lncRNA在蜜蜂领域的研究进展

雷琳玥,  赵红霞,  苏松坤,  刘芳

雷琳玥, 赵红霞, 苏松坤, 等. lncRNA在蜜蜂领域的研究进展 [J]. 环境昆虫学报, 2026, 48(2): 445-452. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0858.2026.02.12
引用本文: 雷琳玥, 赵红霞, 苏松坤, 等. lncRNA在蜜蜂领域的研究进展 [J]. 环境昆虫学报, 2026, 48(2): 445-452. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0858.2026.02.12
LEI Lin-Yue, ZHAO Hong-Xia, SU Song-Kun, et al. Research progress of lncRNA in honey bee [J]. Journal of Environmental Entomology, 2026, 48(2): 445-452. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0858.2026.02.12
Citation: LEI Lin-Yue, ZHAO Hong-Xia, SU Song-Kun, et al. Research progress of lncRNA in honey bee [J]. Journal of Environmental Entomology, 2026, 48(2): 445-452. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0858.2026.02.12

lncRNA在蜜蜂领域的研究进展

doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0858.2026.02.12
基金项目: 

广东省基础与应用基础研究基金 2023A1515030072;

广州市科技计划项目 2024E04J0904;

国家科技部高端外国专家引进计划项目 G2023030044L;

国家蜂产业技术体系 CARS-44

详细信息
    作者简介:

    雷琳玥,女,硕士研究生,研究方向为蜜蜂行为学与分子生物学,E-mail:2437001810@qq.com

    通讯作者 Author for correspondence:

    刘芳,女,博士,副研究员,研究方向为蜜蜂行为学与分子生物学,E-mail:liufang@giz.gd.cn

  • 中图分类号: Q968.1

    文献标识码: A

    文章编号: 1674-0858(2026)02-0445-08

Research progress of lncRNA in honey bee

  • 摘要:

    为全面了解长链非编码RNA(Long non-coding RNA,lncRNA)目前在蜜蜂领域的研究现状,以期为进一步探究蜜蜂lncRNA的作用机制提供借鉴和参考。本文结合目前所有蜜蜂lncRNA研究报道,将其研究方向和成果进行整理汇总。目前蜜蜂lncRNA的研究主要集中在以下五个方面:蜜蜂劳动分工、级型分化、生殖、免疫防御以及生长发育等调控。基于以上综述,明确lncRNA在蜜蜂领域存在重要的功能,而其作用机制有待进一步挖掘。

     

    Abstract:

    To comprehensively summarize the current research progress on long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in honey bees, with the aim of providing insights for further investigations into their regulatory mechanisms, this review compiles and organizes all published studies on honeybee lncRNAs, summarizing their research directions and major findings on honey bees. We found that current research on honey bee lncRNAs mainly focuses on five areas: regulation of division of labor, caste differentiation, reproduction, immune defense, and growth and development. Based on the literature review, it is clear that lncRNAs play important roles in various biological processes in honey bees, while their underlying regulatory

     

  • 非编码RNA(Non-coding RNA,ncRNA)是基因组转录产生的一类RNA分子,不直接参与蛋白质的编码,而是在基因表达调控、维持基因组稳定性、细胞发育以及疾病发生等过程中发挥重要作用(Eddy,2001;Georgoulis et al., 2023)。据研究,ncRNA根据其长度可以分为长度小于200核苷酸的小非编码RNA(Small ncRNA,sncRNA)和长度大于200核苷酸的lncRNA,二者相较之下,长度大于200核苷酸的lncRNA占非编码RNA的大多数(Li et al., 2023)。

