Comparative morphological study on the ultrastructure of antennal sensillae in two pollinating fig wasps
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摘要:目的
昆虫触角表面密布各种类型的感器,感器的形态、功能、数量及分布模式反映了触角作为信号接收器官所承受的进化压力。作为榕属Ficus spp.植物的专性传粉昆虫,传粉榕小蜂的触角形态不仅受系统发育保守性(Phylogenetic conservatism)的限制,而且被寄主特征塑造。
方法本研究利用扫描电子显微镜技术,对来自不同属的菩提树传粉榕小蜂Platyscapa quadraticeps和壶托榕传粉榕小蜂Blastophaga sp.的触角感器进行了比较。
结果结果表明,Blastophaga sp.和P. quadraticeps的触角总长分别为(791.94 ± 3.04)μm和(672.83 ± 5.22)μm,差异显著。其触角均呈膝状弯曲,由柄节、梗节和鞭节组成。柄节均呈三锥面体状,梗节均呈椭圆状,鞭节由特化的脊骨突(环节)、索节和棒节组成。两种榕小蜂触角上均着生有:波氏鬃毛(BB)、毛型感器(TS)、角锥型感器(OS)、刺型感器(CHS)、栓锥型乳突感器(BCPS)、锥型感器(BS)、多孔板型感器(MPS)7类感器。其中CHS-Ⅱ和BCPS-Ⅱ仅存在于Blastophaga sp.触角、MPS的亚型在P. quadraticeps触角上更为多样。两种榕小蜂的毛型感器和多孔板型感器的数量最多,占比超过50%。多孔板型感器在两种小蜂触角上覆盖面积最大,属于嗅觉感器。
结论综上所述,虽然两种传粉榕小蜂触角的长度存在显著差异,但是整体形态相似。两种小蜂均具有脊骨凸和角锥型感器这一特化结构,该结构在榕小蜂进入榕果时具有撬起苞片,扩大通道的作用,属于榕小蜂科物种的同源性状。嗅觉感器在两种小蜂触角表面种类数最多、数量较多、覆盖面积最大,表明接收气味信号是榕小蜂触角最主要的功能。这两种小蜂触角形态的比较支持稳定选择假设,因此在触角形态上表现出系统发育保守性。
Abstract:AimThe surface of insect antennae is densely covered with various types of sensillae. The morphology, function, quantity, and distribution pattern of these sensillae reflect the evolutionary pressures borne by the antennae as signal-receiving organs. In the specialized pollinating insects of Ficus species, the antenna morphology of pollinating fig wasps is constrained not only by phylogenetic conservatism but also shaped by host traits.
MethodsIn this study, we used scanning electron microscopy to compare the antennal sensillae and morphology of pollinating fig wasps from different genera: Platyscapa quadraticeps (pollinator of Ficus religiosa) and Blastophaga sp. (pollinator of Ficus ischnopoda).
ResultsThe results indicated that the total antenna lengths of Blastophaga sp. and P. quadraticeps were (791.94 ± 3.04) μm and (672.83 ± 5.22) μm, respectively, with a significant difference. Both antennae were geniculate, consisting of the scape, pedicel, and flagellum. The scape was triconical, the pedicel was elliptical, and the flagellum was composed of the hook-shaped apical projection, a funicle, and a clava. On the antennae of both wasps, seven types of sensilla were identified: Böhm's bristles (BB), trichodea sensilla (TS), obscura sensilla (OS), chaetica sensilla (CHS), basiconic capitate peg sensilla (BCPS), basiconica sensilla (BS), and multiporous placoid sensilla (MPS). Among these, CHS-II and BCPS-II were present only on the antennae of Blastophaga sp., while the subtypes of MPS were more diverse on the antennae of P. quadraticeps. TS and MPS were the most abundant in both wasps, representing over 50% of the sensillae. MPS were olfactory sensillae, and they covered the largest surface area of the antennae of both wasp species.
ConclusionIn summary, although there were significant differences in antenna length between the two species of pollinating fig wasps, their overall morphology was similar. Both species possessed specialized structures such as the hook-shaped apical projection and obscura sensillae, which functioned to pry open the apical bracts of the fig and facilitate the wasp's entry into the fig syconium. This modified third antennal segment is a synapomorphy of Agaonidae. For both species, olfactory sensilla were the most numerous sensilla and covered. Clearly, odor perception is the primary function of fig wasp antennae. The comparison of antenna morphology between these two species supports the hypothesis of stabilizing selection, and hence phylogenetic conservatism on antenna morphology.
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Keywords:
- Antenna /
- sensillum /
- pollinating fig wasp /
- scanning electron microscopy /
- olfactory sensilla
