Mitigation of fluridone and pendimethalin residual phytotoxicity and yield-enhancing on wheat by Protaetia brevitarsis frass
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摘要:目的
为探究白星花金龟虫砂、生物炭、粉煤灰复配微生物菌剂及腐植酸缓解棉田常用除草剂氟啶草酮与二甲戊灵对小麦残留药害及增产效果。
方法采用田间小区试验,设计虫砂(1 500 kg/hm2,L100)、生物炭(300 kg/hm2,C40)、粉煤灰(6 000 kg/hm2,F400)3种吸附剂分别复配菌剂十二菌医(SEJ)、菌淋田下(JLT)及腐植酸(FZS),与未进行土壤改良的对照组(CK)比较小麦的株高、茎粗、叶绿素含量、药害指数以及产量差异。
结果结果显示,与CK相比,在拔节期,JLT组的株高最高,显著高出CK 14.24%;L100+SEJ处理组的株高增加11.78%。在扬花期,L100的茎粗最大,较CK显著增加8.63%。叶绿素含量方面,L100的SPAD值最高,较CK增加14.36%;L100+SEJ的叶绿素SPAD值其次,比CK显著增加12.00%。在药害缓解效果上,L100+SEJ处理组的药害指数在苗期和拔节期相比CK分别显著降低81.95%和89.52%,药害缓解效果显著。整体来看,虫砂处理在小麦茎粗、叶绿素含量和药害指数方面优于生物炭和粉煤灰。在产量方面,L100+SEJ处理产量最高,较CK显著增加31.20%,穗数增加18.16%;穗长增加16.76%,穗粒数增加3.08%,其产量构成要素均表现较优。
结论整体而言,虫砂作为吸附剂的处理在株高、茎粗、叶绿素含量及产量方面均表现出较好的效果,优于生物炭和粉煤灰。本试验中1 500 kg/hm2虫砂+150 kg/hm2十二菌医为缓解小麦药害的最优处理组合。
Abstract:AimThis study aimed to evaluate the effects of Protaetia brevitarsis frass, biochar, and fly ash compounded with microbial inoculants or humic acid on mitigating residual phytotoxicity of commonly used cotton field herbicides fluridone and pendimethalin on wheat and on wheat yield enhancement.
MethodsA field plot experiment was conducted using three adsorbent materials: Protaetia brevitarsis frass (1 500 kg/hm2, L100), biochar (300 kg/hm2, C40), and fly ash (6, 000 kg/hm2, F400). These materials were compounded with Shi'er Junyi (SEJ), Junlin Tianxia (JLT), and humic acid (FZS), respectively. An untreated control without soil amendment (CK) was included. Wheat plant height, stem diameter, chlorophyll content (SPAD value), phytotoxicity index, and yield were determined and compared among treatments.
ResultsAt the jointing stage, the JLT treatment resulted in the greatest plant height, which was significantly higher than that of CK by 14.24%, while the L100 + SEJ treatment increased plant height by 11.78%. During the flowering stage, stem diameter was largest under the L100 treatment and was significantly increased by 8.63% compared with CK. Regarding chlorophyll content, the L100 treatment exhibited the highest SPAD value, which was 14.36% higher than that of CK, followed by the L100 + SEJ treatment with a significant increase of 12.00%. In terms of phytotoxicity mitigation, the phytotoxicity index under the L100 + SEJ treatment was significantly reduced by 81.95% at the seedling stage and by 89.52% at the jointing stage compared with CK, indicating a significant mitigation effect. Overall, Protaetia brevitarsis frass treatments were superior to biochar and fly ash in improving stem diameter, chlorophyll content, and phytotoxicity index. Yield analysis showed that the L100 + SEJ treatment achieved the highest grain yield, which was significantly increased by 31.20% compared with CK. In addition, the number of spikes, spike length, and grains per spike were increased by 18.16%, 16.76%, and 3.08%, respectively, with all yield components performing well.
ConclusionAmong the tested adsorbents, Protaetia brevitarsis frass demonstrated the most effective performance in promoting plant height, stem diameter, chlorophyll content, and yield compared to biochar and fly ash. Under the conditions of this study, the combined application of 1, 500 kg/hm2 Protaetia brevitarsis frass with 150 kg/hm2 Shi'er Junyi was identified as the optimal treatment combination for mitigating phytotoxicity in wheat.