    早期lncRNA的研究主要集中于人与小鼠等哺乳动物身上,第一个在哺乳动物中发现的lncRNA是H19,自发现以来,H19的研究逐渐扩展,揭示了其在胚胎发育、个体发育、肿瘤发生、干细胞定向分化及代谢等过程中发挥调控作用(Liao et al., 2023)。昆虫lncRNA的研究主要体现在模式生物黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster,roX1被认为是第一个在昆虫中发现的lncRNA,roX1与其同源的roX2一起作为剂量补偿复合物的组成部分,通过调节X染色体上基因的转录活性,确保雄性果蝇中X染色体基因的表达与雌性相当(Meller et al., 1992)。蜜蜂领域lncRNA的研究起步较晚。Ks-1是在蜜蜂中首次发现的lncRNA,其在蜜蜂的脑部高表达,表达位置与蘑菇体外源性神经元的胞体存在的区域相吻合。此外,Ks-1还通过在细胞核中的局部作用调控蜜蜂大脑的神经功能(Sawata et al., 2002)。因此本文简要介绍lncRNA的分类与作用机制,概述lncRNA对蜜蜂劳动分工、级型分化、生殖、免疫防御以及生长发育等调控作用,旨在为研究蜜蜂lncRNA提供理论参考。

    lncRNA通常由RNA聚合酶Ⅱ转录而成,具有与mRNA相似的结构特征,如5'端的甲基化鸟苷酸帽和3'端的多聚腺苷酸尾(Yokoyama et al., 2024)。初期它被认为是噪声,后期的深入研究表明lncRNA在基因表达调控与表观遗传学等多种生物学过程中发挥着重要作用(Ponting et al., 2009;Zhang et al., 2024)。

    根据lncRNA的基因组定位特征,可分为三大主要类型(Zhao et al., 2024)。第一类为内含子型lncRNA(Intronic lncRNA),主要来源于蛋白质编码基因的内含子区域(Laurent et al., 2015)。例如,lncRNA FTO-IT 1是FTO基因内含子区转录产物,在肝细胞性肝癌(Hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)细胞中高表达,与HCC细胞的增殖和糖酵解相关,并通过促进糖酵解参与HCC的恶性进展(Wang et al., 2023)。第二类为正义lncRNA(Sence lncRNA)与反义lncRNA(Antisense lncRNA),分别源自蛋白质编码基因的正义链和反义链(Kung et al., 2013)。以反义lncRNA为例,神经胶质瘤组织中反义lncRNA CHROMR的基因表达水平显著高于健康脑组织,表明CHROMR与胶质瘤患者生存预后之间存在联系(Širvinskas et al., 2023)。第三类为基因间lncRNA(Long intergenic noncoding RNA,lincRNA),转录自两个蛋白质编码基因之间的非编码区域(Liu et al., 2015)。例如,lincRNA JUNI与双特异性磷酸酶14的拮抗作用有助于诱导JUNI邻近基因c-Jun的表达,还增加了细胞在紫外线暴露下的存活率,使细胞对紫外线辐射的抗性得以提升(Kumar et al., 2024)。

    lncRNA在基因调控中发挥多重作用,主要包括表观遗传调控、转录水平调控及转录后调控(Zhang et al., 2024)。在表观遗传调控方面,lncRNA通过剂量补偿效应和基因组印记等方式调控基因表达,例如lncRNA H19通过招募甲基-CpG结合结构域蛋白1M来沉默Igf2、Peg1以及Slc38a4这3个印记基因(Monnier et al., 2013)。在转录水平上,lncRNA通过与转录因子相互作用或是与蛋白质结合成复合物影响基因的转录过程。如肺腺癌细胞通过选择性剪接产生lncRNA PD-L1-lnc,PD-L1-lnc通过直接结合转录因子c-Myc来增强c-Myc转录活性,从而促进肺腺癌细胞增殖、转移和生存(Qu et al., 2021)。在转录后调控中,lncRNA通过影响mRNA的降解、翻译及剪接等过程调控基因表达(Jayasuriya et al., 2021)。例如lncRNA Gomafu能够与剪接因子1结合,这表明Gomafu可能通过调节剪接因子在细胞核内的局部浓度来影响剪接效率(Tsuiji et al., 2011);lincRNA-p21通过与RNA结合蛋白抗原R(Human antigen R,HuR)结合,能够抑制HuR与其靶mRNA的结合,进而减少mRNA的翻译效率(Yoon et al., 2012)。虽然在哺乳动物中lncRNA的调控机制已被广泛研究,但在蜜蜂中lncRNA的研究仍相对较少。随着对蜜蜂lncRNA研究的深入,人们能够更全面地理解它们在蜜蜂的生长发育、免疫反应和行为调控等方面的适应性机制,还能为蜜蜂养殖、病虫害防治及生物技术发展等领域提供科学依据和技术支持。