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触角是昆虫的主要感觉附肢,其感知功能是通过附着在触角表面的各类感器来实现的,在昆虫觅食、求偶、避敌等过程中发挥重要作用(Wechsler and Bhandawat,2023)。不同类型的感器具有特定的感觉功能,包括化学感器(Chemo sensilla,CS)、机械感器(Mechano sensilla,MS)、温湿度感器(Thermo-hygro sensilla,T-HS)、CO2感器(兰晓娜等,2023)。不同的昆虫类群其触角形态各异,这种差异表现为触角整体结构以及触角感器的功能、形态、数量以及排布模式的不同,反映了其作为重要信号接收器官所承受的进化压力和适应性(Elgar et al.,2018)。
传粉榕小蜂与榕属Ficus植物形成了高度专性的传粉-育幼型互利共生关系(Nursery pollinating mutualisms)(Dufaÿ and Anstett,2003),合作双方相互依存,缺一不可。传粉榕小蜂隶属膜翅目Hymenoptera小蜂总科Chalcidoidea榕小蜂科Agaonidae,它们专性的依赖榕树进行繁殖,具有类似的生活史特征和行为特征(Zhang et al.,2021)。榕属植物具有独特的隐头花序(Syconium)结构,俗称榕果,榕果是榕树与榕小蜂互作的场所。从植物学的角度看,榕果由瓮形的花托上着生的数量众多的两性花(雌花和/或雄花)形成,并在端部被总苞叶封闭,这些苞叶形成了一个狭窄的通道,称为苞片口(Ostiole)(Moe et al.,2012)。亲代传粉榕小蜂通过苞片口进入榕果,在雌花中产卵。从卵的孵化至成虫羽化,榕小蜂生活史的大多数时间在榕果中完成。羽化后的榕小蜂成虫携带花粉飞出榕果,寻找新的产卵场所。在榕小蜂寻找新寄主的过程中,榕树并不能像其他植物那样通过花的颜色或形态来释放视觉信号吸引传粉榕小蜂,而是以挥发性气味作为吸引传粉者的信号。由于传粉榕小蜂寿命极短,迅速地找到适宜的榕果产卵、传粉是保证其生存、繁殖的基础。而对挥发性气味的准确识别是找到正确寄主和合适果期的关键(Proffit et al.,2008)。传粉榕小蜂在进入榕果产卵的过程中需要通过苞片口进入榕果内部产卵。在这一过程中,触角不仅具有感知作用,而且可能发挥着协助小蜂进入榕果的行为功能(Kjellberg et al.,2005)。
榕小蜂的触角密布各种不同类型的感器,主要包括以下7类(Yang et al.,2018;刘志祥等,2021):波氏鬃毛(Böhm bristles,BB)、毛型感器(Trichodea sensilla,TS)、角锥型感器(Obscura sensilla,OS)、刺型感器(Chaetica sensilla,CHS)、栓锥型乳突感器(Basiconic capitate peg sensilla,BCPS)、锥型感器(Basiconica sensilla,BS)以及多孔板型感器(Multiporous placoid sensilla,MPS)。榕小蜂触角感器的类型主要依据形态划分,并且感器的形态反映了其生物学功能。例如:表面具备微孔的是化学感器,机械和温湿度感器则不具备微孔;另一个重要的辨别特征是基部窝孔:具有可自由活动的灵活窝孔是机械或接触性化学感器、而基部为嵌入或不可移动窝孔的则为化学或温湿度感器(Ando et al.,2019)。
榕树可分为雌雄同株(Monoecious)和功能性雌雄异株(Diecious)。雌雄同株榕树一般是高大的乔木,需要远距离吸引传粉者前来传粉,而雌雄异株榕树通常生活在林下,传粉者扩散的距离并不远。传粉者扩散距离的差异可能会导致不同的化学通讯模式并塑造不同的触角形态。菩提树Ficus religiosa和壶托榕Ficus ischnopoda是广泛分布于西双版纳的两种榕树。菩提树隶属榕亚属Subgen. Urostigma,雌雄同株,榕果呈扁球形,直径约15 mm,果表面光滑。壶托榕隶属无花果亚属Subgen. Ficus,雌雄异株,榕果呈圆柱形,直径约8 mm,果表面具槽纹、基部缩成一短柄。它们的传粉榕小蜂分别为Platyscapa quadraticeps和Blastophaga sp.。那么,两种榕小蜂隶属不同属,与具有不同繁育方式的寄主互作,其触角形态具有怎样的特点?是否能反映其对寄主生态特征的进化适应性?由于传粉榕小蜂的寄主是同属植物、生存环境和方式相似,我们假设它们承受着类似的进化压力,从而导致形态上的相似性。本研究采用扫描电子显微镜技术观察菩提树和壶托榕传粉榕小蜂雌蜂触角感器的类型、数量、分布。探讨两者之间的差异及不同感器的功能,为后续的电生理实验提供基础。对传粉榕小蜂触角感器的比较形态学研究,有助于理解不同繁育类型的寄主-传粉榕小蜂的化学通讯模式,为进一步揭示专性互利共生系统化学通讯机制以及物种多样化过程提供指示性证据。
1. 材料与方法
1.1 样品采集
本研究的昆虫标本采自中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园及周边地区(21°56′N,101°15′E,海拔580 m)。首先,在野外观察到处于即将出蜂的D期(雄花期)菩提树和壶托榕的榕果,使用纱网袋(120目)收集榕果,将榕果带回实验室。待小蜂自然羽化、飞出榕果后,将雌蜂保存在75%乙醇中,并放置于4℃冰箱中待用。
1.2 扫描电镜观察
样品制备及观察方法如下(Yang et al.,2018):将保存好的雌性传粉榕小蜂取出、并用10%的生理盐水洗涤3次后,在显微镜下挑选触角形态完好的个体置于PBS缓冲液(pH7.2)中,超声波清洗仪(SK1200H,上海汉克科学仪器有限公司)清洗60 s。然后将样品置于2.5%戊二醛固定液中,在4℃下保存4 h待用。戊二醛作为固定液的作用:a.稳定性:使样本在SEM的高真空环境中能够保持较好的稳定性;b.增强导电性:经过戊二醛固定后的样本能更好的使金属粒子附着其表面;c.兼容性:戊二醛可以与后续的乙醇和醋酸异戊酯等试剂兼容,不破坏结构;d.减少收缩和保持形态:可以减少样本在脱水过程中的收缩程度以及保持其外部形态。将固定好的样品放入PBS缓冲液(pH7.2)中漂洗3次,之后将漂洗好的样品依次放入(50%、75%、80%、90%、95%乙醇)进行逐级脱水,每次10 min。在无水乙醇中脱水20 min,最后在乙酸异戊酯置换15 min。完成脱水后,样品经CO2临界点干燥仪(K850,QuorumTech. Ltd. UK,Austria)干燥后,于体视显微镜(XTL-165-VT,江西凤凰光学科技有限公司)下摘取触角。为确保获得准确的触角感器类型的分布情况,按照背面、腹面和侧腹面3个方向在带有双面导电胶的电镜样品台上进行定向粘台。然后,将样品台经离子溅射镀膜仪(Q150R S,Quorum Tech. Ltd. UK,Ashford,Kent,England,UK)进行直镀2次,对90°、180°、270°、360° 4个角度各侧镀1次,每次8 min,保证在扫描电镜下各个角度曝光程度一致。镀金完成后用扫描电子显微镜(EVO LS10,Carl Zeiss Microscopy Ltd.,Cambridge CB1 3js,United Kingdom)进行观察拍照,扫描电压为10 Kv。为了展示可能的形态变异,每种榕小蜂均做6头个体。
1.3 感器分类
本研究中,对榕小蜂触角感器的命名与分类,依据感器的形态、分布、表面是否具孔、基部凹槽及相对于触角表面的嵌入方式等特征进行(Ware and Compton,1992;Elgar et al.,2018;Yang et al.,2018)。本文中触角和感器的缩写参考(表 1)。
表 1 本文所涉及的缩写说明Table 1 The abbreviations used in this study缩写Abbreviation 英文全称
Complete English name中文名称
Chinese appellationRd Radicula 转节 Sc Scape 柄节 Pe Pedicel 梗节 An Anellus 环节 Ho Hook-shaped apical projection 脊骨突 Ap Apical process 突刺 Fu Funicle 索节 Cl Clava 棒节 Fl Flagellum 鞭节 fu1-fu4 1-4 Funicle 1至4索节 cl1-cl4 1-4 Clava 1至4棒节 F1-F11 1-11 Flagellomeres 1至11鞭亚节 BB Böhm bristles 波氏鬃毛 TS Trichodea sensilla 毛型感器 CHS Chaetica sensilla 刺型感器 BCPS Basiconica capitate peg sensilla 栓锥型乳突感器 BS Basiconica sensilla 锥型感器 OS Obscura sensilla 角锥型感器 MPS-E Elongated multiporous placoid sensilla 延伸形多孔板型感器 注:全文缩写与此表保持一致。Note: The abbreviations in the full text were consistent with this table. 1.4 数据分析