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棉花是新疆的重要经济作物,近年来新疆棉花产量占全国棉花总产量的90%左右(陈佳等,2022)。随着新疆生产粮食的任务逐年增加,大面积棉田需要改种小麦、玉米等粮食作物。氟啶草酮(商品名:龙草净)与二甲戊灵是新疆棉田常用的土壤封闭除草剂,这两种除草剂对棉花安全性好且对多种恶性杂草龙葵、藜等具有良好的防除效果,但由于残留时间长、难降解等问题,对棉田后茬作物如小麦、玉米的生长发育影响较大(张广杰,2022)。白星花金龟Protaetia brevitarsis Lewis是鞘翅目Coleoptera花金龟科Cetoniidae星花金龟属Protaetia的昆虫(马文珍,1995),其幼虫具食腐性且取食量大,可高效转化食畜禽粪便、食用菌菌糠和作物秸秆等农牧有机废弃物为虫砂有机肥(李潘潘,2021)。白星花金龟幼虫虫砂呈长椭圆型颗粒状,形似黑大米,具有体积小、形状稳定、富含腐殖质和营养元素等特点,此外虫砂复合生防菌还田模式可助力棉花黄萎病绿色防控和棉花产业的可持续发展(张广杰,2022)。因此,探究白星花金龟虫砂在缓解棉田除草剂残留对后茬小麦药害方面的作用,对于促进新疆粮食与棉花产业的可持续发展具有重要意义。
白星花金龟幼虫取食秸秆、腐叶产生的虫砂清洁、安全,且颗粒均匀,富含腐殖酸、多糖、蛋白质、氨基酸及各种营养成分,有机质、氮磷钾的含量是标准有机肥(NY525-2021,NPK≥4%)的2倍(张广杰,2022)。史长旭等(2021)将不同比例的虫砂添加到辣椒、黄瓜育苗基质中,发现处理组辣椒、黄瓜幼苗的叶绿素、生长形态指标以及壮苗指数均显著高于对照组。张广杰等(2020)对小白菜施用不同量的白星花金龟幼虫虫砂,发现在一定范围内,小白菜地上高度、根系深度、鲜重与虫砂的添加量成正比。杨小洁等(2022)研究发现,白星花金龟幼虫虫砂还田有效减少土壤养分流失的同时提高土壤速效养分含量;此外,白星花金龟虫砂还田处理烟苗的叶片数、株高以及叶长均显著高于对照。高顺平等(2023)认为虫砂中潜在的微生物群落能改善土壤环境,进而提高植物抗病性。
已有研究表明,生物炭、粉煤灰可作为吸附剂,如不同量的生物炭可以缓解甲磺草胺对小麦的药害并且促进小麦生长(Wang et al.,2022);生物炭的添加可促进3种三嗪类除草剂的降解(Liu et al.,2023);粉煤灰对莠去津有较强的吸附力,可以作为低成本吸附剂解决药害问题(Singh et al.,2009)。微生物也常用于降解土壤中的农药残留,微生物复合菌剂可以有效缓解二氯喹啉酸对烟草的药害(杨森等,2018);从活性污泥中分离出的枯草芽孢杆菌可有效降解二甲戊灵(Ni et al.,2016)。腐植酸同样有助于缓解药害,添加腐植酸可加速除草剂的降解时间,缓解除草剂对小麦的毒性(Iwaniuk et al.,2023)。而关于白星花金龟幼虫虫砂缓解药害的研究尚未见报道。本研究选用白星花金龟幼虫虫砂作为吸附剂,探究虫砂及其他常用吸附剂在与微生物菌剂复配施用时对棉田除草剂氟啶草酮与二甲戊灵对后茬小麦药害的缓解效果及增产作用,明确虫砂生物菌肥的最佳配比,为解决新疆棉麦轮作田残留除草剂的药害问题及虫砂有机肥的开发应用提供理论基础。
1. 材料与方法
1.1 供试材料
供试小麦品种为新春44号;除草剂为42%氟啶草酮悬浮剂和33%二甲戊灵乳油。试验用叶绿素仪(TYS-B,浙江托普云农科技股份有限公司);电子天平、游标卡尺、卷尺为基地提供。
吸附剂为白星花金龟虫砂(自养,有机质含量为54.8%、氮磷钾含量为9.04%)、生物炭(新疆格莱美特有限公司)和粉煤灰;降解菌剂为十二菌医(液体,有效活菌数≥2亿/mL,以枯草芽孢杆菌为主,阿托菲纳化学公司,亩推荐剂量10~15 kg)和菌淋田下(粉剂,有效活菌数≥1 200亿/g,以巨大芽孢杆菌为主,北京航天恒丰科技股份有限公司,亩推荐剂量400 g);以及腐殖酸(新疆心连心能源化工有限公司)。
1.2 试验方法
试验于2023年4月6日在昌吉州玛纳斯县冬麦地农田(86°23′30.192″E,44°19′5.952″N)进行,该农田2022年种植棉花并于播种前施用252 g a.i/hm2氟啶草酮复配990 g a.i/hm2二甲戊灵。试验设置1 500 kg/hm2虫砂(L100)、300 kg/hm2生物炭(C40)、6 000 kg/hm2粉煤灰(F400)3种吸附剂,复配推荐剂量降解菌剂150 kg/hm2十二菌医(SEJ)、6 kg/hm2菌淋田下(JLT)及3 kg/hm2腐植酸(FZS)。设置1个空白对照(CK),共16个处理(表 1),每处理3个重复,各处理名称及缩写如表 1所示。
表 1 本研究处理名称及缩写Table 1 Treatment names and abbreviations in this study序号Serial number 处理Treatment 缩写Abbreviation 1 无任何处理Untreated control CK 2 十二菌医(150 kg/hm2)Shi'er Junyi SEJ 3 菌淋田下(6 kg/hm2)Junlin Tianxia JLT 4 腐植酸(3 kg/hm2)Humic Acid FZS 5 虫砂(1 500 kg/hm2)Larval frass L100 6 虫砂(1 500 kg/hm2)+十二菌医(150 kg/hm2)Larval frass + Shi'er Junyi L100+SEJ 7 虫砂(1 500 kg/hm2)+菌淋田下(6 kg/hm2)Larval frass + Junlin Tianxia L100+JLT 8 虫砂(1 500 