    在蜜蜂领域,lncRNA的研究主要以高通量测序和生物信息鉴定为主去推测其功能。目前,其功能主要体现在蜜蜂劳动分工、级型分化、生殖、免疫防御以及生长发育等过程中。近年来已鉴定的功能性蜜蜂lncRNA如表 1所示。

    表  1  蜜蜂lncRNA基因的功能
    Table  1  Function analysis of bee lncRNA
    长链非编码RNA
    Long non-coding RNA
    蜜蜂种类
    Bee species
    功能
    Function
    参考文献
    References
    TCONS_00356023 西方蜜蜂Apis mellifera 行为转变Behavioural transition Liu et al., 2019
    TCONS_00357367
    TCONS_00159909
    Nb-1 西方蜜蜂Apis mellifera 行为多型,发育
    Behavioural polymorphism and development
    Tadano et al., 2009;Tadano et al., 2024
    Kakusei 西方蜜蜂Apis mellifera 神经调控Neural regulation Sawata et al., 2002;Sawata et al., 2004;Kiya et al., 2008
    Ks-1
    AncR-1
    MSTRG. 6803. 3 西方蜜蜂Apis mellifera 舞蹈行为Dance behaviour Feng et al., 2022
    XR_003305156. 1
    Lncov1 西方蜜蜂Apis mellifera 卵巢发育Ovarian development Humann et al., 2011
    Lncov2
    XLOC_073978 Chen et al., 2017
    XLOC_081294
    TCONS_00086519 西方蜜蜂Apis mellifera 免疫应答Immune response Huang et al., 2021
    XR_001765563.2 东方蜜蜂Apis cerana Guo et al., 2023
    lncRNA13164 付中民等,2023
    TCONS_00010661 杜宇等,2021
    TCONS_00003104
    TCONS_00020918 西方蜜蜂Apis mellifera 营养吸收,级型分化
    Nutrient absorption and caste differentiation
    郭睿等,2018
    MSTRG.11294.1 东方蜜蜂Apis cerana 肠道,发育Gut and development Fan et al., 2023
    MSTRG.9645.5 西方蜜蜂Apis mellifera 热应激Heat stress Zhang et al., 2024
    XR_001766094.2 东方蜜蜂Apis cerana 卫生行为Hygienic behaviour Li et al., 2024

    蜜蜂群体展现出高度分化的劳动分工,主要由工蜂承担除蜂王产卵和雄蜂交配外的各项任务(Stuart et al., 2024)。工蜂根据年龄和生理发育阶段分配不同职责,1~3日龄工蜂负责巢内清洁、育幼及巢脾建造;4~12日龄工蜂进行哺育和维护工作;3周以上工蜂转向巢外采集花粉、花蜜等(Wang et al., 2024)。这些不同年龄段的工蜂表现出不同职责分工,进而使其行为产生差异,而这种行为差异的形成可能与基因表达的变化密切相关。随着分子生物学技术的发展,Tadano等(2009)研究表明西方蜜蜂哺育蜂和采集蜂脑部lncRNA Nb-1的表达存在显著差异,暗示其影响工蜂的行为转变。Liu等(2019)通过转录组测序技术(RNA sequencing,RNA-seq)分析了西方蜜蜂哺育蜂和采集蜂的lncRNA表达谱,共获得1 480个差异表达lncRNA(Differentially expressed lncRNA,DElncRNA),其中TCONS_00356023、TCONS_00357367和TCONS_00159909可能在哺育和采集行为转变中起重要作用,这为进一步研究lncRNA在蜜蜂行为转变中的作用奠定基础。随后,Chen等(2021)从东方蜜蜂哺育蜂和采集蜂中检测出了多个DElncRNA,表明它们在蜜蜂的劳动分工中可能存在重要作用。蜜蜂的舞蹈行为是其食物源信息传递的关键方式,蜜源质量及基因表达变化等因素决定了舞蹈的积极性。Feng等(2022)在跳摆尾舞的和不跳摆尾舞的西方蜜蜂采集蜂中检测到多种DElncRNA,其中MSTRG.6803.3和XR_003305156.1可能参与了摆尾舞的调控,这是首次从lncRNA角度探讨蜜蜂舞蹈行为,有助于深入理解蜜蜂劳动分工的神经生物学基础。