使用Adobe Photoshop CC2023去除拍摄背景杂质,并使用Image J(Schneider et al.,2012)测量触角及各类感器形态数据,同时测量并计算了多孔板型感器的面积(Ware and Compton,1992)。对触角和感器的长、宽的比较采用独立样本t检验。由于感器数量不符合正态分布,因此采用非参数Mann-Whitney U test进行显著差异性分析。所有分析均在R4.3.3中进行(R Core Team,2024)。
2. 结果与分析
2.1 两种传粉小蜂触角整体结构的比较
两种传粉榕小蜂触角均呈膝状,由柄节(Scape,Sc)、梗节(Pedicel,Pe)、鞭节(Flagellum,Fl)三部分组成(图 1)。两种传粉小蜂的柄节均呈三锥面体状,柄节与头部通过转节(Radicula,Rd)相连。转节与柄节间有一明显分界线,转节较为短小,且位于头部的触角窝内,是柄节的一部分。Blastophaga sp.柄节的腹面具有很多环形褶皱、而P. quadraticeps则较为光滑。梗节呈椭圆状,从腹面可观察到梗节与柄节是靠一节间膜相连。鞭节是触角最长的部分,也是两种传粉榕小蜂外形差异最大的部分,约占触角总长的3/4,由11个鞭小节组成。鞭节分为三部分—环节(Anellus,An)、索节(Funicle,Fu)、棒节(Clava,Cl)(图 1)。在P. quadraticeps触角上环节存在融合现象(An1+An2+An3)、顶端钝圆且无延长的突刺(Apical process,Ap)(图 1-a2)。Blastophaga sp.触角上An分为独立的三小节(An1、An2、An3)、顶端尖细且具备延长的突刺(图 1-b2)。两种传粉榕小蜂触角的鞭节部分均从第一索节开始向棒节逐渐膨大。P. quadraticeps的第1~4索节外形细长、第5~7索节外形宽大、棒节为第8~11鞭小节构成的锤头棒节(图 1-a1、a2)。Blastophaga sp.整体各鞭小节之间外形差异不大,但在第9~11鞭小节基部之间因连接更为紧密形成锤头棒节(图 1-b2)。
图 1 壶托榕和菩提树传粉榕小蜂雌蜂触角整体形态注:菩提树传粉榕小蜂触角背面观(a1)和腹面观(a2);壶托榕传粉榕小蜂触角背面观(b1)和腹面观(b2);Rd,转节;Sc,柄节;Pe,梗节;An,环节;Fu,索节;Cl,棒节;Fl,鞭节;F1~F11,1~11鞭亚节;Ho,脊骨突;Ap,突刺;比例尺=100 μm;图中缩写与表 1保持一致。Fig. 1 Antennal morphology of Blastophaga sp. and Platyscapa quadraticepsNote: P. quadraticeps dorsal view (a1) and ventral view (a2); Blastophaga sp. dorsal view (b1) and ventral view (b2); Rd, Radicula; Sc, Scape; Pe, Pedicel; An, Anellus; Fu, Funicle; Cl, Clava; Fl, Flagellum; F1~F11, Flagellomere segment 1 to Flagellomere segment 11; Ho, Hook-shaped apical projection; Ap, Apical process; Scale bar = 100 μm; The abbreviations in the figure were consistent with Table 1.Blastophaga sp.和P. quadraticeps的触角总长分别为(791.94 ± 3.04)μm和(672.83 ± 5.22)μm,在种间具有极显著差异(t=19.73,df=10,P<0.01)。除梗节长度外(t=1.60,df=10,P>0.05),其余触角各亚节的长度间都具有显著差异(图 2-a)。P. quadraticeps的触角第4鞭小节(t=11.79,df=10,P<0.01)、第5鞭小节(t=19.19,df=10,P<0.01)、第6鞭小节(t=15.74,df=10,P<0.01)和第7鞭小节(t=4.89,df=10,P<0.01)以及梗节(t=7.37,df=10,P<0.01)的宽度相比Blastophaga sp.明显更窄,P. quadraticeps的触角柄节(t=-20.90,df=10,P<0.01)、环节(t=-4.66,df=10,P<0.01)、第8鞭小节(t=-6.69,df=10,P<0.01)、第9鞭小节(t=-20.60,df=10,P<0.01)、第10鞭小节(t=-11.77,df=10,P<0.01)和第11鞭小节(t=-6.89,df=10,P<0.01)的宽度均显著宽于Blastophaga sp.(P<0.01)(图 2-b)。
图 2 壶托榕和菩提树传粉榕小蜂雌蜂触角各节的长度和宽度注:a,每个触角节的长度;b,每个触角节的宽度;采用独立样本t检验进行比较;NS,P>0.05;**,P<0.01;***,P<0.001;所示数值为平均值±标准误;图中缩写与表 1保持一致。Fig. 2 Comparison of the antennal segment length and width between Blastophaga sp. and Platyscapa quadraticepsNote: a, Length of each antennal segment; b, Width of each antennal segment; Comparisons were conducted using an independent samples t-test; NS, P > 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001; Columns and bars represented mean ± standard error; The abbreviations in the figure were consistent with Table 1.2.2 两种传粉小蜂感器类型的比较
两种传粉小蜂的触角上总共发现了7类12种感器。每种感器在形态特征之间具有明显差异,各种感器数量在不同位置及总数也都有所差异(详见网络版增强出版材料附表 1),对两种传粉榕小蜂各种感器特征和数量的比较以及触角上的分布如下。
2.2.1 波氏鬃毛(Böhm bristles,BB)
波氏鬃毛固定分布于两种传粉榕小蜂触角转节、转节与柄节的连接处、柄节与梗节的节间膜(详见网络版增强出版材料附图 1-a1、b1、c;附表 1)。该感器外形如刺,整体较粗、呈刚毛状,直立或与触角表面成一定角度,顶部钝圆且表面光滑无孔,基部插入一窝孔并位于一个圆形的凹槽内(附图 2-a、b)。P. quadraticeps的BB长度为(7.7 ± 0.46)μm、宽度为(1.27 ± 0.04)μm,Blastophaga sp.的BB长度为(6.43 ± 0.32)μm、宽度为(1.34 ± 0.04)μm。P. quadraticeps触角上BB的长度显著高于Blastophaga sp.(t=-2.274,df=22,P<0.05),宽度在两榕小蜂之间无显著差异(t=1.429,df=22,P=0.167)。触角上BB的数量,P. quadraticeps要显著高于Blastophaga sp.(U=1,P<0.01)(详见网络版增强出版材料附表 1)。
2.2.2 毛型感器(Trichodea sensilla,TS)