kg/hm2)+腐植酸(3 kg/hm2)Larval frass + Humic Acid L100+FZS 9 生物炭(300 kg/hm2)Biochar C40 10 生物炭(300 kg/hm2)+十二菌医(150 kg/hm2)Biochar + Shi'er Junyi C40+SEJ 11 生物炭(300 kg/hm2)+菌淋田下(6 kg/hm2)Biochar + Junlin Tianxia C40+JLT 12 生物炭(300 kg/hm2)+腐植酸(3 kg/hm2)Biochar + Humic Acid C40+FZS 13 粉煤灰(6 000 kg/hm2)Fly ash F400 14 粉煤灰(6 000 kg/hm2)+十二菌医(150 kg/hm2)Fly ash + Shi'er Junyi F400+SEJ 15 粉煤灰(6 000 kg/hm2)+菌淋田下(6 kg/hm2)Fly ash + Junlin Tianxia F400+JLT 16 粉煤灰(6 000 kg/hm2)+腐植酸(3 kg/hm2)Fly ash + Humic Acid F400+FZS 采用随机区组设计,共42个小区。每个小区为3.6 m×5 m区域。相邻小区设置大于1 m宽的隔离行,小区布置在两供水主管中部滴灌带处,保证小区供水均匀。播种前划分小区并施用菌肥,播种使用农户播种机统一播种。播种后在各个小区的同一角插标识牌以划分区域,并标记各个处理,以便后续观察记录。
1.3 测定项目及方法
1.3.1 小麦生长发育及产量情况调查
各处理随机选取1 m2大小区间,于苗期、拔节期、扬花期调查基本苗数、株高、茎粗与叶绿素SPAD值;成熟期人工脱粒后测产并考种,分别统计小麦的穗数、穗长、穗粒数、千粒重与产量。
1.3.2 药害指数调查
小麦出苗后调查受药害的情况,药害等级参照魏福香等(1992)药害分级标准(表 2)。
表 2 药害分级表Table 2 Herbicide phytotoxicity classification药害分级Rating 分级描述Description 症状
Symptom0 无
None无药害症状,作物生长正常。No phytotoxicity symptoms, normal plant growth. 1 微
Slight症状轻微,茎部白化初现。Mild symptoms, initial stem chlorosis observed. 2 小
Mild轻度药害,叶面白化面积占10%及以下。Mild damage, leaf chlorotic area ≤10%. 3 中
Moderate叶面白化面积占10%~50%。Moderate damage, leaf chlorotic area 10%~50%. 4 大
Severe叶面白化面积占50%~80%。Severe damage, leaf chlorotic area 50%~80%. 5 极大Extreme 叶面白化面积占80%以上,出现死苗。Leaf chlorotic area > 80%, seedling mortality observed. 药害指数=∑(各级病株数×级数)/调查总株数×最高级数×100
1.4 数据处理
运用Microsoft Excel整理数据,应用SPSS 26.0进行数据分析,采用Duncan多重比较分析(P < 0.05)。
2. 结果与分析
2.1 不同吸附剂复配生物菌剂对小麦生长发育的影响
2.1.1 不同处理对小麦株高的影响
两个时期各处理组小麦株高均高于CK(图 1);在单施吸附剂(L100、C40、F400)时,JLT处理在拔节期的株高最高,显著高出CK 14.24%。在与菌剂复配后,虫砂处理小麦株高高于生物炭与粉煤灰处理,L100+SEJ处理相比CK高出11.78%;此外,各吸附剂复配菌剂的效果要优于复配腐植酸,拔节期L100+SEJ处理株高高于L100+JLT处理。而扬花期则是C40处理的株高最高,在复配菌剂的处理中,C40+FZS处理的株高优于其他处理,但并未出现显著性差异。综合来看,虫砂复配降解菌剂对小麦株高的促进效果优于生物炭或粉煤灰单独处理。
图 1 不同处理对棉田下茬作物小麦株高的影响注:A,拔节期;B,扬花期。不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著(P < 0.05),下同。Fig. 1 Effects of different treatments on plant height of wheat as the succeeding crop in cotton fieldNote: A, Jointing stage; B, Flowering stage. Different lowercase letters within the same column indicated significant differences between treatments (P < 0.05), the same below.2.1.2 不同处理对小麦茎粗的影响
在拔节期和扬花期,各处理组的小麦茎粗均大于CK(图 2);在拔节期,JLT的茎粗值最大,但各组间没有显著性差异。到扬花期,L100茎粗值最大,高出CK 8.63%。3种吸附剂复配菌剂及腐殖酸后对小麦的茎粗均有促进效果,F400+SEJ和L100+JLT处理的茎粗显著高于CK,分别增加了8.24%和7.06%;在未复配菌剂的情况下,虫砂组和生物炭组的茎粗值高于复配菌剂的处理组,而粉煤灰组中复配JLT处理的小麦茎粗值最大。综上所述,各处理对小麦茎粗均有促进效果,单施虫砂的效果最为显著,且优于单施生物炭及粉煤灰。
