(Response to insecticide)、防御真菌的途径(Defense response to fungus)等免疫相关基因的表达,表明GABAB受体的多功能调控能力,可能也具有开发昆虫免疫抑制剂的潜力。因此继续解析GABAB受体调控昆虫的生理机制可能为开发鳞翅目入侵害虫绿色靶向新技术提供更多理论支撑。
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图 1 草地贪夜蛾幼虫GABAB R基因干涉后对蔗糖的电生理反应
注:A,饲喂GFP-dsRNA后幼虫侧栓锥感器对KCl和蔗糖的电生理反应;B,饲喂GABAB R-dsRNA后幼虫侧栓锥感器对KCl和蔗糖的电生理反应;C,幼虫侧栓锥感器对KCl和蔗糖的电生理反应数量统计与差异性分析。图中显示的值为平均值±标准误,上标有星号表示该处理组与对照组差异显著;ns表示该处理组与对照组差异不显著(*,P < 0.05;**,P < 0.01; ***,P < 0.001;ns,P > 0.05;t-检验),下图同。
Fig. 1 Electrophysiological responses of Spodoptera frugiperda larvae to sucrose after silencing of the GABAB R gene
Note: A, Electrophysiological responses of larval lateral styloconic sensilla to KCl and sucrose after feeding GFP-dsRNA; B, Electrophysiological responses of larval lateral styloconic sensilla to KCl and sucrose after feeding GABAB R-dsRNA; C, Quantitative statistics and differential analysis of electrophysiological responses of larval lateral styloconic sensilla to KCl and sucrose. Data in the figure were mean ± SE, the asterisks above the column indicated significant differences between the two groups, "ns" indicated non-significant differences between two groups (*, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001; ns, P > 0.05; t-test), the same applies to subsequent figures.
图 2 GABAB R基因干涉后草地贪夜蛾幼虫转录组水平分析
注:A,差异表基因数量;B,差异表达基因GO功能通路分析;C,差异表达基因KEGG功能通路分析;D-I,干涉GABAB R基因分别对葡萄糖分解代谢过程、细胞葡萄糖稳态、单糖分解代谢过程、糖酵解/糖异生、淀粉和蔗糖代谢和胰岛素信号通路的基因表达的影响。
Fig. 2 Transcriptomic analysis of Spodoptera frugiperda larvae with the silenced GABAB R gene
Note: A, Number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs); B, GO functional pathway analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs); C, KEGG functional pathway analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs); D-I, Effects of silencing the GABAB receptor gene on the gene expressions related to glucose catabolic process, cellular glucose homeostasis, monosaccharide catabolic process, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, starch and sucrose metabolism, and insulin signaling pathway.
图 3 草地贪夜蛾幼虫GABAB R基因干涉后糖代谢相关基因表达量验证及糖含量测定
注:A,钙调蛋白、ATP-柠檬酸合酶、钙激活钾通道slowpoke基因、果糖-1, 6 -二磷酸酶、6 -磷酸葡萄糖异构酶、己糖激酶、异柠檬酸脱氢酶和三磷酸肌醇受体表达量验证;B,幼虫GABAB R基因干涉后葡萄糖含量测定;C,幼虫GABAB R基因干涉后海藻糖含量测定。
Fig. 3 Expression validation of sugar metabolism-related genes and sugar content assay in Spodoptera frugiperda larvae following GABAB R gene silencing
Note: A, Verification of the expression levels of calmodulin, ATP-citrate synthase, Calcium-activated potassium channel slowpoke gene, Fructose-1, 6-bisphosphatase, Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, Hexokinase type 2, Isocitrate dehydrogenase and Inositol trisphosphate receptor; B, Determination of glucose content in the larvae after silencing of the GABAB R gene; C, Determination of trehalose content in the larvae after silencing of the GABAB R gene.