毛型感器分布于两传粉榕小蜂触角上除转节外的所有节段,是分布最为广泛的一类感器。TS在Blastophaga sp.触角上散生分布且数量较多,仅环节和第4鞭小节数量较少;在P. quadraticeps触角上主要集中分布于柄节,鞭节上非常稀少(详见网络版增强出版材料附表 1;附图 3-a~e)。此感器外形整体细长、呈毛状,依据在触角上分布位置的不同,其基部形态呈环状内陷或略微隆起的窝孔(详见网络版增强出版材料附图 4-g)。感器从基部开始向端部逐渐变细、有些端部还会下垂弯曲,表面无孔、且具有多条纵向沟槽并从基部一直延伸至端部(详见网络版增强出版材料附图 2-e、f)。触角上不同位置的TS长度不同。P. quadraticeps柄节、梗节上的TS长度为(26.95 ± 1.03)μm、宽度为(1.24 ± 0.03)μm,鞭节上的长度为(9.9 ± 0.54)μm、宽度为(1.11 ± 0.06)μm。Blastophaga sp.柄节、梗节上的TS长度为(11.71 ± 0.55)μm、宽度为(1.21 ± 0.03)μm,鞭节上的长度为(25.31 ± 1.05)μm、宽度为(1.25 ± 0.04)μm。柄节、梗节上TS的长度P. quadraticeps显著高于Blastophaga sp.(t=-13.10,df=18,P<0.01),宽度在两榕小蜂之间无显著差异(t=-0.82,df=18,P=0.43)。鞭节上TS的长度Blastophaga sp.极显著高于P. quadraticeps(t=13.07,df=18,P<0.01),宽度在两榕小蜂之间无明显差异(t=1.91,df=18,P=0.07)。此感器在两种传粉榕小蜂触角上的数量占比均为最高(Blastophaga sp.为67.2%、P. quadraticeps为31%)(图 4),Blastophaga sp.触角上所具TS数量显著高于P. quadraticeps(U=36,P<0.01)(图 3,详见网络版增强出版材料附表 1)。
图 3 壶托榕和菩提树传粉榕小蜂触角感器类型及数量注:采用Mann-Whitney U test进行比较,NS,P>0.05;**,P<0.01;图中黑色方块表示为平均值±标准误;感器缩写与表 1保持一致。Fig. 3 Types and numbers of antennal sensilla in the Blastophaga sp. and Platyscapa quadraticepsNote: The comparisons were performed using the Mann-Whitney U test, NS, P > 0.05; **, P < 0.01; Black squares in the figure represented the mean ± standard error; The abbreviations for the sensilla were consistent with Table 1.2.2.3 角锥型感器(Obscura sensilla,OS)
角锥型感器在两种传粉榕小蜂触角上都固定分布于梗节的背面(详见网络版增强出版材料附图 1-a2、b2、d)。此感器呈锥状,表面无孔且具若干纵向沟槽从基部延伸至端部,轴向朝向头部(与其他感器类型相反),基部插入一个椭圆形的内陷窝孔内并平伏于梗节背面,且基部处凹陷较深、端部处则较浅;在外部形态上两种传粉榕小蜂之间有略微的差异:P. quadraticeps的OS相比Blastophaga sp.基部更宽、整体更粗大且沟槽更为明显(详见网络版增强出版材料附图 2-c、d);P. quadraticeps的OS长度为(10.98 ± 0.13)μm、宽度为(1.9 ± 0.04)μm,Blastophaga sp.的OS长度为(17.09 ± 0.36)μm、宽度为(1.78 ± 0.05)μm。Blastophaga sp.触角上的OS长度显著高于P. quadraticeps(t=16.01,df=38,P<0.01),宽度在两榕小蜂之间无显著差异(t=-2.01,df=38,P=0.05)。在数量上,两榕小蜂之间无显著差异(U=14,P=0.57)(图 3,详见网络版增强出版材料附表 1)。
2.2.4 刺型感器(Chaetica sensilla,CHS)
刺型感器的CHS-Ⅰ在Blastophaga sp.触角上仅分布于环节,在P. quadraticeps触角上分布于柄节、梗节、环节,数量较多,位于柄节背面(附图 1-a1、b1、b2;附表 1)。此感器长度较短,呈短刺状,整体刚直、尖细、表面光滑无孔,基部位于一明显内陷的圆形凹槽内并从触角表面直接凸起,平伏表面或呈一定夹角(附图 2-g、h)。依据外形差异可分为两亚型:P. quadraticeps的CHS-Ⅰ长度为(2.41 ± 0.63)μm、宽度为(0.79 ± 0.13)μm,Blastophaga sp.的CHS-Ⅰ长度为(2.09 ± 0.27)μm、宽度为(0.42 ± 0.17)μm。CHS-Ⅱ仅分布于Blastophaga sp.第二环节的腹面端部,且仅有一个,外形呈楔形,相比CHS-Ⅰ更为宽大,长度为(2.09 ± 0.27)μm、宽度为(0.42 ± 0.17)μm(附图 1-c;附表 1)。P. quadraticeps触角上的CHS-Ⅰ的宽度显著高于Blastophaga sp.(t=-6.97,df=30,P<0.01),长度在两榕小蜂之间无显著差异(t=-1.86,df=30,P=0.08)。P. quadraticeps触角上所具CHS-Ⅰ数量显著高于Blastophaga sp.(U=0,P<0.01)(图 3,详见网络版增强出版材料附表 1)。
2.2.5 栓锥型乳突感器(Basiconic capitate peg sensila,BCPS)
栓锥型乳突感器的BCPS-Ⅰ在触角分布位置上有明显区别:Blastophaga sp.的BCPS-Ⅰ分布于第5至第11鞭小节的腹侧面端部边缘、每节1个,是一类较为微小的感器,周围常围绕毛型和板型感器;P. quadraticeps的BCPS-Ⅰ分布于第8至第11鞭小节(详见网络版增强出版材料附图 3-b、e;附图 4-b;附表 1);BCPS-Ⅱ仅分布于Blastophaga sp.触角第2棒节和第3棒节的腹面连接处形似一个坑洞内,聚集出现,数量为4~6个(详见网络版增强出版材料附图 4-a;附表 1)。此感器的外形较为独特,基本特征为其基部从触角表面直接突起、无窝孔,表面密布微孔。依据分布位置及外部形态可分为两亚型(详见网络版增强出版材料附图 4-c、d、f):BCPS-Ⅰ为两种传粉榕小蜂都具备的亚型;基部较宽并位于一个圆形的凹陷内、且与周围表面有一明显的分界凹槽、向上至中部逐渐向内收缩后呈一短柄、上部膨大,表面有若干由微孔构成的纵向沟槽且不在顶端愈合,外形呈乳状突起,直立于触角表面,外形在两种传粉榕小蜂触角上无明显差异(详见网络版增强出版材料附图 4-c、d)。BCPS-Ⅱ长度较长且粗大,基部膨大与触角表面相连,顶端钝圆,形似锥体、直立不弯曲,表面密布明显的大量微孔,长度为(7.72 ± 0.85)μm、宽度为(2.79 ± 0.26)μm(详见网络版增强出版材料附图 4-a、f、h)。Blastophaga sp.的BCPS-Ⅰ长度为(3.79 ± 0.05)μm、宽度为(2.20 ± 0.08)μm,P. quadraticeps的BCPS-Ⅰ长度为(3.29 ± 0.05)μm、宽度为(2.13 ± 0.06)μm。Blastophaga sp.触角上BCPS-Ⅰ的长度显著高于P. quadraticeps(t=7.08,df=18,P<0.01),宽度在两榕小蜂之间没有显著差异(t=0.69,df=18,P=0.50)。Blastophaga sp.触角上所具BCPS-Ⅰ和BCPS-Ⅱ数量均显著高于P. quadraticeps(U=36,P<0.01)(详见网络版增强出版材料附表 1;图 3)。
2.2.6 锥型感器(Basiconica sensilla,BS)
锥型感器在两种传粉榕小蜂触角上分布位置有差异:在Blastophaga sp.触角上只存在于第3棒节末端,且仅有1个,而P. quadraticeps触角上存在于第5和第6鞭小节的腹侧面端部边缘具有1个,以及在第4棒节末端具4个(详见网络版增强出版材料附图 3-c、d、e;附图 4-a、b;附表 1)。此感器的轴端高于其余感器类型水平线,且直立于触角表面,形态较粗为锥形,表面光滑具微孔(详见网络版增强出版材料附图 4-e)。P. quadraticep的BS长度为(18.03 ± 0.27)μm、宽度为(2.37 ± 0.39)μm,Blastophaga sp.的BS长度为(9.59 ± 0.19)μm、宽度为(2.24 ± 0.07)μm。P. quadraticep触角上BS长度显著高于Blastophaga sp.(t=-22.85,df=22,P<0.01),宽度在两榕小蜂之间没有显著差异(t=-0.73,df=22,P=0.48)。P. quadraticeps触角上所具BS数量显著高于Blastophaga sp.(U=0,P<0.01)(详见网络版增强出版材料附表 1;图 3)。
2.2.7 多孔板型感器(Multiporous placoid sensilla,MPS)