2.1.3 不同处理对小麦叶绿素的影响
与CK相比,各处理SPAD值均有提高(图 3),其中L100提升幅度最大,为14.36%。在复配相同菌剂的情况下,虫砂组的叶绿素值均高于生物炭组和粉煤灰组,最高的为L100+SEJ,相比CK显著提高12.00%,且分别高出生物炭组0.32%~6.19%和粉煤灰组2.24%~6.04%。在相同吸附剂复配菌剂SEJ或JLT后,叶绿素值均高于复配腐植酸(FZS),其中虫砂组复配SEJ处理的叶绿素值最高。这些结果表明,白星花金龟幼虫虫砂处理能够显著提高小麦的叶绿素含量,且提升幅度优于生物炭及粉煤灰。
2.2 不同吸附剂复配生物菌剂对小麦药害发生的影响
苗期和拔节期吸附剂单施及吸附剂复配生物菌剂或腐殖酸均能有效缓解小麦的药害(表 3),L100+SEJ处理在两个时期的药害指数均显著低于CK。苗期,L100+SEJ处理的药害指数最低,相较于CK显著降低81.95%。拔节期,单施吸附剂时,L100小麦药害指数分别比C40和F400低30.33%、40.38%;复配相同菌剂时,L100+SEJ的药害指数最低,比CK显著降低了89.52%,且低于生物炭组17.78%~74.48%及低于粉煤灰组37.28%~73.38%。综合以上结果,白星花金龟幼虫虫砂复配十二菌医处理对除草剂药害的缓解效果为所有处理中最优。
表 3 不同处理对棉田下茬作物小麦药害发生的影响Table 3 Effects of different treatments on herbicide phytotoxicity on wheat as the succeeding crop in cotton field序号Serial number 处理Treatment 药害指数Herbicide phytotoxicity index 苗期Seedling stage 拔节期Jointing stage 1 CK 1.05 ± 0.14 a 2.05 ± 0.32 a 2 SEJ 0.52 ± 0.27 ab 0.82 ± 0.19 bc 3 JLT 0.79 ± 0.60 ab 1.05 ± 0.54 abc 4 FZS 0.65 ± 0.23 ab 0.83 ± 0.31 bc 5 L100 0.45 ± 0.25 ab 0.62 ± 0.36 bc 6 L100+SEJ 0.11 ± 0.08 b 0.37 ± 0.21 c 7 L100+JLT 0.56 ± 0.30 ab 0.62 ± 0.25 bc 8 L100+FZS 0.75 ± 0.34 ab 1.00 ± 0.37 bc 9 C40 0.67 ± 0.07 ab 0.89 ± 0.09 bc 10 C40+SEJ 0.98 ± 0.05 ab 1.45 ± 0.32 ab 11 C40+JLT 0.48 ± 0.10 ab 0.45 ± 0.10 bc 12 C40+FZS 0.61 ± 0.36 ab 1.18 ± 0.40 abc 13 F400 0.78 ± 0.10 ab 1.04 ± 0.28 abc 14 F400+SEJ 0.70 ± 0.41 ab 1.39 ± 0.39 abc 15 F400+JLT 0.45 ± 0.14 ab 1.03 ± 0.35 abc 16 F400+FZS 0.34 ± 0.15 ab 0.59 ± 0.13 bc 注:同列不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P < 0.05),下同。Note: Different lowercase letters within the same column indicated significant differences between treatments (P < 0.05). The same below. 表 4 不同处理对棉田下茬作物小麦药害影响的单因素方差分析Table 4 One-way ANOVA of the effects of different treatments on herbicide phytotoxicity on wheat as succeeding crop in cotton field平方和
Sum of squares自由度
Degrees of freedom均方
Mean squareF值
F valueP值
P value苗期药害指数
Herbicide phytotoxicity index at seedling stage因素影响Factor effect 2.462 15 0.164 0.760 0.708 误差Error 6.911 32 0.216 总和Total 9.373 47 拔节期药害指数
Herbicide phytotoxicity index at jointing stage因素影响Factor effect 8.052 15 0.537 1.854 0.070 误差Error 9.266 32 0.290 总和Total 17.318 47 2.3 不同吸附剂复配生物菌剂对小麦产量及产量构成要素的影响
各处理对小麦产量及产量构成因素均起到了积极作用(表 5)。其中,L100+SEJ处理的小麦产量最高,达5 837.30 kg/hm2,较CK相比增产31.2%,且比生物炭和粉煤灰处理分别高出4.26%~27.1%和19.02%~32.56%。其次为C40+JLT处理,产量为5 601.47 kg/hm2,同样显著高于CK,增幅达到25.84%,这两组处理在各项产量构成因素上均表现出较高的水平。
