Research progress on chemical control of Monochamus alternatus
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摘要:
松褐天牛Monochamus alternatus是松材线虫病的主要传播媒介,该病是极具毁灭性的森林病害,严重威胁我国松林生态安全与林业生产。化学防治是当前控制松褐天牛的主要防治措施之一,具有高效快速的优点,但长期使用可能引起松褐天牛的抗药性,并导致药效降低和环境污染。本文综述了松褐天牛的化学防治技术,包括引诱剂(植物源和昆虫信息素)与杀虫剂(噻虫啉、阿维菌素等)的应用、飞机喷雾、树干注药和熏蒸处理等化学防治方法及其作用机理,分析了现有化学防治措施的优势与局限性。此外,本文还讨论了化学防治与生物防治、物理防治相结合的协调防治技术,多种防治技术相协调可以显著提高防控效果,同时减少对环境的不利影响。未来研究应聚焦于开发低毒、高效、低残留的新型药剂,深入研究药剂抗药性机制,并进一步完善以化学、生物与物理防治为核心的综合防治策略,以实现环境友好和可持续的松褐天牛防控目标。
Abstract:Monochamus alternatus, the primary vector of the highly destructive forest disease pine wilt caused by the pine wood nematode (PWN), poses a severe threat to the pine forest ecosystem and forestry production in China. Chemical control remains the most commonly used method for managing M. alternatus due to its rapid and effective results. Nevertheless, long-term use of chemical agents has led to resistance development, resulting in reduced efficacy and environmental contamination. This review synthesizes chemical control techniques against M. alternatus, including semiochemical attractants (plant-derived volatiles and insect pheromones) and insecticides (thiacloprid and abamectin), as well as application methods such as aerial spraying, trunk injection, and fumigation, together with their mechanisms of action. We evaluate the advantages and limitations of current measures and discuss their integration with biological and physical tactics. Coordinated, multi-tactic approaches within an integrated pest management (IPM) framework can enhance control efficacy while mitigating adverse environmental impacts. Future research should prioritize the development of low-toxicity, high-efficacy, low-residue products, elucidation of resistance mechanisms, and refinement of integrated strategies centered on chemical, biological, and physical measures to achieve environmentally sound and sustainable management of M. alternatus.
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Keywords:
- Monochamus alternatus /
- chemical control /
- review