多孔板型感器是榕小蜂触角上最为重要且典型的一类感器,基本外形呈伸长的板状结构(Elongated multiporous placoid sensilla),但变异较大、外形多样性较高,在不同物种甚至在同物种内的雌雄之间都具有较大的差异,最大的特征是表面具备大量微孔,且覆盖于整个触角的鞭节。此感器在触角上还存在不同的排列方式:Ⅰ型(单层排列)、Ⅱ型(多层排列),其端部与触角主轴还存在不同的分离程度:(5% ~ 25%,赋值0;25% ~ 50%,赋值1;50% ~ 75%,赋值2)。多孔板型感器表面密布大量微孔、平附或部分分离与触角表面,是两种传粉榕小蜂触角上覆盖面积最大感器,分布于第5鞭小节至末棒节,MPS周围还分布着其他类型的感器(TS、BCPS、BS)(图 1)。这两种传粉榕小蜂MPS的基本类型都属于MPS-E(延申形多孔板型感器),外形呈长条状,感器基部从触角表面直接突起并高于触角主轴水平线、基部至端部宽度基本一致、端部略微收缩呈钝圆状或三角状,表面密布大量微孔(附图 4-i~l)。依据不同的排列方式和与触角主轴的分离程度可分为4亚型:(1)MPS-EⅠ0(单层排列、远端略微分离),分布于P. quadraticeps触角第2至第4索节,从基部至端部隆起高度逐渐抬高、端部钝圆(图 1-a1、a2;详见网络版增强出版材料附图 3-c、g;附图 4-j),长度为(44.67 ± 3.57)μm、宽度为(4.81 ± 0.56)μm。(2)MPS-EⅠ1(单层排列、至多一半分离),分布于P. quadraticeps触角第1至第4棒节的背侧面,紧密嵌于触角节表面、外形细长、端部呈三角状(图 1-a1;详见网络版增强出版材料附图 3-d、h;附图 4-k),长度为(61.84 ± 2.66)μm、宽度为(5.73 ± 0.46)μm。(3)MPS-EⅠ2(单层排列、超过2/3分离),分布于P. quadraticeps触角第1至第4棒节的腹侧面,外形与MPS-EⅠ1一致,但与触角主轴的分离程度非常高,仅留有基部的约25%与主轴相连(图 1-a2;详见网络版增强出版材料附图 3-e、h;附图 4-l);长度为(65.40 ± 5.81)μm、宽度为(6.10 ± 0.42)μm。(4)MPS-EⅡ0(多层排列、远端略微分离),分布于Blastophaga sp.触角的整个鞭节上,感器整体平伏于触角节表面,外形呈较为短小的长椭圆形,基部与端部宽度一致、中部较为宽大、端部钝圆,与周围大量的毛型感器交错覆盖于每个鞭小节(图 1-b1、b2;详见网络版增强出版材料附图 3-a、b、f;附图 4-i),长度为(28.1 ± 0.52)μm、宽度为(4.55 ± 0.12)μm。P. quadraticeps触角上的MPS-EⅠ0长度极显著高于Blastophaga sp.触角上的MPS-EⅡ0(t=-14.33,df=22,P<0.01),宽度在两榕小蜂之间无显著差异(t=-1.25,df=22,P=19.91);MPS-EⅠ1长(t=-36.32,df=22,P<0.01)和宽(t=-6.64,df=22,P<0.01)均极显著高于MPS-EⅡ0;MPS-EⅠ2长(t=-21.23,df=22,P<0.01)和宽(t=-9.23,df=22,P<0.01)均显著高于MPS-EⅡ0。P. quadraticeps触角上共具备3种亚型的MPS-E(Ⅰ0、Ⅰ1、Ⅰ2),Blastophaga sp.触角仅存在一种MPS-EⅡ0,Blastophaga sp.触角的MPS总数(123 ± 3)和总表面积(0.63 ± 0.014)均显著高于P. quadraticeps触角的MPS总数(54 ± 1)和总表面积(0.3 ± 0.006)(U=36,P<0.01)(详见网络版增强出版材料附表 1)。从总体占比来看,MPS在感器总数的占比仅次于TS(Blastophaga sp.为22%;P. quadraticeps为26%),并且TS和MPS在所有的感器总数中占比超过50%(Blastophaga sp.为89.2%;P. quadraticeps为57%)(图 4),这与两者广泛分布的特点有关。
3. 结论与讨论
两种传粉小蜂触角整体均呈膝状,由柄节、梗节、鞭节三部分组成,Blastophaga sp.的触角显著长于P. quadraticeps。两种传粉榕小蜂触角均具有7类感器,分别是:波氏鬃毛、毛型感器、刺型感器、栓锥型乳突感器、锥型感器、多孔板型感器以及角锥型感器。对于两种传粉小蜂,毛型感器与多孔板型感器都是数量最多的两类感器。毛型感器分布于所有触角节段,多孔板型感器覆盖于所有鞭小节。栓锥型感器、锥型感器数量稀少、仅分布于鞭节。波氏鬃毛分布于转节和柄节的节间膜。角锥型感器数量较多、仅分布于梗节。刺型感器Ⅰ型在Blastophaga sp.触角上数量稀少,仅分布于环节,在P. quadraticeps触角上数量较多,分布于柄节、梗节、环节。刺型感器Ⅱ型数量仅有一个,仅分布于Blastophaga sp.触角的环节。
波氏鬃毛在触角上有两处分布,均位于节间连接处,推测其具有感知机械刺激、识别触角位置和协调运动的功能(Huang et al.,2018;Yang et al.,2018),是一种本体感器(Elgar et al.,2018)。毛型感器主要分布在鞭节,可能是一种机械感器(Keil,1999;Gao et al.,2007;van Baaren et al.,2007)。刺型感器分布在柄节、梗节、环节,其分布位置更容易接触榕果苞片,可能在榕小蜂通过苞片口时发挥作用(Li et al.,2009)。刺型感器和波氏鬃毛可能与传粉榕小蜂在飞行中和进果过程中的感知能力有关(van Baaren et al.,2007)。
触角上种类数最多的感器是具有嗅觉功能的感器类型,其突出特征是感器表面具有微孔。虽然多孔板型感器、栓锥型乳突感器、锥型感器表面都具备微孔,但它们的功能不尽相同。多孔板型感器是膜翅目昆虫最典型的嗅觉感器,在接收远距离挥发性气味中起关键作用(van Baaren et al.,2007)。已有电生理实验证明多孔板型感器是一种浓度依赖型感器,对植物挥发物有非常灵敏的感知能力(Ochieng et al.,2000)。榕小蜂的多孔板型感器具有多种亚型,并且还存在延长、增多、排列方式差异和分离程度不同等现象(Ware and Compton,1992;李宗波等,2014),这样的形态变异可以提高与空气接触的表面积(Aldworth and Stopfer,2012),使更多气味分子进入触角。栓锥型乳突感器的内部具有树状突且壁上有微孔(Li et al.,2009),据此推测其具备感知气味分子的能力,是嗅觉感器(Keil,1999;Gao et al.,2007)。栓锥型乳突感器的嗅觉感知能力可能取决于其壁的厚度,而且感器壁对化学物质具有选择性(Silva et al.,2010)。锥型感器弯曲且平行于触角,不易接触果壁,其内部结构薄壁多孔、含大量树状突,可能具有嗅觉功能(Li et al.,2009)。依据其所处位置推测锥型感器是一种能感知榕果表面低挥发性化合物的嗅觉感器(Ochieng et al.,2000;Gao et al.,2007)。
脊骨突和角锥型感器可能在小蜂进入榕果时撬动和挖掘苞片(Li et al.,2009;Yang et al.,2018),从而使传粉榕小蜂顺利通过苞片口。传粉榕小蜂都具备脊骨突,但有的较为尖锐、而有的较为钝圆,这种差异可能与对应榕果苞片口的紧密程度有关。本研究中壶托榕传粉榕小蜂的脊骨突比菩提树传粉榕小蜂更尖锐,推测壶托榕的苞片比菩提树更紧密。此外,位于梗节背侧的角锥型感器的着生方向与触角整体的延申方向相反,可能具有类似下颚骨瓣的附着作用,可防止传粉榕小蜂在进入榕果时从苞片口滑落(Weiblen,2002)。
综上,本研究的结果表明,来自不同属的传粉榕小蜂触角呈现出类似的整体结构、感器类型和分布特征。这种相似性支持稳定选择假设,榕小蜂的触角形态可能是系统发育保守的。此外,榕树的繁育方式、生态型以及榕果的结构都可能影响榕小蜂触角的形态。但是,上述特征可能都与榕树的系统发育密切相关,而且特征之间也具有强相关性。因此,榕小蜂触角形态究竟是由其对榕果特征的适应导致还是其他榕树特征(例如:繁育系统、生态型)塑造,尚无法给出定论。今后的研究应系统采集更多传粉榕小蜂种类,结合分子系统发育数据,进行触角感器的特征演化分析。同时,结合榕果的物理特征,特别是苞片口形态和挥发性气味以及榕小蜂寄主识别和进果行为进行综合分析,将能深入的解释传粉榕小蜂触角形态及感器适应性演化的机理。
附录:附表 1 壶托榕和菩提树传粉榕小蜂雌蜂感器在触角上的丰度与分布位置
附图 1 壶托榕和菩提树传粉榕小蜂触角转节、柄节、梗节和环节形态及感器
附图 2 两种传粉榕小蜂的波氏鬃毛、角锥型感器、毛型感器、刺型感器Ⅰ型超微形态
附图 3 两种传粉榕小蜂索节、棒节形态及附着的各类感器
附图 4 两种传粉榕小蜂栓锥型乳突感器、锥型感器、毛型感器、多孔板型感器超微形态
详细数据见网络版增强出版材料(http://hjkcxb.alljournals.net/)