表 5 不同处理对棉田下茬作物小麦产量及产量构成因素的影响Table 5 Effects of different treatments on yield and yield components of wheat as succeeding crop in cotton field序号
Serial number处理
Treatment基本苗数
(104/hm2)
Basic seedling number穗数
(104/hm2)
Spike number穗长
(cm)
Spike length穗粒数
Kernels per spike千粒重
(g)
Thousand-kernel weight产量
(kg/hm2)
Yield1 CK 723.67 ± 23.87 d 646.00 ± 5.20 abc 8.62 ± 0.16 bc 23.10 ± 0.85 d 40.00 ± 3.51 a 4 451.22 ± 136.72 c 2 SEJ 800.83 ± 29.66 abcd 697.67 ± 20.61 abc 8.92 ± 0.11 abc 25.30 ± 0.85 abcd 38.13 ± 4.40 a 4 369.18 ± 199.11 c 3 JLT 831.33 ± 29.95 ab 770.33 ± 31.39 a 8.80 ± 0.14 abc 22.97 ± 0.72 d 39.87 ± 3.67 a 4 456.89 ± 397.18 c 4 FZS 808.00 ± 33.66 abcd 650.67 ± 9.56 abc 8.53 ± 0.16 c 26.70 ± 0.99 abc 37.60 ± 4.61 a 4 376.19 ± 261.00 c 5 L100 838.67 ± 44.01 ab 705.33 ± 33.65 abc 9.15 ± 0.12 abc 24.33 ± 0.72 bcd 41.33 ± 2.05 a 4 495.91 ± 172.58 c 6 L100+SEJ 843.00 ± 26.49 a 763.33 ± 1.20 a 9.33 ± 0.24 a 26.97 ± 1.13 abc 41.23 ± 3.40 a 5 837.30 ± 313.40 a 7 L100+JLT 821.67 ± 24.34 ab 608.33 ± 46.31 c 9.10 ± 0.15 abc 23.93 ± 0.55 cd 40.70 ± 2.97 a 4 544.94 ± 539.45 c 8 L100+FZS 790.50 ± 13.27 abcd 737.67 ± 16.34 ab 9.12 ± 0.41 abc 22.73 ± 0.96 d 37.03 ± 4.25 a 4 927.80 ± 114.19 abc 9 C40 763.67 ± 14.07 abcd 649.33 ± 22.26 abc 9.02 ± 0.20 abc 24.57 ± 1.04 bcd 39.30 ± 4.43 a 4 593.30 ± 205.88 bc 10 C40+SEJ 769.83 ± 27.66 abcd 762.67 ± 11.29 a 9.31 ± 0.10 a 27.30 ± 1.72 abc 40.83 ± 5.61 a 5 154.58 ± 151.46 abc 11 C40+JLT 733.83 ± 25.89 cd 624.67 ± 38.69 bc 9.30 ± 0.13 a 28.40 ± 1.01 a 38.23 ± 2.40 a 5 601.47 ± 426.72 ab 12 C40+FZS 805.33 ± 9.78 abcd 752.67 ± 27.67 ab 9.10 ± 0.16 abc 27.23 ± 0.98 abc 38.37 ± 3.93 a 4 780.06 ± 280.50 bc 13 F400 815.17 ± 15.46 abc 710.33 ± 9.35 abc 9.24 ± 0.20 ab 27.37 ± 1.13 ab 36.17 ± 1.08 a 4 906.79 ± 398.66 abc 14 F400+SEJ 803.83 ± 27.75 abcd 708.67 ± 32.63 abc 8.85 ± 0.26 abc 22.53 ± 0.60 d 35.80 ± 7.03 a 4 869.10 ± 128.74 abc 15 F400+JLT 789.50 ± 26.49 abcd 710.33 ± 6.12 abc 8.83 ± 0.18 abc 24.70 ± 0.67 bcd 40.80 ± 1.94 a 4 405.54 ± 192.62 c 16 F400+FZS 752.33 ± 17.32 bcd 675.67 ± 31.71 abc 8.78 ± 0.16 abc 24.33 ± 0.70 bcd 42.63 ± 2.30 a 4 619.31 ± 181.64 bc 在小麦穗数方面,JLT和L100+SEJ处理的穗数高于其他处理,相较于CK组分别增加了19.24%和18.16%。穗长与穗粒数最优的为C40+JLT与C40+SEJ处理。千粒重方面各处理组之间并未显示出显著性差异,最优处理为F400+FZS,其次为L100+SEJ,千粒重分别为42.63 g与41.33 g。因此,白星花金龟幼虫虫砂复配十二菌医处理对小麦的增产效果最佳。
表 6 不同处理对棉田下茬作物小麦产量及产量构成因的影响的单因素方差分析Table 6 One-way ANOVA of the effects of different treatments on yield and yield components of wheat as succeeding crop in cotton field产量及产量指标
