Research advances in extraction and utilization of lipid, protein and chitin from Hermetia illucens
-
摘要:
亮斑扁角水虻(BSF, Hermetia illucens)作为双翅目昆虫,因其优异的环境适应性和厨余垃圾、畜禽粪便等多种有机废弃物高效的降解能力,在有机固体废物资源化利用领域展现出广阔的应用前景而受到了广泛关注。亮斑扁角水虻具有食物转化效率高、生命周期短、繁殖能力强等生物学优势,能将摄入的大量有机废物高效转化为油脂、蛋白质、甲壳素等高附加值组分,为农业、养殖业及生物医药等领域提供可再生的动物源性资源,具有良好的规模化开发和工业化应用潜力。本文系统综述了近年来国内外关于亮斑扁角水虻体内主要营养物质提取及其资源化利用的研究进展,重点涵盖油脂提取、蛋白质分离与饲料开发、以及甲壳素获取与功能材料制备。旨在为该昆虫的高值化开发与绿色产业转化提供理论依据与技术支撑,推动其在生物资源循环利用中的集成应用与可持续发展。
Abstract:The black soldier fly (BSF, Hermetia illucens), as a dipteran insect species, has garnered significant interest owing to its remarkable environmental adaptability and exceptional capacity for degrading diverse organic wastes, including kitchen waste and livestock manure, highlighting its immense potential in organic solid waste resource utilization. BSF exhibits distinct biological advantages, such as high feed conversion efficiency, a short life cycle, and robust reproductive performance, enabling it to efficiently convert ingested organic waste into high-value biomolecules, including lipids, proteins, and chitin. These products can serve as renewable animal-derived resources for agriculture, animal husbandry, and biomedical applications, demonstrating considerable promise for large-scale development and industrial exploitation. This article systematically reviews recent domestic and international research progress on the extraction and resource utilization of key nutrients from BSF, with particular emphasis on lipid extraction techniques, protein separation and feed development, as well as chitin acquisition and functional material preparation. The review aims to provide a theoretical foundation and technical insights to support the high-value development and green industrial transformation of this insect, thereby promoting its integrated application and sustainable utilization in biological resource recycling.
-
Keywords:
- Hermetia illucens /
- lipid /
- protein /
- chitin /
- extraction
-
亮斑扁角水虻Hermetia illucens(Black soldier fly),又称黑水虻,双翅目昆虫,广泛分布于热带地区(Da et al.,2020),及中国南方各省(纪佳雨等,2021)。由于其独特的生物学特性,如可在多种有机废物上生长、食物利用率高、生长周期短并可将食用的有机废物转化为稳定有价值的产物等特点(El-hack et al.,2020),被广泛应用于废弃物处理和资源化利用中。亮斑扁角水虻凭借其较高蛋白质含量(40%~44%)、脂肪含量(15%~35%)和甲壳素含量(5%~25%)(纪佳雨等,2021;Triunfo et al.,2022),可应用于饲料、生物能源及生物医药多个领域。
由于具有较高的实用价值,亮斑扁角水虻成为昆虫资源化利用的研究热点(Zhan et al.,2020)。当前,国内外针对亮斑扁角水虻虫体资源化的研究主要集中在其脂肪、蛋白质、甲壳素等营养物质的提取与资源化利用上(El-hack et al.,2020)。本文旨在综述近年来国内外关于亮斑扁角水虻体内营养物质提取与利用的研究成果,为未来的研究和应用提供参考,以期推动亮斑扁角水虻在生物资源可持续利用方面的进一步发展。
1. 亮斑扁角水虻油脂的提取和利用
不同饲料喂养的亮斑扁角水虻幼虫脂肪酸谱差异较大,但一般情况下饱和脂肪酸都会占据主导位置,其中月桂酸是最常见的脂肪酸,可占到总脂肪酸含量的32.4%~57.4%。其他主要脂肪酸包括油酸和亚油酸(Spranghers et al.,2017;Lawal et al.,2022;Suryati et al.,2023)。为了提高亮斑扁角水虻体内油脂的提取效率,国内外多项研究探讨了提高油脂提取效率的方法。
1.1 亮斑扁角水虻油脂的提取工艺
亮斑扁角水虻的前处理是油脂提取的关键步骤,不同前处理方式会显著影响后续的提取效果。Larouche等(2019)对比了几种不同杀灭方法(焯水、干燥、冷冻、高静水压力和研磨)对亮斑扁角水虻幼虫营养成分、脂质氧化等性质的影响。结果表明,温水焯水在杀死幼虫的同时,还具有保持了化学成分,执行速度快,微生物数量最低,有效减少总水分(78.6%),且脂质氧化水平较低等优点,因此在各种杀灭方式中被认为是最优选。
亮斑扁角水虻油脂提取的主要方法包括溶剂浸出法、压榨法和亚临界萃取法,3种方法各有其优缺点。溶剂浸出法使用有机溶剂(如正己烷、石油醚)进行浸提,优点在于提取率高,但存在有机溶剂导致的环境污染风险;压榨法通过机械压榨实现,操作简单且成本较低,但提取率相对较低;亚临界萃取法利用亚临界流体(如丁烷、CO2)进行提取,这种方法环保且提取率高,但设备成本较高且操作复杂(Kong et al.,2021)。对油脂提取技术的改进方案也主要围绕这3种方法,不同方法所得提取效果差别较大(表 1、表 2)。
表 1 浸出及压榨法改进研究Table 1 Research on the improvements of solvent extraction and pressing methods方法
Methods研究内容
Research content结果
Results参考文献
References浸出法
Solvent extraction method2-甲基四氢呋喃(2-Methyl-THF)取代正己烷浸提2-Methyl-THF replacing n-Hexane for extraction 脂质提取率35.83%蛋白质含量62.16%
A lipid extraction rate of 35.83%and a protein content of 62.16% were achievedRuben et al.,2021 响应面法优化2-甲基四氢呋喃(2-Methyl-THF)湿法提取Optimization of 2-Methyl-THF wet extraction using the response surface method 45℃中等温度下提取95%的脂质
Extraction at a moderate temperature of 45℃, 95% of the lipids were extracted王国卿等,2022 微波-超声波协同石油醚萃取
Microwave-Ultrasonic synergistic extraction with petroleum ether确定最佳条件为25 min,1∶25 g/m L,150 W;油脂提取率41.43%,能量转化率56.79%
The optimal conditions were determined as 25 minutes, 1:25 g/mL, and 150 W, yielding a lipid extraction rate of 41.43% and an energy conversion efficiency of 56.79%Ravi et al.,2019 压榨法