附表 1 壶托榕和菩提树传粉榕小蜂雌蜂感器在触角上的丰度与分布位置Appendix Table 1 Abundances and distribution of sensilla on the antennae of Blastophaga sp. and Platyscapa quadraticepsSensilla Subtype Species Rd Sc Pe Flagellum Total An(F1, 2, 3) F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10 F11 BB - Blastophaga sp. 10.80 ± 0.40 - 3 - - - - - - - - - 13.80 ± 0.40 - P. quadraticeps 13.80 ± 0.40 - 3 - - - - - - - - - 16.80 ± 0.40 TS - Blastophaga sp. - 57.80 ± 1.11 17.20 ± 0.31 10.30 ± 0.21 9.00 20.00 ± 0.73 26.50 ± 0.62 34.80 ± 0.70 45.30 ± 0.80 44.30 ± 1.10 55.30 ± 0.92 60.70 ± 1.10 381.00 ± 2.23 - P. quadraticeps - 43.20 ± 0.79 5.33 ± 0.21 3.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 67.50 ± 0.89 CHS Ⅰ Blastophaga sp. - - 4.33 ± 0.21 - - - - - - - - 4.33 ± 0.21 P. quadraticeps 19.70 ± 0.56 4.67 ± 0.33 10.70 ± 0.33 35.00 ± 0.78 Ⅱ Blastophaga sp. - - - 1 1.00 P. quadraticeps - - OS - Blastophaga sp. - - 32.00 ± 0.73 - - - - - - - - - 32.00 ± 0.73 P. quadraticeps 32.80 ± 0.75 32.80 ± 0.75 BS - Blastophaga sp. - - - - - - - - - - - 1.00 1.00 P. quadraticeps 1.00 1.00 4.00 6.00 BCPS Ⅰ Blastophaga sp. - - - - - 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 7.00 P. quadraticeps - - - 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 4.00 Ⅱ Blastophaga sp. - - - - - - 4.67 ± 0.33 4.67 ± 0.33 P. quadraticeps - - MPS-E Ⅰ 0 Blastophaga sp. - - - - - - - - - - - - - P. quadraticeps 4.00 4.00 5.67 ± 0.33 13.70 ± 0.33 1 Blastophaga sp. - - - - - - - - P. quadraticeps 4.17 ± 0.31 5.50 ± 0.22 6.17 ± 0.65 5.50 ± 0.34 21.30 ± 1.05 2 Blastophaga sp. - - - - - - - - P. quadraticeps 3.83 ± 0.31 6.17 ± 0.31 5.50 ± 0.22 3.83 ± 0.17 19.30 ± 0.72 Ⅱ Blastophaga sp. - - - - - 19.20 ± 0.70 21.50 ± 0.72 19.70 ± 1.05 21.30 ± 0.96 15.20 ± 0.65 15.20 ± 0.60 13.20 ± 0.31 123.00 ± 2.78 P. quadraticeps - - - - - - - - Total Blastophaga sp. 568.00 ± 4.17 P. quadraticeps 216.00 ± 1.26 注:表中数值为均值加标准误,感器及触角节缩写与表 1保持一致。Note: Columns and bars represented mean ± standard error. Sensilla and antennal segment abbreviations were consistent with Table 1.
附图 1 壶托榕和菩提树传粉榕小蜂触角转节、柄节、梗节和环节形态及感器注:壶托榕传粉榕小蜂触角转节、柄节、梗节和环节的感器(a1)腹面观和(a2)背面观;菩提树传粉榕小蜂触角转节、柄节、梗节和环节的感器(b1)腹面观及(b2)背面观;(c)壶托榕传粉榕小蜂触角梗节和环节腹面的感器;(d)菩提树传粉榕小蜂梗节背面的感器;右下角的白色线段表示比例尺;图中缩写与表 1保持一致。Appendix Fig. 1 Morphology of antennal segments including the radicula, scape, pedicel and anellus, and distribution of various associated sensilla, in the Blastophaga sp. and Platyscapa quadraticepsNote: The distribution of antennal sensilla in Blastophaga sp., along with the ventral view (a1) and dorsal views (a2) of the radicula, scape, pedicel, and anellus morphologies; The distribution of antennal sensilla in P. quadraticeps, along with the ventral view (b1) and dorsal views (b2) of the radicula, scape, pedicel, and anellus morphologies; (c) The ventral of the antennal pedicel and anellus in Blastophaga sp.; (d) The dorsal view of the antennal pedicel in P. quadraticeps; The scale bar was indicated by a white line segment; The abbreviations in the figure were consistent with Table 1.
附图 2 两种传粉榕小蜂的波氏鬃毛、角锥型感器、毛型感器、刺型感器Ⅰ型超微形态注:菩提树(a)和壶托榕(b)传粉榕小蜂波氏鬃毛;菩提树(c)和壶托榕(d)传粉榕小蜂角锥型感器;菩提树(e)和壶托榕传粉榕小蜂(f)毛型感器;菩提树(g)和壶托榕传粉榕小蜂(h)刺型感器Ⅰ型。右下角的白色线段表示比例尺。图中缩写与表 1保持一致。Appendix Fig. 2 Ultrastructural morphology of sensilla in Blastophaga sp. and Platyscapa quadraticeps, including Böhm's bristles, Obscura sensilla, Trichodea sensilla, and Chaetica sensilla type INote: Böhm's bristles in P. quadraticeps (a) and Blastophaga sp. (b); Obscura sensilla in P. quadraticeps (c) and Blastophaga sp. (d); (e) Trichodea sensilla in P. quadraticeps (e) and Blastophaga sp. (f); Chaetica sensilla type I in P. quadraticeps (g) and Blastophaga sp. (h); The scale bar was indicated by a white line segment; The abbreviations in the figure were consistent with Table 1.