Yield and yield indicators平方和
Sum of squares自由度
Degrees of freedom均方
Mean squareF值
F valueP值
P value基本苗数
Basic seedling number因素影响Factor influence 115 802.740 15 7 720.183 1.937 0.031 误差Error 318 786.500 80 3 984.831 总和Total 434 589.240 95 穗数
Spike number因素影响Factor effect 119 830.979 15 7 988.732 4.196 0.000 误差Error 60 930.000 32 1 904.063 总和Total 180 760.979 47 穗长
Spike length因素影响Factor effect 27.390 15 1.826 1.616 0.066 误差Error 524.170 464 1.130 总和Total 551.560 479 穗粒数
Kernels per spike因素影响Factor effect 1 655.325 15 110.355 4.051 0.000 误差Error 12 639.267 464 27.240 总和Total 14 294.592 479 千粒重
Thousand-kernels weight因素影响Factor effect 179.353 15 11.957 0.265 0.996 误差Error 1 446.127 32 45.191 总和Total 1 625.480 47 产量
Yield因素影响Factor effect 8 597 448.317 15 573 163.221 2.373 0.020 误差Error 7 727 758.633 32 241 492.457 总和Total 16 325 206.950 47 3. 结论与讨论
在促进植物生长方面,将白星花金龟虫幼虫虫砂用作有机肥施用于樱桃萝卜、油菜和小白菜等蔬菜作物,能够显著提高作物产量(孙晨可,2018;张广杰,2022)。白星花金龟虫砂有机肥还能促进番茄植株生长发育,提高果实产量和维生素C含量(吴翔等,2019)。这与本研究的结果一致,本研究用白星花金龟虫砂作为吸附剂,并将生物炭和粉煤灰做对比,同时复配微生物菌剂,分析其对棉田后茬作物小麦生长发育的影响。结果表明,虫砂显著提升了小麦的株高、茎粗和叶绿素SPAD值,表现优于生物炭和粉煤灰,进一步验证了其作为有机肥在促进作物生长方面的应用潜力。
在缓解除草剂药害方面,前人研究表明,生物炭、粉煤灰等吸附材料与微生物菌剂或腐植酸联合使用,均能在不同作物上有效缓解药害(李照怡等,2024),郭盘盘(2016)研究表明,施用复合菌肥可解除二氯喹啉酸对烟草的毒性,修复其光合性能。陈玉坤(2016)以牛粪有机肥、莠去津降解菌和生物炭为主要材料,研究莠去津对大豆药害的缓解效果,结果表明生物有机肥可以使大豆幼苗的叶绿素含量恢复至正常水平。李新安等(2015)研究发现,土壤中添加生物炭可以缓解咪唑乙烟酸对花生的药害,对花生各项生理指标有一定的修复效果。梁兵兵(2016)研究发现,木霉菌与生物炭均能对莠去津及烟嘧磺隆残留土壤起到修复作用,可以提高大豆、油菜的产量,缓解药害的发生。汤鸣强等(2013)研究表明,施用含有腐植酸的水溶肥可促进草甘膦等除草剂的降解。本研究也得到相似结果,施用虫砂等吸附剂可以减轻氟啶草酮对小麦的残留药害。此外,本研究同时将生物炭和粉煤灰做吸附剂并复配微生物菌剂对棉田小麦进行处理对比,发现虫砂复配十二菌医处理对除草剂药害的缓解效果最好。其缓解药害的机制可能是虫砂可提供微生物生长的碳源和微量元素,在还田后与菌剂形成协同作用,促进土壤微生物特别是降解菌的增殖与代谢活性,提升降解效率。
在产量构成因素上,各处理对小麦穗数、穗长、穗粒数及千粒重等指标均表现出不同程度的促进效果,虫砂复配十二菌医处理显著提高了小麦穗粒数和穗长,且优于其他处理组。表明虫砂与微生物菌剂联合应用能缓解除草剂毒害,且对小麦有促生长作用,增强作物营养吸收与抗逆能力,从而提高最终产量。
综合来看,虫砂复配十二菌医处理组的药害指数最低,相较CK显著降低81.95%,且小麦产量最高,较CK增产31.2%。虫砂等吸附剂与微生物菌剂复配使用,能有效缓解氟啶草酮与二甲戊灵对小麦生长造成的胁迫,改善各项生理指标,提高产量,为缓解氟啶草酮对小麦药害提供解决方案,是一种田间适应性良好的绿色高效种植技术。尤其是施用1 500 kg/hm2虫砂+150 kg/hm2十二菌医的组合,在本研究中表现出最优的综合效果。
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图 1 不同处理对棉田下茬作物小麦株高的影响
注:A,拔节期;B,扬花期。不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著(P < 0.05),下同。
Fig. 1 Effects of different treatments on plant height of wheat as the succeeding crop in cotton field
Note: A, Jointing stage; B, Flowering stage. Different lowercase letters within the same column indicated significant differences between treatments (P < 0.05), the same below.