图 4 草地贪夜蛾幼虫体内注射葡萄糖和海藻糖后对蔗糖敏感性的影响
注:A-C,草地贪夜蛾幼虫注射蒸馏水、海藻糖和葡萄糖后对氯化钾和蔗糖的电生理波形示意图;D,注射蒸馏水、海藻糖、葡萄糖后幼虫侧栓锥对蔗糖反应的变化。图中虚线(下):第一四分位数(Q1),表示数据集中有25%的数据小于或等于这个值;虚线(中):中位数(Median),表示数据集中有50%的数据小于或等于这个值;虚线(上):第三四分位数(Q3),表示数据集中有75%的数据小于或等于这个值。不同字母表示不同处理幼虫口器侧栓锥味觉感器对蔗糖反应差异显著(P < 0.05)。
Fig. 4 Effects of injecting glucose and trehalose into Spodoptera frugiperda larvae on their sensitivity to sucrose
Note: A-C, Schematic diagrams of the electrophysiological waveforms of S. frugiperda larvae in response to potassium chloride and sucrose after injection with distilled water, trehalose, and glucose; D, Changes in the responses of the lateral styloconic sensilla of the larvae to sucrose after injection with distilled water, trehalose, and glucose. The lower dashed line in the figure: the first quartile (Q1), which indicated that 25% of the data in the dataset was less than or equal to this value; The middle dashed line: the median, which indicated that 50% of the data in the dataset was less than or equal to this value; The upper dashed line: the third quartile (Q3), which indicated that 75% of the data in the dataset was less than or equal to this value. Different letters indicated significant differences in the responses of the lateral styloconic sensilla on the larval mouthparts to sucrose among different treatments (P < 0.05).
表 1 转录组数据质控
Table 1 Transcriptome data quality control
Sample
样本Raw reads
原始读数Raw size(bp)
原始大小(碱基对)Clean reads
清洁读数Clean size(bp)
清洁大小(碱基对)Error(%)
错误率Q20(%)
Q20比例Q30(%)
Q30比例CK1 51 804 604 7 822 495 204 49 318 898 7 447 153 598 0.003 98.07 94.58 CK2 46 662 598 7 046 052 298 44 463 728 6 714 022 928 0.003 97.99 94.26 CK3 47 170 096 7 122 684 496 44 879 934 6 776 870 034 0.002 98.07 94.49 dsRNA1 46 147 918 6 968 335 618 43 923 580 6 632 460 580 0.002 98.07 94.45 dsRNA2 48 841 336 7 375 041 736 46 452 898 7 014 387 598 0.001 98.17 94.65 dsRNA3 45 949 424 6 938 363 024 43 682 364 6 596 036 964 0.003 98.61 95.69 表 2 本研究引物信息
Table 2 Primer information in the study
引物名称Primers name 引物序列Primer sequences 目的Aim GABAB R F: GCTGTCGCTTTGGCTTTCAA
R: CACCAAACCCGATACACCGART-qPCR Ribosomal Protein L10 F: TGGGTAAGAAGAAGGCTACG
R: TGTTGATGCGGATGACATRT-qPCR GABAB R F: TCACGTGGTTGGAACGAGAG
R: GCCTCCAAAGGGAAGGTCTCRNAi GFP F: CTTGAAGTTGACCTTGAT
R: TGGTCCCAATTCTCGTGGAACRNAi T7_GABAB R F: GATCACTAATACGACTCACTATAGGGAAAAAGCGCATACACGGCTG
R: GATCACTAATACGACTCACTATAGGGGCTAGAGACACGAAGGGGAARNAi T7_ GFP F: GATCACTAATACGACTCACTATAGGGCTTGAAGTTGACCTTGAT
R: GATCACTAATACGACTCACTATAGGGTGGTCCCAATTCTCGTGGAACRNAi Hexokinase type 2 F: TCACTAGCGCTAAGCGAACC
R: AGTTTGACCGCGAAGTCGATRT-qPCR Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase F: TACCAGATTGATCCCGTGCG
R: AGTCTGTGCGAGGAAGTTGGRT-qPCR Isocitrate dehydrogenase F: ACCACTTTTACGTCCCCGTC
R: TCACACCTATGGGGTAGGCART-qPCR ATP-citrate synthase F: CCCGAACTGTACCTCCGATG
R: TCGAGGAGTACCACGTCTGTRT-qPCR Fructose-1, 6-bisphosphatase 1 F: CACGCCCCCATTTTTACGTC
R: TCCGCCGAAGGTTGCTTATTRT-qPCR Calcium-activated potassium channel slowpoke F: ACGTTCGACGACACGATAGG
R: ACTGTCGTTCACCAGCTCAGRT-qPCR Calmodulin F: TCCTGTCTTCTCAGGGTCGT
R: GACCACCAAATGCAGAGGGART-qPCR Inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate receptor F: TGTACGACCCTCGATACGCT
R: TCTGCATGAAGCCGAAGTGTRT-qPCR -
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