Pressing method冷压提取
Cold pressing extraction残油8%~10%,蛋白质含量38%~42%
The residual contained 8% ~ 10% oil and 38% ~ 42% proteinBertrand et al.,2019 表 2 超临界萃取法改进研究Table 2 Research on the improvements of supercritical fluid extraction method研究内容
Research content结果
Results参考文献
References亚临界丁烷提取并结合响应面法优化反应条件Subcritical butane extraction combined with response surface method to optimize reaction conditions 最佳条件35℃、50 min/次、5次提取;干基提取率31.19%
The optimal extraction conditions were 35℃, 50 minutes per extraction, and 5 extraction cycles. The dry basis extraction rate was 31.19%Chen et al.,2023 亚临界水提取油脂
Subcritical water extraction of lipids最高提取率12% The highest extraction rate was 12% Oseweuba et al.,2023 亚临界CO2提取并比较动态和间歇提取
Subcritical CO2 extraction with a comparison between dynamic and intermittent extraction提取率最高可达33.1%;动态和间歇提取回收率近似,但间歇提取使用更少的试剂,有更高的效率
The maximum extraction rate could reach 33.1%. Dynamic and intermittent extraction yields were similar, but intermittent extraction used less reagent and had higher efficiencyCruz et al.,2023 水分与含油量对超临界CO2提取的影响
Effects of moisture and oil content on supercritical CO2 extraction水分含量对提油率不会有明显影响,但会导致提取油脂含水率升高Moisture content did not significantly affect the oil yield but led to an increase in the water content in the extracted oil Tiziana et al.,2023 1.2 亮斑扁角水虻油脂利用
1.2.1 亮斑扁角水虻油脂在养殖饲料生产中的应用
亮斑扁角水虻作为鱼类饲养的替代饲料是完全可行的。已知镜鲤(Xu et al.,2024)、金头鲷(Sara et al.,2024)、虹鳟鱼(Leonardo et al.,2022)、罗非鱼(Noor et al.,2021)等鱼类及虾类(He et al.,2024)在不影响生长性能的前提下,可有效利用含亮斑扁角水虻油脂的饲料,促进生长发育。同时,亮斑扁角水虻幼虫脂肪还具有抑制气单胞菌属的多种耐药性细菌的能力和防止豆粕引起的肠炎并提高免疫力的能力(Heakal et al.,2021;Vikas et al.,2021)。这些研究表明亮斑扁角水虻脂肪在水产养殖领域有着巨大的应用潜力。
亮斑扁角水虻油脂在畜禽养殖上的应用,主要为饲料添加剂。Kim等(2022)研究发现,使用亮斑扁角水虻油脂代替鸡饲料中的大豆油后,喂养组和对照组在体重和产蛋量方面表现相似,鸡蛋成分也基本一致,但用亮斑扁角水虻油脂喂养后,蛋黄颜色指数增高;此外,油脂显著改变了腹部脂肪和鸡蛋中脂肪酸的组成,但未对鸡的血液和健康产生不良影响。Chen等(2022)将亮斑扁角水虻幼虫油脂代替大豆油加入鸡饲料中,发现该方案可改善肉鸡的血浆免疫抗氧化功能、肠道形态和屏障功能。Frennada等(2024)对比了幼虫期、预蛹和蛹期3个阶段提取的油脂,加入鸡饲料后,对鸡的生长性能与组织形态的影响,发现幼虫期的油脂做添加剂,鸡的生长效果更好。Heugten等(2019,2022)将亮斑扁角水虻油脂引入保育猪或生长猪饲料中后,发现保育猪或生长猪的平均日增重、饲料利用率及血清胆固醇含量,会随着油脂添加量的增加呈线性增长。
1.2.2 亮斑扁角水虻油脂在生物柴油生产中的应用
亮斑扁角水虻油脂可通过酯交换反应转化为生物柴油(Kanwar et al.,2023)。经酯化后的油脂其酯含量及其他物理化学性质与植物生物柴油相当,且大部分符合欧盟生物柴油标准。利用动物粪便和厨余垃圾等生活废物喂养出的亮斑扁角水虻幼虫油脂,油脂产量较高(Li et al.,2011;Ishak and Azlan, 2018;Sungwook et al.,2022)。此外,使用污水污泥、水果废物与棕榈滗水饼3种基质喂养亮斑扁角水虻后,发现污水污泥喂养的幼虫相对较小。但无论使用何种基质,油脂加工所得柴油中,十二碳的脂肪酸甲酯含量始终较高。其中,使用水果废料喂养时,其脂肪酸甲酯产量最大,可达到48.46%(Leong et al.,2016)。Sitepu等(2023)在生物柴油生产过程中,引入可控粉碎装置辅助酯化反应,使油脂转化率升高到了93.8%,且在操作过程中产生废物、使用试剂较少,是一种有前景的生物柴油生产方法。
在实际应用中,将亮斑扁角水虻幼虫油脂与柴油混合并加入压燃式发动机中,测试其性能。结果表明,气缸压力降低了3.28%,制动热效率降低了8.21%,NOx、O2排放量分别减少了19.62%和1.84%,虽然碳排放有所增加,但总体而言,亮斑扁角水虻油脂在性能和环境影响上有良好的效果(Mohd et al.,2018;Mohd et al.,2019)。此外,Lilies等(2023)使用柠檬酸作为合成酯交换反应的催化剂,使生产的生物柴油粘度提高了0.93%~2.81%,同时有效降低NOx(2.23%~3.16%)、HC(4.95%~5.83%)的排放量和烟雾的不透明度(20.51%~41.15%),并最终得出10%生物柴油、10%丙醇和80%柴油的最佳混合比例。
1.2.3 亮斑扁角水虻油脂在洗护用品生产中的应用
利用亮斑扁角水虻油脂含有的月桂酸、油酸、棕榈酸等饱和脂肪酸的抗菌性能,和在极性和非极性溶剂中的溶解度,可用于生产肥皂等洗护用品(Cintia et al.,2022;Suryati et al.,2023)。细胞试验发现,经过发酵后的油脂,可通过抑制酪氨酸酶的活性进而抑制黑色素合成;用发酵油脂处理的细胞胶原蛋白合成水平,比用单一脂肪酸处理的细胞增加更多,体现了亮斑扁角水虻油脂对皮肤美白和改善皱纹的作用,即较强的抗衰老能力(Dooseon et al.,2024)。
2. 亮斑扁角水虻蛋白质的提取和应用
随着全球人口增长和传统动物蛋白资源日益紧张,昆虫蛋白作为一种可持续的替代蛋白质源重新获得了研究者的关注。由于昆虫蛋白含量较高,含有大量动物体必需氨基酸,且养殖过程对环境污染较少,昆虫蛋白越来越受粮农组织的关注,以作为一种蛋白质来源(Lamsal et al.,2019)。根据FAO(2013)的报告,全球已有一些国家开始将昆虫蛋白作为饲料添加剂,特别是用于水产养殖和禽类养殖。而亮斑扁角水虻凭借其高蛋白质含量(40%~44%),被视为一种优质的饲料蛋白来源,广泛应用于动物饲料领域(Bessa et al.,2020),并对其应用进行了大量的研究。除营养价值外,与传统的畜牧业相比,亮斑扁角水虻的养殖对环境的负担更小。它们所需的水和土地资源远低于传统畜牧业动物。使其成为解决全球蛋白质需求和减少环境污染的一个重要替代方案。因此在可持续发展方面具有显著的优势,这也是当前推动亮斑扁角水虻产业发展的重要原因之一(Lu et al.,2022)。
2.1 亮斑扁角水虻蛋白质提取工艺
蛋白质的提取较为复杂,单一方式效率较低,需要结合脱脂操作(Utpal et al.,2022)。即在对样品脱脂处理后,再使用提取试剂处理。蛋白质的提取效率受到提取试剂和操作方式的显著影响,其中提取效率和蛋白质纯度因试剂类型、pH调节及提取方案设计而有所不同。因此,科学家们针对不同化学试剂和提取方法展开了深入研究,以优化蛋白质的提取效率和品质。在一项蛋白质提取试验中,使用乙醚对样品进行脱脂处理后,采用Tris-HCl溶液进行提取,最终获得了10 mg/mL的蛋白浓度(Leni et al.,2020)。另一项研究中,使用石油醚对三阶段亮斑扁角水虻进行脱脂,并分别调节pH至11以增容和至pH 4以沉淀蛋白质,结果显示蛋白质回收率介于27%~57%之间,纯度范围为85%~98%(Smets et al.,2020)。
Bose等(Bose et al.,2022)设计并比较了8种不同的蛋白质提取缓冲液组成,结果表明,采用100 mM Tris-HCl、4% SDS及50 mM二硫苏糖醇(DTT)(pH7.6)组合的提取方案效果最佳,能够提取出75%的总蛋白质。此外,Pan等(2023)研究了使用NaOH快速调节pH至不同值进行蛋白提取的效果,比较了上清液和粉末中的蛋白质含量,结果表明,当pH为12.5时,提取回收率最高,达44.35%。