附图 3 两种传粉榕小蜂索节、棒节形态及附着的各类感器注:a,Blastophaga sp.索节背面观;b,Blastophaga sp.索节腹面观;c,P. quadraticeps索节腹面观;d,P. quadraticeps棒节背面观;e,P. quadraticeps棒节腹面观;f,延伸形多孔板型感器Ⅱ 0超微形态;g,延伸形多孔板型感器Ⅰ 0超微形态;h,延伸形多孔板型感器Ⅰ 1-2超微形态;右下角白色线段为比例尺;图中缩写与表 1保持一致。Appendix Fig. 3 The Morphology of antennal segments including the funicle, clava, and sensilla in the Blastophaga sp. and Platyscapa quadraticepsNote: a, The dorsal view of the funicle segment in Blastophaga sp.; b, The ventral view of the funicle segment in Blastophaga sp.; c, The ventral view of the funicle segment in P. quadraticeps; d, The dorsal view of the clava segment in P. quadraticeps; e, The ventral view of the clava segment in P. quadraticeps; f, The ultrastructure of multiporous placoid sensilla type E Ⅱ 0; g, The ultrastructure of multiporous placoid sensilla type E I 0; h, The ultrastructure of multiporous placoid sensilla types E I 1 and E I 2; The scale bar was indicated by a white line segment; The abbreviations in the figure were consistent with Table 1.致谢: 扫描电镜成像相关工作在中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园公共技术中心完成,感谢唐霆在样品制备、图像采集工作中的帮助。感谢法国科学院进化生态中心Finn Kjellberg教授对英文摘要的修改以及对研究结果的启发性讨论。
附图 4 两种传粉榕小蜂栓锥型乳突感器、锥型感器、毛型感器、多孔板型感器超微形态注:a,壶托榕传粉榕小蜂触角末棒节及感器分布;b,菩提树传粉榕小蜂触角末棒节及感器分布;壶托榕c和菩提树传粉榕小蜂d栓锥型乳突感器Ⅰ型;e,壶托榕传粉榕小蜂锥型感器;f,壶托榕传粉榕小蜂栓锥型乳突感器Ⅱ型;g,壶托榕传粉榕小蜂毛型感器;h,壶托榕传粉榕小蜂栓锥型乳突感器Ⅱ型表面微孔;i,壶托榕传粉榕小蜂多孔版型感器E Ⅱ 0表面微孔;菩提树传粉榕小蜂多孔板型感器E Ⅰ 0(j)、E Ⅰ 1(k)、E Ⅰ 2(l)表面微孔;右下角白色线段为比例尺;图中缩写与表 1保持一致。Appendix Fig. 4 Ultrastructural morphology of antennal sensilla in Blastophaga sp. and Platyscapa quadraticeps, encompassing basiconic capitate peg sensilla, basiconica sensilla, trichodea sensilla, and multiporous placoid sensillaNote: a, The distribution of antennal sensilla and the terminal club segment in Blastophaga sp.; b, The distribution of antennal sensilla and the terminal club segment in P. quadraticeps; c, The ultrastructural of basiconic capitate peg sensilla type I in Blastophaga sp.; d, The ultrastructural of basiconic capitate peg sensilla type I in P. quadraticeps; e, The ultrastructural of basiconica sensilla in Blastophaga sp.; f, The ultrastructural of basiconic capitate peg sensilla type Ⅱ in Blastophaga sp.; g, The ultrastructural of trichodea sensilla in Blastophaga sp.; h, The surface pores of basiconic capitate peg sensilla type II in Blastophaga sp.; i, The surface pores of multiporous placoid sensilla type E II 0 in Blastophaga sp.; The surface pores of multiporous placoid sensilla type E I 0 (j), E I 1 (k), E I 2 (l) in P. quadraticeps; The scale bar was indicated by a white line segment; The abbreviations in the figure were consistent with Table 1. -
图 1 壶托榕和菩提树传粉榕小蜂雌蜂触角整体形态
注:菩提树传粉榕小蜂触角背面观(a1)和腹面观(a2);壶托榕传粉榕小蜂触角背面观(b1)和腹面观(b2);Rd,转节;Sc,柄节;Pe,梗节;An,环节;Fu,索节;Cl,棒节;Fl,鞭节;F1~F11,1~11鞭亚节;Ho,脊骨突;Ap,突刺;比例尺=100 μm;图中缩写与表 1保持一致。
Fig. 1 Antennal morphology of Blastophaga sp. and Platyscapa quadraticeps
Note: P. quadraticeps dorsal view (a1) and ventral view (a2); Blastophaga sp. dorsal view (b1) and ventral view (b2); Rd, Radicula; Sc, Scape; Pe, Pedicel; An, Anellus; Fu, Funicle; Cl, Clava; Fl, Flagellum; F1~F11, Flagellomere segment 1 to Flagellomere segment 11; Ho, Hook-shaped apical projection; Ap, Apical process; Scale bar = 100 μm; The abbreviations in the figure were consistent with Table 1.
图 2 壶托榕和菩提树传粉榕小蜂雌蜂触角各节的长度和宽度
注:a,每个触角节的长度;b,每个触角节的宽度;采用独立样本t检验进行比较;NS,P>0.05;**,P<0.01;***,P<0.001;所示数值为平均值±标准误;图中缩写与表 1保持一致。
Fig. 2 Comparison of the antennal segment length and width between Blastophaga sp. and Platyscapa quadraticeps
Note: a, Length of each antennal segment; b, Width of each antennal segment; Comparisons were conducted using an independent samples t-test; NS, P > 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001; Columns and bars represented mean ± standard error; The abbreviations in the figure were consistent with Table 1.
图 3 壶托榕和菩提树传粉榕小蜂触角感器类型及数量
注:采用Mann-Whitney U test进行比较,NS,P>0.05;**,P<0.01;图中黑色方块表示为平均值±标准误;感器缩写与表 1保持一致。
Fig. 3 Types and numbers of antennal sensilla in the Blastophaga sp. and Platyscapa quadraticeps
Note: The comparisons were performed using the Mann-Whitney U test, NS, P > 0.05; **, P < 0.01; Black squares in the figure represented the mean ± standard error; The abbreviations for the sensilla were consistent with Table 1.
附图 1 壶托榕和菩提树传粉榕小蜂触角转节、柄节、梗节和环节形态及感器
注:壶托榕传粉榕小蜂触角转节、柄节、梗节和环节的感器(a1)腹面观和(a2)背面观;菩提树传粉榕小蜂触角转节、柄节、梗节和环节的感器(b1)腹面观及(b2)背面观;(c)壶托榕传粉榕小蜂触角梗节和环节腹面的感器;(d)菩提树传粉榕小蜂梗节背面的感器;右下角的白色线段表示比例尺;图中缩写与表 1保持一致。
Appendix Fig. 1 Morphology of antennal segments including the radicula, scape, pedicel and anellus, and distribution of various associated sensilla, in the Blastophaga sp. and Platyscapa quadraticeps
Note: The distribution of antennal sensilla in Blastophaga sp., along with the ventral view (a1) and dorsal views (a2) of the radicula, scape, pedicel, and anellus morphologies; The distribution of antennal sensilla in P. quadraticeps, along with the ventral view (b1) and dorsal views (b2) of the radicula, scape, pedicel, and anellus morphologies; (c) The ventral of the antennal pedicel and anellus in Blastophaga sp.; (d) The dorsal view of the antennal pedicel in P. quadraticeps; The scale bar was indicated by a white line segment; The abbreviations in the figure were consistent with Table 1.
附图 2 两种传粉榕小蜂的波氏鬃毛、角锥型感器、毛型感器、刺型感器Ⅰ型超微形态
注:菩提树(a)和壶托榕(b)传粉榕小蜂波氏鬃毛;菩提树(c)和壶托榕(d)传粉榕小蜂角锥型感器;菩提树(e)和壶托榕传粉榕小蜂(f)毛型感器;菩提树(g)和壶托榕传粉榕小蜂(h)刺型感器Ⅰ型。右下角的白色线段表示比例尺。图中缩写与表 1保持一致。
Appendix Fig. 2 Ultrastructural morphology of sensilla in Blastophaga sp. and Platyscapa quadraticeps, including Böhm's bristles, Obscura sensilla, Trichodea sensilla, and Chaetica sensilla type I
Note: Böhm's bristles in P. quadraticeps (a) and Blastophaga sp. (b); Obscura sensilla in P. quadraticeps (c) and Blastophaga sp. (d); (e) Trichodea sensilla in P. quadraticeps (e) and Blastophaga sp. (f); Chaetica sensilla type I in P. quadraticeps (g) and Blastophaga sp. (h); The scale bar was indicated by a white line segment; The abbreviations in the figure were consistent with Table 1.