    蜜蜂是社会性昆虫,蜂王与工蜂具有相同的遗传基因,但由于幼虫期食物不同,导致其在形态、功能和行为上出现显著差异,这一现象称为级型分化(Zhang et al., 2023)。为了探索级型分化过程的分子机制,郭昱等(2015)分析了4-6日龄西方蜜蜂工蜂和蜂王幼虫的lncRNA表达情况,发现多个lncRNA在蜜蜂级型分化过程中表达差异显著,这些lncRNA主要涉及信号传导、记忆、生长调控和转录调控等功能,进一步证实lncRNA在蜜蜂级型分化中的重要性。在西方蜜蜂蜂王、工蜂和雄蜂全长转录组中,Zheng等(2023)发现大量DElncRNA,这些lncRNA可能在蜜蜂级型分化过程中发挥关键作用,参与调控蜜蜂不同级型间的表型,为进一步研究lncRNA在蜜蜂级型分化中的作用奠定理论基础。

    蜂王和工蜂的生殖系统差异明显,这一差异不仅反映在生理结构上,还可能涉及分子层面的调控机制(Fèvre and Dearden, 2024)。Humann等(2013)发现lncRNA lncov1的表达量在西方蜜蜂5日龄工蜂幼虫卵巢中达到了峰值,lncov1还参与了工蜂卵巢细胞自噬死亡调控过程,而lncRNA lncov2在西方蜜蜂5日龄蜂王幼虫卵巢中过表达,期间卵巢显著延长以及端丝和生殖区结构化,这一结果暗示了lncov1和lncov2可能在蜜蜂卵巢发育过程中发挥了重要的调节作用。Jayakodi等(2015)在东方蜜蜂和西方蜜蜂工蜂卵巢中发现了多个lincRNA。Chen(2017)等利用RNA-seq筛选获得了西方蜜蜂蜂王卵巢激活和产卵过程差异表达的lncRNA,将这些DElncRNA的物理位置与己知的蜜蜂卵巢大小相关数量性状基因座区间进行比对,得到了14个候选1ncRNA,这些lncRNA可能在蜜蜂卵巢大小和产卵调控中起到关键成效。Chen等(2020)发现西方蜜蜂处女蜂王与工蜂有2 390个lncRNA存在显著差异,而西方蜜蜂工蜂与产卵蜂王相比,有3 130个DElncRNA,揭示lncRNA可能在蜜蜂卵巢表型差异的调控中发挥潜在作用。

    研究显示,在蜜蜂应对病原体侵染及毒性环境时lncRNA会通过影响其免疫反应、代谢过程和基因表达进而表现出极强的调控作用。郭睿等(2018)在西方蜜蜂7和10日龄工蜂中肠中检测到3 890个DElncRNA,其上下游基因涉及多个细胞免疫和体液免疫通路,表明这些DElncRNA在西方蜜蜂中肠发育过程中参与免疫调控。Chen等(2019)从感染东方蜜蜂微孢子虫Nosema ceranae的西方蜜蜂中肠中检测出多个DElncRNA,表明lncRNA可能在应对东方蜜蜂微孢子虫感染中发挥重要作用。Huang等(2021)对暴露于呋虫胺的西方蜜蜂进行综合分析,鉴定出了大量DElncRNA,其中TCONS_00086519主要分布在细胞质中,其可能通过作为miRNA前体或内源竞争RNA(Competing endogenous RNA,ceRNA)参与蜜蜂的免疫应答,该结果为进一步研究lncRNA在蜜蜂免疫反应中的作用提供参考。杜宇等(2021)发现东方蜜蜂6日龄幼虫肠道的部分lncRNA可作为反义lncRNA参与应答球囊菌Ascosphaera apis侵染;lncRNA TCONS_00010661和TCONS_00003104可通过ceRNA网络调控Janus激酶-信号转导转录激活因子和氧化磷酸化等通路及富集基因,进而参与球囊菌的侵染应答。随后,Ye等(2022)从接种球囊菌孢子的西方蜜蜂幼虫肠道中鉴定出多种DElncRNA,这些lncRNA通过调控邻近基因和miRNA,参与了包括吞噬体和丝裂原活化蛋白激酶信号通路在内的关键免疫通路,为解析蜜蜂幼虫免疫应答机制提供了新见解。Wang等(2023)从感染东方蜜蜂微孢子虫的东方蜜蜂中肠检测出多个DElncRNA,这些DElncRNA可能通过顺式作用效应调节邻近基因、反式作用效应调节共表达的mRNA以及ceRNA网络控制下游靶基因的表达抵御东方蜜蜂微孢子虫侵染。付中民等(2023)指出lncRNA13164与miRNA ace-miR-4968存在靶向关系,进而介导东方蜜蜂幼虫肠道对球囊菌侵染的免疫应答。