Leni等(2019)使用NaCl、EDTA、tris-HCl、抗坏血酸等试剂,以不同组成配置多种提取液,逐步提取亮斑扁角水虻的白蛋白、球蛋白和谷蛋白组分,来对比不同杀灭方法对蛋白质的影响。发现经焯水杀死的亮斑扁角水虻蛋白更易于提取且营养成分损失较小。Mshayisa等(2022)对比了碱性等电沉淀和碱性萃取两种方法对蛋白质特性的影响,结果表明,碱溶液和酸沉淀萃取法提取的蛋白质含量最高,可达73.35%,且乳化能力显著优于未经处理的亮斑扁角水虻虫粉,乳液稳定性高于碱性萃取所得的蛋白。
超声处理可以缩短提取时间并增加提取量(Choi et al.,2017)。通过对比超声辅助碱性提取、非超声辅助碱性提取和常规热碱性提取3种蛋白质提取方法,发现超声辅助的提取率从55.40%提高到80.37%,较正常提取提升31.07%,较热碱提取提升23.24%,且有效缩短了提取时间(Xu et al.,2023)。
2.2 亮斑扁角水虻蛋白质利用
亮斑扁角水虻蛋白质含有大量已知具有抗氧化潜力的低分子量肽,对比虫粉与鱼粉和鸡肉粉在保护动物细胞免受中性粒细胞与髓过氧化物酶反应引发的氧化损伤方面的作用,发现鱼粉和鸡肉粉几乎没有作用,而亮斑扁角水虻蛋白衍生物可以有效保护动物细胞免受免疫反应导致的氧化损伤(Mouithys et al.,2020)。体外试验发现,与鸡肉粉相比较,亮斑扁角水虻蛋白衍生物具有较强的细胞保护活性,同时可有效抑制巨噬细胞和单核细胞中产生的活性氧,一定程度上预防了关节炎的形成(Mouithys et al.,2021)。以上研究表明,亮斑扁角水虻蛋白在促进动物健康方面有极大的潜力。
在一项为期131 d的生长试验中,在虹鳟鱼饲料中分别添加0%、3%、6%、9%、12%、15%的亮斑扁角水虻脱脂虫粉,发现脱脂虫粉对生长性能、体细胞指标、鱼片物理质量参数和化学成分以及饲粮消化率未产生任何不利影响,脱脂虫粉可被应用到虹鳟鱼的饲料中(Caimi et al.,2021)。在另一项对大西洋鲑鱼进行的大规模试验中,比较了脱脂亮斑扁角水虻幼虫粉含量为0%、4%、8%的3种饲料,16 s rRNA测序结果显示,脱脂虫粉可调节大西洋鲑鱼远端肠道微生物群,且不会影响其在实验条件下的生长性能或健康(Eide et al.,2024)。
Maurer等(2016)将脱脂的亮斑扁角水虻虫粉加入蛋鸡饲料中,使其取代50%或100%豆饼,发现这一改变对采食量、产蛋量、蛋黄重、壳重和死亡率这些主要指标没有差异。此外,通过研究不同脱脂虫粉含量(0%、5%、10%或15%)对肉鸡特质的影响,发现其对肉鸡的胴体特性、颜色、解冻损失和蒸煮损失无显著差异(王斌等,2021)。Biasato等(2019)研究了3种脱脂幼虫粉含量(0%、5%、10%)的猪饲料对猪的影响,发现亮斑扁角水虻的摄入对生长性能、营养物质消化率、血液状态、肠道形态和组织学特征不会产生负面影响。
3. 亮斑扁角水虻甲壳素提取与应用
甲壳素是世界上第二丰富的多糖,甲壳素及其衍生物因其无毒、生物相容性、生物降解性而成为多领域应用的热门材料(Barikani et al.,2014)。随着对甲壳素及其衍生物需求的增加,也刺激了市场对甲壳素生产源的寻找。亮斑扁角水虻因在不同生长阶段,含有5%~25%的甲壳素,可成为有潜力的甲壳素生产源(Wasko et al.,2016)。
3.1 亮斑扁角水虻甲壳素提取工艺
2016年一项研究首次阐述了从亮斑扁角水虻中分离甲壳素的化学结构。使用了盐酸脱矿、氢氧化钠脱蛋白、高锰酸钾脱色这一系列常规甲壳素提取方法,发现其具有α结晶形式和极低的结晶指数(Wasko et al.,2016)。Rampure等(2023)使用蔬菜废料和水果废料喂养亮斑扁角水虻,并对幼年期、预蛹、蛹3个生命阶段进行甲壳素提取分析,在对样品进行脱脂(正己烷)、脱矿(5%盐酸)、脱蛋白(11%氢氧化钠)后,发现水果废料喂养的亮斑扁角水虻在预蛹阶段甲壳素含量最高,可达11.78%,且结晶度可达71.08%,高于商业甲壳素。
Smets等(2020)将甲壳素提取与脂质和蛋白质提取相结合,采用索氏提取法提取油脂,酸沉降法提取蛋白质,随后通过盐酸脱矿和氢氧化钠脱蛋白的方式提取甲壳素,通过该方法,获得了31.27%~38.86%蛋白质、39.85%~47.65%脂质及3.85%~6.31%甲壳素。后续研究在常规方法的基础上,对甲壳素提取工艺进行了不同程度的优化,这些优化方法包括调整酸碱处理条件、引入酶法预处理、超声辅助处理、以及热水和微波辅助技术等,显著提高了甲壳素的提取率和纯度。
一项研究使用氯化胆碱、甜菜碱和有机酸构建的天然低共熔溶剂用于甲壳素的制备,发现在较低pH值下脱矿效果较好。在脱蛋白阶段,研究发现脱蛋白效率与碱和酸的pKa值在高温条件下呈正相关,而在低温条件下呈负相关。此外,pKa对脱蛋白的影响显著高于对脱矿的影响(Zhou et al.,2019)。另一项研究中,使用助溶剂(37%甘油与HCl,酸浓度为5%)代替传统的酸碱提取方法,在90℃、2 h及1∶10(w/v)的条件下成功提取甲壳素,得到的甲壳素宽度为34 nm,长度为494 nm,结晶指数为59.18%(Le et al.,2023)。
Pedrazzani等(2024)比较了机械化学铣削预处理与超声预处理对亮斑扁角水虻的多种化学酶提取方案的影响,结果显示酶法提取的效率较低,甲壳素的纯度低于50%。然而,采用两步化学提取法可显著提高提取效率,达到77.9%。同时,超声波处理有助于去除更多的蛋白质,最终提取的甲壳素中蛋白质含量为13%。此外,Bhacsar等(2021)采用150℃过热水20 h水解法替代氢氧化钠进行蛋白质去除,发现该方法得到的萃取液中含有40%的蛋白质和20%的纯化甲壳素。
除了化学提取方法,部分研究还采用了生物提取法。例如,Lin等(2021)使用苔藓芽孢杆菌在37℃、180 rpm的旋转振荡器上培养10 d进行脱矿和脱蛋白处理,结果表明脱矿效率达到97.2%,脱蛋白效率为87.9%,最终甲壳素的回收率为12.4%。此外,Xiong等(2023)采用枯草芽孢杆菌通过连续共发酵法提取几丁质,并与化学法进行对比。研究发现,尽管生物法和化学法在脱矿效率上差异不大,但在脱蛋白方面,生物法对蛹壳和成虫的脱蛋白率分别为33.33%和46.63%,明显低于化学处理的75.36%和89.11%。然而,生物处理的甲壳素回收率分别为59.90%和47.31%,显著高于化学处理的23.82%和11.99%。
3.2 亮斑扁角水虻甲壳素利用
当前,国内外对亮斑扁角水虻甲壳素的应用研究处于起步阶段。Jayanegara等(2020)将亮斑扁角水虻甲壳素转化为壳聚糖加入到饲料中,评估了体外瘤胃发酵系统,发现添加1%或2%壳聚糖可降低总挥发性脂肪酸的浓度,添加2%壳聚糖可使饲粮体外有机物消化率降低9.5%,与对照组相比,添加2%壳聚糖可使甲烷排放量降低9.0%,表明亮斑扁角水虻壳聚糖可减少甲烷排放和瘤胃饲料降解,特别在添加量为2%时效果明显。
Bazan等(2024)考察了亮斑扁角水虻甲壳素做为多孔碳吸附剂的可能性,通过对亮斑扁角水虻蛹壳进行CO2物理活化或化学活化,并使用碳酸钾进行浸渍处理,发现制成的吸附剂可有效吸附水溶液中的亚甲基蓝,效果最好的吸附剂是在表面积为1 167 m2/g时获得的,最大吸附量为638.80 mg/g,最大吸附容量为641.03 mg/g。另有一项研究探索了其甲壳素对重金属镍的吸附效果,最后发现,甲壳素可在pH为5,镍浓度为178 mg/L时吸附1.66 mg/g的镍(Zlotko et al.,2021)。
Patil等(2024)提出了一种使用亮斑扁角水虻甲壳素制备生物膜并制造高性能摩擦电压电纳米发电机的方法。该方法使用氯化锂对甲壳素进行水解制备生物膜,并以此作为摩擦正极材料,结合其他电负层,构建了摩擦纳米发电机。得到的电压、电流和瞬时功率分别可达到121 V、15 μA和217.8 μW,证明亮斑扁角水虻甲壳素可作为可持续能量收集装置的优良生物材料。
Le等(2023)将提取的甲壳素与明胶结合,制成生物膜并表征其物理化学特性,发现含有0.1%甲壳素的生物膜具有最高的结晶度(70.49%)。同时,添加纳米甲壳素提高了薄膜的抗氧化活性,达到50%~55%,且甲壳素的添加未显著改变明胶薄膜的热稳定性。Bhacsar等(2021)将所得甲壳素以柠檬酸为接枝剂嫁接到预处理的涤纶织物上,发现甲壳素可在织物上成功沉淀,且使用高倍显微镜可观测到未经甲壳素处理的聚酯纤维表面粗糙,经过甲壳素处理后的聚酯纤维表面光滑,所有表面粗糙的空腔都被甲壳素均匀填充。
4. 展望
亮斑扁角水虻虫体营养物质提取多依托化学处理,通过优化提取工艺和反应条件,可取得较高提取率,但化学法成本高,有环境污染风险。尽管已有部分研究使用更为安全的生物法和物理法,但提取率较低。此外,尽管亮斑扁角水虻在可持续生物资源利用方面展现出了显著潜力,但针对其在固体废物处理过程中对有毒有害物质的积累、代谢等方面的研究尚不完善,限制了固体废物处理后的亮斑扁角水虻在大规模资源化利用中的推广应用。
未来的研究应重点关注亮斑扁角水虻资源化可利用性的探索,并开发油脂、蛋白质和甲壳素高效提取的一站式提取工艺。在亮斑扁角水虻三种主要营养物质中,油脂的应用前景最为广泛,其提取物可应用于饲料用油、生物柴油和洗护用品的开发,具有较高的经济价值和市场需求;作为亮斑扁角水虻主要的价值成分,蛋白质则在高附加值的饲料及食品领域具有巨大潜力;甲壳素及其衍生物则因在生物医药与环保材料中的广泛用途也值得深入挖掘。在此基础上,深入探究亮斑扁角水虻在固体废物处理过程中对重金属等有害物质的吸附与代谢路径,明确其在不同处理条件下的代谢机制及残留风险。这将为实现亮斑扁角水虻营养物质的高效提取及其在固体废物处理和资源化利用中的全面应用提供理论支持和技术保障。