表 1 本研究处理名称及缩写
Table 1 Treatment names and abbreviations in this study
序号Serial number 处理Treatment 缩写Abbreviation 1 无任何处理Untreated control CK 2 十二菌医(150 kg/hm2)Shi'er Junyi SEJ 3 菌淋田下(6 kg/hm2)Junlin Tianxia JLT 4 腐植酸(3 kg/hm2)Humic Acid FZS 5 虫砂(1 500 kg/hm2)Larval frass L100 6 虫砂(1 500 kg/hm2)+十二菌医(150 kg/hm2)Larval frass + Shi'er Junyi L100+SEJ 7 虫砂(1 500 kg/hm2)+菌淋田下(6 kg/hm2)Larval frass + Junlin Tianxia L100+JLT 8 虫砂(1 500 kg/hm2)+腐植酸(3 kg/hm2)Larval frass + Humic Acid L100+FZS 9 生物炭(300 kg/hm2)Biochar C40 10 生物炭(300 kg/hm2)+十二菌医(150 kg/hm2)Biochar + Shi'er Junyi C40+SEJ 11 生物炭(300 kg/hm2)+菌淋田下(6 kg/hm2)Biochar + Junlin Tianxia C40+JLT 12 生物炭(300 kg/hm2)+腐植酸(3 kg/hm2)Biochar + Humic Acid C40+FZS 13 粉煤灰(6 000 kg/hm2)Fly ash F400 14 粉煤灰(6 000 kg/hm2)+十二菌医(150 kg/hm2)Fly ash + Shi'er Junyi F400+SEJ 15 粉煤灰(6 000 kg/hm2)+菌淋田下(6 kg/hm2)Fly ash + Junlin Tianxia F400+JLT 16 粉煤灰(6 000 kg/hm2)+腐植酸(3 kg/hm2)Fly ash + Humic Acid F400+FZS 表 2 药害分级表
Table 2 Herbicide phytotoxicity classification
药害分级Rating 分级描述Description 症状
Symptom0 无
None无药害症状,作物生长正常。No phytotoxicity symptoms, normal plant growth. 1 微
Slight症状轻微,茎部白化初现。Mild symptoms, initial stem chlorosis observed. 2 小
Mild轻度药害,叶面白化面积占10%及以下。Mild damage, leaf chlorotic area ≤10%. 3 中
Moderate叶面白化面积占10%~50%。Moderate damage, leaf chlorotic area 10%~50%. 4 大
Severe叶面白化面积占50%~80%。Severe damage, leaf chlorotic area 50%~80%. 5 极大Extreme 叶面白化面积占80%以上,出现死苗。Leaf chlorotic area > 80%, seedling mortality observed. 表 3 不同处理对棉田下茬作物小麦药害发生的影响
Table 3 Effects of different treatments on herbicide phytotoxicity on wheat as the succeeding crop in cotton field
序号Serial number 处理Treatment 药害指数Herbicide phytotoxicity index 苗期Seedling stage 拔节期Jointing stage 1 CK 1.05 ± 0.14 a 2.05 ± 0.32 a 2 SEJ 0.52 ± 0.27 ab 0.82 ± 0.19 bc 3 JLT 0.79 ± 0.60 ab 1.05 ± 0.54 abc 4 FZS 0.65 ± 0.23 ab 0.83 ± 0.31 bc 5 L100 0.45 ± 0.25 ab 0.62 ± 0.36 bc 6 L100+SEJ 0.11 ± 0.08 b 0.37 ± 0.21 c 7 L100+JLT 0.56 ± 0.30 ab 0.62 ± 0.25 bc 8 L100+FZS 0.75 ± 0.34 ab 1.00 ± 0.37 bc 9 C40 0.67 ± 0.07 ab 0.89 ± 0.09 bc 10 C40+SEJ 0.98 ± 0.05 ab 1.45 ± 0.32 ab 11 C40+JLT 0.48 ± 0.10 ab 0.45 ± 0.10 bc 12 C40+FZS 0.61 ± 0.36 ab 1.18 ± 0.40 abc 13 F400 0.78 ± 0.10 ab 1.04 ± 0.28 abc 14 F400+SEJ 0.70 ± 0.41 ab 1.39 ± 0.39 abc 15 F400+JLT 0.45 ± 0.14 ab 1.03 ± 0.35 abc 16 F400+FZS 0.34 ± 0.15 ab 0.59 ± 0.13 bc 注:同列不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P < 0.05),下同。Note: Different lowercase letters within the same column indicated significant differences between treatments (P < 0.05). The same below. 表 4 不同处理对棉田下茬作物小麦药害影响的单因素方差分析
Table 4 One-way ANOVA of the effects of different treatments on herbicide phytotoxicity on wheat as succeeding crop in cotton field
平方和
Sum of squares自由度
Degrees of freedom均方
Mean squareF值
F valueP值
P value苗期药害指数
Herbicide phytotoxicity index at seedling stage因素影响Factor effect 2.462 15 0.164 0.760 0.708 误差Error 6.911 32 0.216 总和Total 9.373 47 拔节期药害指数
Herbicide phytotoxicity index at jointing stage因素影响Factor effect 8.052 15 0.537 1.854 0.070 误差Error 9.266 32 0.290 总和Total 17.318 47 表 5 不同处理对棉田下茬作物小麦产量及产量构成因素的影响