附图 3 两种传粉榕小蜂索节、棒节形态及附着的各类感器
注:a,Blastophaga sp.索节背面观;b,Blastophaga sp.索节腹面观;c,P. quadraticeps索节腹面观;d,P. quadraticeps棒节背面观;e,P. quadraticeps棒节腹面观;f,延伸形多孔板型感器Ⅱ 0超微形态;g,延伸形多孔板型感器Ⅰ 0超微形态;h,延伸形多孔板型感器Ⅰ 1-2超微形态;右下角白色线段为比例尺;图中缩写与表 1保持一致。
Appendix Fig. 3 The Morphology of antennal segments including the funicle, clava, and sensilla in the Blastophaga sp. and Platyscapa quadraticeps
Note: a, The dorsal view of the funicle segment in Blastophaga sp.; b, The ventral view of the funicle segment in Blastophaga sp.; c, The ventral view of the funicle segment in P. quadraticeps; d, The dorsal view of the clava segment in P. quadraticeps; e, The ventral view of the clava segment in P. quadraticeps; f, The ultrastructure of multiporous placoid sensilla type E Ⅱ 0; g, The ultrastructure of multiporous placoid sensilla type E I 0; h, The ultrastructure of multiporous placoid sensilla types E I 1 and E I 2; The scale bar was indicated by a white line segment; The abbreviations in the figure were consistent with Table 1.
附图 4 两种传粉榕小蜂栓锥型乳突感器、锥型感器、毛型感器、多孔板型感器超微形态
注:a,壶托榕传粉榕小蜂触角末棒节及感器分布;b,菩提树传粉榕小蜂触角末棒节及感器分布;壶托榕c和菩提树传粉榕小蜂d栓锥型乳突感器Ⅰ型;e,壶托榕传粉榕小蜂锥型感器;f,壶托榕传粉榕小蜂栓锥型乳突感器Ⅱ型;g,壶托榕传粉榕小蜂毛型感器;h,壶托榕传粉榕小蜂栓锥型乳突感器Ⅱ型表面微孔;i,壶托榕传粉榕小蜂多孔版型感器E Ⅱ 0表面微孔;菩提树传粉榕小蜂多孔板型感器E Ⅰ 0(j)、E Ⅰ 1(k)、E Ⅰ 2(l)表面微孔;右下角白色线段为比例尺;图中缩写与表 1保持一致。
Appendix Fig. 4 Ultrastructural morphology of antennal sensilla in Blastophaga sp. and Platyscapa quadraticeps, encompassing basiconic capitate peg sensilla, basiconica sensilla, trichodea sensilla, and multiporous placoid sensilla
Note: a, The distribution of antennal sensilla and the terminal club segment in Blastophaga sp.; b, The distribution of antennal sensilla and the terminal club segment in P. quadraticeps; c, The ultrastructural of basiconic capitate peg sensilla type I in Blastophaga sp.; d, The ultrastructural of basiconic capitate peg sensilla type I in P. quadraticeps; e, The ultrastructural of basiconica sensilla in Blastophaga sp.; f, The ultrastructural of basiconic capitate peg sensilla type Ⅱ in Blastophaga sp.; g, The ultrastructural of trichodea sensilla in Blastophaga sp.; h, The surface pores of basiconic capitate peg sensilla type II in Blastophaga sp.; i, The surface pores of multiporous placoid sensilla type E II 0 in Blastophaga sp.; The surface pores of multiporous placoid sensilla type E I 0 (j), E I 1 (k), E I 2 (l) in P. quadraticeps; The scale bar was indicated by a white line segment; The abbreviations in the figure were consistent with Table 1.
表 1 本文所涉及的缩写说明
Table 1 The abbreviations used in this study
缩写Abbreviation 英文全称
Complete English name中文名称
Chinese appellationRd Radicula 转节 Sc Scape 柄节 Pe Pedicel 梗节 An Anellus 环节 Ho Hook-shaped apical projection 脊骨突 Ap Apical process 突刺 Fu Funicle 索节 Cl Clava 棒节 Fl Flagellum 鞭节 fu1-fu4 1-4 Funicle 1至4索节 cl1-cl4 1-4 Clava 1至4棒节 F1-F11 1-11 Flagellomeres 1至11鞭亚节 BB Böhm bristles 波氏鬃毛 TS Trichodea sensilla 毛型感器 CHS Chaetica sensilla 刺型感器 BCPS Basiconica capitate peg sensilla 栓锥型乳突感器 BS Basiconica sensilla 锥型感器 OS Obscura sensilla 角锥型感器 MPS-E Elongated multiporous placoid sensilla 延伸形多孔板型感器 注:全文缩写与此表保持一致。Note: The abbreviations in the full text were consistent with this table. 附表 1 壶托榕和菩提树传粉榕小蜂雌蜂感器在触角上的丰度与分布位置
Appendix Table 1 Abundances and distribution of sensilla on the antennae of Blastophaga sp. and Platyscapa quadraticeps
Sensilla Subtype Species Rd Sc Pe Flagellum Total An(F1, 2, 3) F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10 F11 BB - Blastophaga sp. 10.80 ± 0.40 - 3 - - - - - - - - - 13.80 ± 0.40 - P. quadraticeps 13.80 ± 0.40 - 3 - - - - - - - - - 16.80 ± 0.40 TS - Blastophaga sp. - 57.80 ± 1.11 17.20 ± 0.31 10.30 ± 0.21 9.00 20.00 ± 0.73 26.50 ± 0.62 34.80 ± 0.70 45.30 ± 0.80 44.30 ± 1.10 55.30 ± 0.92 60.70 ± 1.10 381.00 ± 2.23 - P. quadraticeps - 43.20 ± 0.79 5.33 ± 0.21 3.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 67.50 ± 0.89 CHS Ⅰ Blastophaga sp. - - 4.33 ± 0.21 - - - - - - - - 4.33 ± 0.21 P. quadraticeps 19.70 ± 0.56 4.67 ± 0.33 10.70 ± 0.33 35.00 ± 0.78 Ⅱ Blastophaga sp. - - - 1 1.00 P. quadraticeps - - OS - Blastophaga sp. - - 32.00 ± 0.73 - - - - - - - - - 32.00 ± 0.73 P. quadraticeps 32.80 ± 0.75 32.80 ± 0.75 BS - Blastophaga sp. - - - - - - - - - - - 1.00 1.00 P. quadraticeps 1.00 1.00 4.00 6.00 BCPS Ⅰ Blastophaga sp. - - - - - 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 7.00 P. quadraticeps - - - 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 4.00 Ⅱ Blastophaga sp. - - - - - - 4.67 ± 0.33 4.67 ± 0.33 P. quadraticeps - - MPS-E Ⅰ 0 Blastophaga sp. - - - - - - - - - - - - - P. quadraticeps 4.00 4.00 5.67 ± 0.33 13.70 ± 0.33 1 Blastophaga sp. - - - - - - - - P. quadraticeps 4.17 ± 0.31 5.50 ± 0.22 6.17 ± 0.65 5.50 ± 0.34 21.30 ± 1.05 2 Blastophaga sp. - - - - - - - - P. quadraticeps 3.83 ± 0.31 6.17 ± 0.31 5.50 ± 0.22 3.83 ± 0.17 19.30 ± 0.72 Ⅱ Blastophaga sp. - - - - - 19.20 ± 0.70 21.50 ± 0.72 19.70 ± 1.05 21.30 ± 0.96 15.20 ± 0.65 15.20 ± 0.60 13.20 ± 0.31 123.00 ± 2.78 P. quadraticeps - - - - - - - - Total Blastophaga sp. 568.00 ± 4.17 P. quadraticeps 216.00 ± 1.26 注:表中数值为均值加标准误,感器及触角节缩写与表 1保持一致。Note: Columns and bars represented mean ± standard error. Sensilla and antennal segment abbreviations were consistent with Table 1. -
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