-
表 1 浸出及压榨法改进研究
Table 1 Research on the improvements of solvent extraction and pressing methods
方法
Methods研究内容
Research content结果
Results参考文献
References浸出法
Solvent extraction method2-甲基四氢呋喃(2-Methyl-THF)取代正己烷浸提2-Methyl-THF replacing n-Hexane for extraction 脂质提取率35.83%蛋白质含量62.16%
A lipid extraction rate of 35.83%and a protein content of 62.16% were achievedRuben et al.,2021 响应面法优化2-甲基四氢呋喃(2-Methyl-THF)湿法提取Optimization of 2-Methyl-THF wet extraction using the response surface method 45℃中等温度下提取95%的脂质
Extraction at a moderate temperature of 45℃, 95% of the lipids were extracted王国卿等,2022 微波-超声波协同石油醚萃取
Microwave-Ultrasonic synergistic extraction with petroleum ether确定最佳条件为25 min,1∶25 g/m L,150 W;油脂提取率41.43%,能量转化率56.79%
The optimal conditions were determined as 25 minutes, 1:25 g/mL, and 150 W, yielding a lipid extraction rate of 41.43% and an energy conversion efficiency of 56.79%Ravi et al.,2019 压榨法
Pressing method冷压提取
Cold pressing extraction残油8%~10%,蛋白质含量38%~42%
The residual contained 8% ~ 10% oil and 38% ~ 42% proteinBertrand et al.,2019 表 2 超临界萃取法改进研究
Table 2 Research on the improvements of supercritical fluid extraction method
研究内容
Research content结果
Results参考文献
References亚临界丁烷提取并结合响应面法优化反应条件Subcritical butane extraction combined with response surface method to optimize reaction conditions 最佳条件35℃、50 min/次、5次提取;干基提取率31.19%
The optimal extraction conditions were 35℃, 50 minutes per extraction, and 5 extraction cycles. The dry basis extraction rate was 31.19%Chen et al.,2023 亚临界水提取油脂
Subcritical water extraction of lipids最高提取率12% The highest extraction rate was 12% Oseweuba et al.,2023 亚临界CO2提取并比较动态和间歇提取
Subcritical CO2 extraction with a comparison between dynamic and intermittent extraction提取率最高可达33.1%;动态和间歇提取回收率近似,但间歇提取使用更少的试剂,有更高的效率
The maximum extraction rate could reach 33.1%. Dynamic and intermittent extraction yields were similar, but intermittent extraction used less reagent and had higher efficiencyCruz et al.,2023 水分与含油量对超临界CO2提取的影响
Effects of moisture and oil content on supercritical CO2 extraction水分含量对提油率不会有明显影响,但会导致提取油脂含水率升高Moisture content did not significantly affect the oil yield but led to an increase in the water content in the extracted oil Tiziana et al.,2023 -
Barikani M, Oliaei E, Seddiqi H, et al. Preparation and application of chitin and its derivatives: a review[J]. Iranian Polymer Journal, 2014, 23: 307-326. doi: 10.1007/s13726-014-0225-z Bazan WA, Nosal WA, Yilmaz S, et al. Chitin-based porous carbons from Hermetia illucens fly with large surface area for efficient adsorption of methylene blue; adsorption mechanism, kinetics and equilibrium studies[J]. Measurement, 2024, 226: 114129. doi: 10.1016/j.measurement.2024.114129 Bertrand M, Thomas P, Katz H, et al. Renewable resources from insects: exploitation, properties, and refining of fat obtained by cold‐pressing from Hermetia illucens (black soldier fly) larvae[J]. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 2019, 121(7). Bessa LW, Pieterse E, Marais J, et al. Why for feed and not for human consumption? The black soldier fly larvae[J]. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 2020, 19(5): 2747-2763. doi: 10.1111/1541-4337.12609 Bhacsar PS, Dalla FG, Zoccola M. Sustainable superheated water hydrolysis of black soldier fly exuviae for chitin extraction and use of the obtained chitosan in the textile field[J]. ACS omega, 2021, 6(13): 8884-8893. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.0c06040 Biasato I, Renna M, Gai F, et al. Partially defatted black soldier fly larva meal inclusion in piglet diets: effects on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profile, gut morphology and histological features[J]. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 2019, 10: 1-11. Bose U, Broadbent JA, Juhasz A, et al. Comparison of protein extraction protocols and allergen map from black soldier fly Hermetia illucens[J]. Journal of Proteomics, 2022, 269: 104724. doi: 10.1016/j.jprot.2022.104724 Caimi C, Biasato I, Chemello G, et al. Dietary inclusion of a partially defatted black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larva meal in low fishmeal-based diets for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)[J]. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 2021, 12: 1-15. Chen XY, Jin JF, Hou F X, et al. Effects of black soldier fly larvae oil on growth performance, immunity and antioxidant capacity, and intestinal function and microbiota of broilers[J]. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 2022, 31(4): 100292-100292. doi: 10.1016/j.japr.2022.100292 Chen YK, Wang ZQ, Liu JP, et al. Optimization of extraction factor and nutritional characterization of black soldier fly larvae oil via subcritical butane extraction[J]. LWT, 2023, 186: 115221-115221. doi: 10.1016/j.lwt.2023.115221 Choi BD, Wong NA K, Auh JH. Defatting and sonication enhances protein extraction from edible insects[J]. Korean Journal for Food Science of Animal Resources, 2017, 37(6): 955. Cintia A, Daniel M, Rui N, et al. Characterization of lipid extracts from the Hermetia illucens larvae and their bioactivities for potential use as pharmaceutical and cosmetic ingredients[J]. Heliyon, 2022, 8(5): e09455-e09455. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09455 Cruz VA, Nilson JF, Heber PC, et al. Oil extraction from black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) larvae meal by dynamic and intermittent processes of supercritical CO2 - Global yield, oil characterization, and solvent consumption[J]. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 2023, 195: 105861-105861. doi: 10.1016/j.supflu.2023.105861 Da SGDP, Hesselberg T. A review of the use of black soldier fly larvae, Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), to compost organic waste in tropical regions[J]. Neotrop. Entomol. , 2020, 49: 151-162. doi: 10.1007/s13744-019-00719-z Dooseon H, Tae WG, Seung HL, et al. Skin Anti-aging potential through whitening and wrinkle improvement using fermented oil derived from Hermetia illucens larvae[J]. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2024, 25(5): 2736-2736. doi: 10.3390/ijms25052736 Eide LH, Rocha SDC, Morales LB, et al. Black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) meal is a viable protein source for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) during a large-scale controlled field trial under commercial-like conditions[J]. Aquaculture, 2024, 579: 740194. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2023.740194 Eko KS, Sabarmin P, Ginting G, et al. Controlled crushing device-intensified direct biodiesel production of black soldier fly larvae[J]. Heliyon, 2023, 9(6): e16402-e16402. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16402 El-hack A, Mohamed E, Shafi ME, et al. Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) meal as a promising feed ingredient for poultry: a comprehensive review[J]. Agriculture, 2020, 10: 339. doi: 10.3390/agriculture10080339 FAO. Edible insects: Future Prospects for Food and Feed Security[R]. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2013. Frennada LA, Eko WOS. Assessing the impact of black soldier fly oil (Hermetia illucens) from various phases as feed additive on the growth performance and histomorphology of broiler chickens[J]. Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 2024, 12(3): 509-514. He Y, Peng H, Jin M, et al. Application evaluation of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae oil in shrimp feed: effects on growth performance, antioxidant capacity and lipid metabolism[J]. Aquaculture Reports, 2024, 36: 102174. doi: 10.1016/j.aqrep.2024.102174 Heakal M, Elena M, Yuriy A, et al. Fatty acids-enriched fractions of Hermetia illucens (black soldier fly) larvae fat can combat MDR pathogenic fish bacteria Aeromonas spp[J]. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2021, 22(16): 8829-8829. doi: 10.3390/ijms22168829 Heugten E, Gabriela M, Alejandra M, et al. 285 Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae oil improves growth performance of nursery pigs[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2019, 97(Supplement_3): 118-118. Heugten E, Martinez G, Alejafdra M, et al. Improvements in performance of nursery pigs provided with supplemental oil derived from black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae[J]. Animals, 2022, 12(23): 3251-3251. doi: 10.3390/ani12233251 Ishak S, Azlan K. Biodiesel from black soldier fly larvae grown on restaurant kitchen waste[J]. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 2018, 17(2): 1143-1150. Jayanegara A, Hartati RP, Nafisah A, et al. Derivatization of chitin and chitosan from black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) and their use as feed additives: An in vitro study[J]. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci. , 2020, 8(5): 472-477. 纪佳雨, 邓玲聪, 李广东, 等. 黑水虻的资源价值化及其开发应用研究进展[J]. 经济动物学报, 2021, 25(1): 42-50 Ji JY, Deng LC, Li GD, et al. Research advance on resource value, exploitation and application of black soldier fly[J] Journal of Economic Animal, 2021, 25(1): 42-50. Kanwar M, Sathiahkumar P, Durairaj KR, et al. Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae as potential feedstock for the biodiesel production: recent advances and challenges[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2023, 859: 160235-160235. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160235 Kim B, Kim M, Jin YJ, et al. Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae oil as an alternative fat ingredient to soybean oil in laying hen diets[J]. Animal Bioscience, 2022, 35(9): 1408-1417. doi: 10.5713/ab.22.0052 Kong F, Huang HF, Yang C, et al. Process optimization and quality comparison of black soldier fly larvae oils extracted by different methods[J]. China Oils and Fats, 2021, 46(6): 15-20. Lamsal B, Wang H, Pinsirodom P, et al. Applications of insect‐derived protein ingredients in food and feed industry[J]. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 2019, 96(2): 105-123. doi: 10.1002/aocs.12180 Larouche J, Deschamps MH, Saucier L, et al. Effects of killing methods on lipid oxidation, colour and microbial load of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae[J]. Animals, 2019, 9(4): 182. doi: 10.3390/ani9040182 Lawal KG, Kavle RR, Akanbi TO, et al. Lipid nutritional indices, regioisomeric distribution, and thermal properties of Tenebrio molitor and Hermetia illucens larvae fat[J]. Asia Pac. Entomol, 2022, 25: 101951. doi: 10.1016/j.aspen.2022.101951 Le TM, Tran CL, Nguyen TX, et al. Green preparation of chitin and nanochitin from black soldier fly for production of biodegradable packaging material[J]. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 2023, 31(7): 3094-3105. doi: 10.1007/s10924-023-02793-2 Leni G, Caligiani A, Sforaa S. Killing method affects the browning and the quality of the protein fraction of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) prepupae: A metabolomics and proteomic insight[J]. Food Research International, 2019, 115: 116-125. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.08.021 Leni G, Tedeschi T, Faccini A, et al. Shotgun proteomics, in-silico evaluation and immunoblotting assays for allergenicity assessment of lesser mealworm, black soldier fly and their protein hydrolysates[J]. Scientific Reports, 2020, 10(1): 1228. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-57863-5 Leonardo B, Vesna M, Francesca T, et al. Effect of diets containing full-fat Hermetia illucens on rainbow trout microbiota: a dual cultivation-independent approach with DGGE and NGS[J]. Aquaculture, 2022, 553: 738109-738109. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2022.738109 Leong SY, Kutty SRM, Malakahmad A, et al. Feasibility study of biodiesel production using lipids of Hermetia illucens larva fed with organic waste[J]. Waste Management, 2016, 47: 84-90. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.03.030 Li Q, Zheng L, Qiu N, et al. Bioconversion of dairy manure by black soldier fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) for biodiesel and sugar production[J]. Waste management, 2011, 31(6): 1316-1320. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2011.01.005 Lilies KK, Patrick GH, James MR, et al. Performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled by biodiesel from black soldier fly larvae: effects of synthesizing catalysts with citric acid[J]. Heliyon, 2023, 9(11): e21354-e21354. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21354 Lin YS, Liang SH, Lai WL, et al. Sustainable extraction of chitin from spent pupal shell of black soldier fly[J]. Processes, 2021, 9(6): 976. doi: 10.3390/pr9060976 Lu S, Taethaisong N, Meethip W, et al. Nutritional composition of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens L.) and its potential uses as alternative protein sources in animal diets: a review[J]. Insects, 2022, 13(9): 831. doi: 10.3390/insects13090831 Maurer V, Holinger M, Amsler Z, et al. Replacement of soybean cake by Hermetia illucens meal in diets for layers[J]. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed, 2016, 2(2): 83-90. doi: 10.3920/JIFF2015.0071 Mohd KK, Abdullah AA, Rizalman M. Combustion, performances, and emissions characteristics of Hermetia illucens larvae oil in a direct injection compression ignition engine[J]. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, And Environmental Effects, 2018, 41(12): 1483-1496. Mohd KK, Mazwir MH, Abdullah AA, et al. Combustion, performances and emissions characteristics of black soldier fly larvae oil and diesel blends in compression ignition engine[J]. Renewable Energy, 2019, 142: 569-580. doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2019.04.126 Mouithys MA, Schmitt E, Dalim M, et al. Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae protein derivatives: potential to promote animal health[J]. Animals, 2020, 10(6): 941. Mouithys MA, Tome NM, Boogaard T, et al. Unlocking the real potential of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae protein derivatives in pet diets[J]. Molecules, 2021, 26(14): 4216. doi: 10.3390/molecules26144216 Mshayisa VV, Van WJ, Zozo B. Nutritional, techno-functional and structural properties of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae flours and protein concentrates[J]. Foods, 2022, 11(5): 724. Noor-hidayati AB, Shaharudin AR, NorhiAadyah MT, et al. Evaluation of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) prepupae oil as meal supplementation in diets for red hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis sp.)[J]. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 2021, 41(3): 2093-2102. Oseweuba VO, Victor P, Keikhosro K, et al. Optimizing the subcritical water valorization of insect (Hermetia illucens L.) farming waste for biodiesel production[J]. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 2023, 196: 413-426. doi: 10.1016/j.cherd.2023.06.043 Pan J, Xu H, Dabbour M, et al. Effect of alkaline pH-shifting process on extraction rate, structural, and functional properties of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae protein[J]. LWT, 2023, 185: 115180. Patil SR, Chougale MY, Kim J, et al. Nature‐Driven edible black soldier fly (BSF) insect larvae derived chitin biofilm for sustainable multifunctional energy harvesting[J]. Advanced Sustainable Systems, 2024, 8(2): 2300312. Pedrazzani C, Righi L, Vescovi F, et al. Black soldier fly as a new chitin source: extraction, purification and molecular/structural characterization[J]. LWT, 2024, 191: 115618. Rampure SM, Velayudhannair K, Marimuthu N. Characteristics of chitin extracted from different growth phases of black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens, fed with different organic wastes[J]. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 2023, 43(3): 979-987. Ravi HK, Vian MA, Tao Y, et al. Alternative solvents for lipid extraction and their effect on protein quality in black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2019, 238: 117861. Ruben S, Peter G, Johan C, et al. Optimisation of the lipid extraction of fresh black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) with 2-methyltetrahydrofuran by response surface methodology[J]. Separation and Purification Technology, 2021, 258: 118040-118040. Sara M, Aires OT, Lina FP, et al. Effects of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae oil on fillet quality and nutritional traits of gilthead seabream[J]. Aquaculture, 2024, 579: 740219-740219. Smets R, Verbinnen B, Van DVI, et al. Sequential extraction and characterisation of lipids, proteins, and chitin from black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae, prepupae, and pupae[J]. Waste and Biomass Valorization, 2020, 11: 6455-6466. Spranghers T, Ottoboni M, Klootwijk C, et al. Nutritional composition of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) prepupae reared on different organic waste substrates[J]. Sci. Food Agric. , 2017, 97: 2594-2600. Sungwook J, Jong MJ, Yiu FT, et al. Biodiesel production from black soldier fly larvae derived from food waste by non-catalytic transesterification[J]. Energy, 2022, 238: 121700-121700. Suryati T, Julaeha E, Farabi K, et al. Lauric acid from the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) and its potential applications[J]. Sustainability, 2023, 15(13): 10383. Tiziana F, Luis V, David VB, et al. Effect of moisture and oil content in the supercritical CO2 defatting of Hermetia illucens larvae[J]. Foods, 2023, 12(3): 490-490. Triunfo M, Tafi E, Guarnieri A, et al. Characterization of chitin and chitosan derived from Hermetia illucens, a further step in a circular economy process[J]. Scientific Reports, 2022, 12(1): 6613. Utpal B, James AB, Angela J, et al. Comparison of protein extraction protocols and allergen mapping from black soldier fly Hermetia illucens[J]. Journal of Proteomics, 2022, 269: 104724-104724. Vikas K, Femi JF, Nicholas R, et al. Insect (black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens) meal supplementation prevents the soybean meal-induced intestinal enteritis in rainbow trout and health benefits of using insect oil[J]. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 2021, 109: 116-124. 王斌, 邹仕庚, 彭运智, 等. 黑水虻在畜禽饲料中的应用研究进展[J]. 中国畜牧杂志, 2021, 57(6): 8-15 Wang B, Zou RG, Peng YZ, et al. Research progress on application of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) in animal feed[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Science, 2021, 57(6): 8-15. 王国卿, 张鑫, 朱俊宇, 等. 微波-超声波协同溶剂萃取对黑水虻油脂产率及产物特性影响[J]. 华中农业大学学报, 2022, 41(4): 43-50 Wang GQ, Zhang X, Zhu JY, et al. Effects of microwave-ultrasonic synergistic solvent extraction on oil yield and product properties of black soldier fly[J]. Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University, 2022, 41(4): 43-50. Wasko A, Bulak P, Polak BM, et al. The first report of the physicochemical structure of chitin isolated from Hermetia illucens[J]. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2016, 92: 316-320. Xiong A, Ruan L, Ye K, et al. Extraction of chitin from black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) and its puparium by using biological treatment[J]. Life, 2023, 13(7): 1424. Xu JH, Xiao S, Wang JH, et al. Comparative study of the effects of ultrasound-assisted alkaline extraction on black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae protein: nutritional, structural, and functional properties[J]. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 2023, 101: 106662-106662. Xu X, Ji B, Lu R, et al. Black soldier fly oil in different lipid diets could regulate tissue lipid metabolism and fatty acid composition of juvenile mirror carp[J]. Aquaculture Nutrition, 2024, 2024(1): 8718694. Zhan S, Fang G, Cai M, et al. Genomic landscape and genetic manipulation of the black soldier fly Hermetia illucens, a natural waste recycler[J]. Cell Res. , 2020, 30: 50-60. Zhou P, Li J, Yan T, et al. Selectivity of deproteinization and demineralization using natural deep eutectic solvents for production of insect chitin (Hermetia illucens)[J]. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2019, 225: 115255. Zlotko K, Wasko A, Kaminski DM, et al. Isolation of chitin from black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) and its usage to metal sorption[J]. Polymers, 2021, 13(5): 818.