Table 5 Effects of different treatments on yield and yield components of wheat as succeeding crop in cotton field
序号
Serial number处理
Treatment基本苗数
(104/hm2)
Basic seedling number穗数
(104/hm2)
Spike number穗长
(cm)
Spike length穗粒数
Kernels per spike千粒重
(g)
Thousand-kernel weight产量
(kg/hm2)
Yield1 CK 723.67 ± 23.87 d 646.00 ± 5.20 abc 8.62 ± 0.16 bc 23.10 ± 0.85 d 40.00 ± 3.51 a 4 451.22 ± 136.72 c 2 SEJ 800.83 ± 29.66 abcd 697.67 ± 20.61 abc 8.92 ± 0.11 abc 25.30 ± 0.85 abcd 38.13 ± 4.40 a 4 369.18 ± 199.11 c 3 JLT 831.33 ± 29.95 ab 770.33 ± 31.39 a 8.80 ± 0.14 abc 22.97 ± 0.72 d 39.87 ± 3.67 a 4 456.89 ± 397.18 c 4 FZS 808.00 ± 33.66 abcd 650.67 ± 9.56 abc 8.53 ± 0.16 c 26.70 ± 0.99 abc 37.60 ± 4.61 a 4 376.19 ± 261.00 c 5 L100 838.67 ± 44.01 ab 705.33 ± 33.65 abc 9.15 ± 0.12 abc 24.33 ± 0.72 bcd 41.33 ± 2.05 a 4 495.91 ± 172.58 c 6 L100+SEJ 843.00 ± 26.49 a 763.33 ± 1.20 a 9.33 ± 0.24 a 26.97 ± 1.13 abc 41.23 ± 3.40 a 5 837.30 ± 313.40 a 7 L100+JLT 821.67 ± 24.34 ab 608.33 ± 46.31 c 9.10 ± 0.15 abc 23.93 ± 0.55 cd 40.70 ± 2.97 a 4 544.94 ± 539.45 c 8 L100+FZS 790.50 ± 13.27 abcd 737.67 ± 16.34 ab 9.12 ± 0.41 abc 22.73 ± 0.96 d 37.03 ± 4.25 a 4 927.80 ± 114.19 abc 9 C40 763.67 ± 14.07 abcd 649.33 ± 22.26 abc 9.02 ± 0.20 abc 24.57 ± 1.04 bcd 39.30 ± 4.43 a 4 593.30 ± 205.88 bc 10 C40+SEJ 769.83 ± 27.66 abcd 762.67 ± 11.29 a 9.31 ± 0.10 a 27.30 ± 1.72 abc 40.83 ± 5.61 a 5 154.58 ± 151.46 abc 11 C40+JLT 733.83 ± 25.89 cd 624.67 ± 38.69 bc 9.30 ± 0.13 a 28.40 ± 1.01 a 38.23 ± 2.40 a 5 601.47 ± 426.72 ab 12 C40+FZS 805.33 ± 9.78 abcd 752.67 ± 27.67 ab 9.10 ± 0.16 abc 27.23 ± 0.98 abc 38.37 ± 3.93 a 4 780.06 ± 280.50 bc 13 F400 815.17 ± 15.46 abc 710.33 ± 9.35 abc 9.24 ± 0.20 ab 27.37 ± 1.13 ab 36.17 ± 1.08 a 4 906.79 ± 398.66 abc 14 F400+SEJ 803.83 ± 27.75 abcd 708.67 ± 32.63 abc 8.85 ± 0.26 abc 22.53 ± 0.60 d 35.80 ± 7.03 a 4 869.10 ± 128.74 abc 15 F400+JLT 789.50 ± 26.49 abcd 710.33 ± 6.12 abc 8.83 ± 0.18 abc 24.70 ± 0.67 bcd 40.80 ± 1.94 a 4 405.54 ± 192.62 c 16 F400+FZS 752.33 ± 17.32 bcd 675.67 ± 31.71 abc 8.78 ± 0.16 abc 24.33 ± 0.70 bcd 42.63 ± 2.30 a 4 619.31 ± 181.64 bc 表 6 不同处理对棉田下茬作物小麦产量及产量构成因的影响的单因素方差分析
Table 6 One-way ANOVA of the effects of different treatments on yield and yield components of wheat as succeeding crop in cotton field
产量及产量指标
Yield and yield indicators平方和
Sum of squares自由度
Degrees of freedom均方
Mean squareF值
F valueP值
P value基本苗数
Basic seedling number因素影响Factor influence 115 802.740 15 7 720.183 1.937 0.031 误差Error 318 786.500 80 3 984.831 总和Total 434 589.240 95 穗数
Spike number因素影响Factor effect 119 830.979 15 7 988.732 4.196 0.000 误差Error 60 930.000 32 1 904.063 总和Total 180 760.979 47 穗长
Spike length因素影响Factor effect 27.390 15 1.826 1.616 0.066 误差Error 524.170 464 1.130 总和Total 551.560 479 穗粒数
Kernels per spike因素影响Factor effect 1 655.325 15 110.355 4.051 0.000 误差Error 12 639.267 464 27.240 总和Total 14 294.592 479 千粒重
Thousand-kernels weight因素影响Factor effect 179.353 15 11.957 0.265 0.996 误差Error 1 446.127 32 45.191 总和Total 1 625.480 47 产量
Yield因素影响Factor effect 8 597 448.317 15 573 163.221 2.373 0.020 误差Error 7 727 758.633 32 241 492.457 总和Total 16 325 206.950 47 -
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