    截至目前,研究学者们的最新报道有关蜜蜂免疫防御的重要环节,即作为保护蜂群健康和防御疾病、寄生虫的蜜蜂卫生行为,其涵盖打开巢房蜡盖行为和清除染病幼虫行为两个关键步骤(Kandi et al., 2024)。Li等(2024)从lncRNA的角度分析了东方蜜蜂工蜂打开巢房蜡盖行为和清除染病幼虫行为的差异,并发现lncRNA XR_001766094.2仅在打开封盖的工蜂中表达,提出lncRNA通过响应外部刺激在区分打开巢房蜡盖和移除染病幼虫行为方面发挥着关键作用,从而推测有打开巢房蜡盖行为的工蜂可能具有更快的刺激反应和更敏锐的嗅觉敏感性,这项研究为lncRNA介导的基因表达调控在卫生行为中的应用提供了研究基础。

    lncRNA在蜜蜂发育过程中扮演着关键角色,通过调控基因表达和表观遗传修饰等方式影响蜜蜂的生长发育。Wang等(2021)的研究发现了数千个随合子基因组激活(Zygotic genome activation,ZGA)高峰而表达增强的lncRNA,这些lncRNA的表达被ZGA触发且具有二倍体胚胎特异性,在蜜蜂单倍体二倍体胚胎发育的基因表达调控中发挥潜在功能,这项研究揭示了lncRNA调控的蜜蜂单倍体雄性和二倍体雌性胚胎发育机制,填补了单倍体二倍体昆虫胚胎发育调控机理的空白,为进一步评估危害因子影响蜜蜂胚胎发育奠定理论基础。Fan等(2023)全面解析了东方蜜蜂工蜂幼虫肠道发育过程lncRNA的表达谱,揭示lncRNA在蜜蜂幼虫肠道发育中发挥重要的潜在调控作用,该研究结果为阐明东方蜜蜂工蜂幼虫肠道发育的分子机理提供了基础。Tadano等(2024)发现lncRNA Nb-1在西方蜜蜂蛹期大脑中的表达随着日龄的增大而减少;原位杂交分析显示,Nb-1的表达在晚期幼虫和早期蛹的大脑中广泛存在,主要定位于增殖蘑菇体细胞的细胞质中,表明Nb-1在调控蜜蜂大脑的发育中起到关键作用。

    lncRNA还对蜜蜂耐寒反应、体色变化以及热应激等方面有重要的调控作用。Liu等(2022)从越冬最冷时期长白山东方蜜蜂中检测出了1 193个lncRNA,揭示了lncRNA在蜜蜂耐寒反应中可能存在关键作用,为耐寒蜜蜂品种的分子育种提供了重要基础。Abdelmawla等(2023)发现取食西方蜜蜂蜂王浆的东方蜜蜂蜂王体色变黄,并且鉴定出311个DElncRNA,表明它们在营养杂交引发的体色变化中可能起重要作用。Zhang等(2024)在暴露于高温环境的西方蜜蜂工蜂中鉴定出了115个DElncRNA,其中MSTRG.9645.5显著影响热休克蛋白基因的表达,表明lncRNA在蜜蜂应对热应激中存在重要调控作用。

    关于lncRNA的研究在植物和动物中已取得诸多进展,昆虫中的研究主要集中在少数模式物种,如黑腹果蝇、家蚕Bombyx mor及白纹伊蚊Aedes albopictus等,鲜少有对蜜蜂lncRNA的研究。因此我们对蜜蜂lncRNA的认识仍处于初级阶段,主要以高通量测序和生物信息鉴定为主,而对其功能的深入研究较为有限。众所周知,蜜蜂群体的复杂社会行为和分工机制为研究lncRNA在生物体发育及生理功能中的作用提供了一个理想的模型系统。通过转录组测序,已经识别出若干与蜜蜂特定生理过程相关的lncRNA。未来,进一步的功能验证研究将帮助我们理解这些lncRNA如何通过与基因组其他成分的相互作用来实现其调控功能。蜜蜂lncRNA的研究不仅具有基础科学意义,还在农业应用方面展示出巨大的潜力。lncRNA可能通过调节基因表达来影响蜜蜂对环境变化的适应性及其对病虫害的抵抗能力,特别是在蜜蜂的抗药性机制中,lncRNA可能扮演关键角色。因此,深入研究蜜蜂lncRNA可以为新型杀虫剂的开发及蜜蜂保护策略的设计提供理论依据。

    总体而言,蜜蜂lncRNA研究是一个充满挑战但也充满机遇的领域。通过进一步的研究,我们不仅能揭示lncRNA在蜜蜂生理活动中的调控机制,还能推动昆虫学和农业科学的发展,为蜜蜂的健康管理和农业生态系统的可持续发展提供新的视角和策略。随着研究工具和技术的不断完善,相信未来蜜蜂lncRNA的研究将迎来更大的发展机遇和应用前景。

  • 表  1   蜜蜂lncRNA基因的功能

    Table  1   Function analysis of bee lncRNA

    长链非编码RNA
    Long non-coding RNA
    蜜蜂种类
    Bee species
    功能
    Function
    参考文献
    References
    TCONS_00356023 西方蜜蜂Apis mellifera 行为转变Behavioural transition Liu et al., 2019
    TCONS_00357367
    TCONS_00159909
    Nb-1 西方蜜蜂Apis mellifera 行为多型,发育
    Behavioural polymorphism and development
    Tadano et al., 2009;Tadano et al., 2024
    Kakusei 西方蜜蜂Apis mellifera 神经调控Neural regulation Sawata et al., 2002;Sawata et al., 2004;Kiya et al., 2008
    Ks-1
    AncR-1
    MSTRG. 6803. 3 西方蜜蜂Apis mellifera 舞蹈行为Dance behaviour Feng et al., 2022
    XR_003305156. 1
    Lncov1 西方蜜蜂Apis mellifera 卵巢发育Ovarian development Humann et al., 2011
    Lncov2
    XLOC_073978 Chen et al., 2017
    XLOC_081294
    TCONS_00086519 西方蜜蜂Apis mellifera 免疫应答Immune response Huang et al., 2021
    XR_001765563.2 东方蜜蜂Apis cerana Guo et al., 2023
    lncRNA13164 付中民等,2023
    TCONS_00010661 杜宇等,2021
    TCONS_00003104
    TCONS_00020918 西方蜜蜂Apis mellifera 营养吸收,级型分化
    Nutrient absorption and caste differentiation
    郭睿等,2018
    MSTRG.11294.1 东方蜜蜂Apis cerana 肠道,发育Gut and development Fan et al., 2023
    MSTRG.9645.5 西方蜜蜂Apis mellifera 热应激Heat stress Zhang et al., 2024
    XR_001766094.2 东方蜜蜂Apis cerana 卫生行为Hygienic behaviour Li et al., 2024
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出版历程
  • 收稿日期:  2024-11-19
  • 修回日期:  2025-01-19
  • 接受日期:  2025-01-20
  • 优先发表日期:  2026-09-21

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