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松褐天牛Monochamus alternatus Hope,也称松墨天牛,是我国松林的重要蛀干害虫,也是松材线虫病的主要传播媒介(宋玉双等,2014;郑光楠等,2023)。松褐天牛作为世界上最严重的林业有害生物之一,近年来在我国多个地区猖獗成灾,已严重威胁我国森林资源和生态安全,在我国主要危害马尾松Pinus massoniana、黑松Pinus thunbergii以及雪松Cedrus deodara等多种松属树种,并呈现出迅速扩散蔓延的趋势(李硕等,2022)。松褐天牛防治措施包括物理防治、化学防治、生物防治、引诱剂诱杀、林业技术防治(林分改造)及植物检疫等(朱诚棋等,2017);其中化学防治仍是目前松褐天牛的主要防治手段之一,可有效降低松褐天牛种群密度,削弱松材线虫病传播风险;但长期单一使用化学农药不仅可导致松褐天牛产生抗药性,同时也杀伤了天敌,因此进行松褐天牛防治时应尽可能选用高效低毒低残留、对天敌和环境影响较小的化学药剂,在保证防治效果的同时尽可能减少对环境的不利影响(泽桑梓等,2010)。
本文综述了松褐天牛的生物学特性、化学防治、化学防治措施与其他防治措施的协调使用等技术,重点分析化学防治中的常用药剂、作用机制、施药方法等相关进展,从高效、安全和低成本等方面总结了化学药剂在松褐天牛防治中的应用现状,并对未来松褐天牛防治进行了展望。同时提出应加强松褐天牛抗药性研究、寻找低毒、高效、低残留的新型药剂以及进一步完善以化学、生物与物理防治为核心的综合防治策略,以实现环境友好和可持续的松褐天牛防控目标。
1. 松褐天牛生物学特性
松褐天牛是一种主要侵袭松树的木材害虫(姚广术等,2023),属于鞘翅目Coleoptera天牛科Cerambycidae墨天牛属Monochamus,在我国多个地区均有分布,且在松林密集地区危害极为严重。松褐天牛不仅啃食健康松树,并且还传播松材线虫病导致松树死亡(王曦茁等,2018;Kim et al., 2020)。因此,防治松褐天牛,可以有效降低松材线虫病的传播几率,保护松林健康。
松褐天牛为全变态昆虫,一生经历卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫4个阶段。松褐天牛在不同地区年发生世代不同,在北方通常1年发生1代,如高瑞贺便通过发生世代推算初步证明山西省发生世代约1年1代(高瑞贺等,2024);在华南地区1年可发生2代(Kim et al., 2003;李美娜等,2017)。
成虫一般在春季羽化,羽化后取食1~2年生松枝树皮补充营养,在补充营养期天牛成虫长期暴露在松树表面,是松褐天牛传播松材线虫病的主要阶段,同时也是化学防治松褐天牛的关键时期,无论是采取林间喷洒还是飞机防治均可有效灭杀天牛成虫(戴建昌等,1998)。雄虫羽化后5 d即可性成熟交配,雌虫则10 d左右性成熟(张永慧等,2006;杨洪等,2007)。松褐天牛为多交配制,在成虫交配前雌雄虫分别会在体表分泌接触性信息素和挥发性信息素(Fauziah et al., 1987;Kim et al., 1992)。信息素是引诱剂的重要组成成分,搞清其具体组分对化学引诱剂防治天牛同样具有重大意义。性成熟且交配后的雌成虫寻找衰弱或者新枯死的松树刻槽产卵,一头健康雌虫可以产卵几十到上百个,并将卵散产在松树皮层下或裂缝中(林世奎等,2001)。
初孵化幼虫在树皮下取食,3龄后进入木质部,取食过程中形成不规则的蛀道,同时排出粗纤维状的蛀屑(黄金水等,2005);幼虫阶段隐藏在松树体内,渗透能力差的药剂无法有效作用到树体内部,此时需要结合树干注药技术确保树体内部的幼虫、蛹均可得到控制,二者交叉防治方可确保防治措施有效。天牛全年蛀食为害的时间为3-11月,12月开始越冬(薛玲等,2023)。但也有不同研究,如Maehara等(2015)发现天牛产卵繁殖时间同为夏季与秋季,因此建议在夏秋季重点清理枯死树。枯死树伐倒后如运输不便无法粉碎处理需就地除害,则可采取套袋熏蒸处理灭杀残留松褐天牛。此外,松褐天牛与松材线虫病的危害会破坏松林的结构和生物多样性,从而导致松树大量死亡并进一步造成植被稀疏甚至土壤荒地化,进而影响当地土壤质量和水资源的保持,对整个松林生态系统的稳定性和功能造成负面影响(张杰等,2025)。因此加强松褐天牛防治迫在眉睫。
2. 松褐天牛化学防治
化学防治是指通过施用化学农药对有害生物进行防控的一项技术措施,具有高效、快速、效果显著等特点。基于松褐天牛的生物学特性,如成虫期暴露、幼虫期隐蔽等,在松褐天牛防治实践中,化学防治被广泛应用。然而长期监测表明,过度追求化学农药使用的频率与浓度,是导致昆虫对某种杀虫剂抗药性增强的原因之一(吕云彤等,2018),也是导致松褐天牛多年频发的重要因素(冯莹等,2022)。因此,在松褐天牛化学防治中,应当根据松褐天牛的生物学特性以及抗药性选择杀虫效果好且对环境污染小的化学农药;同时可以考虑将两种或多种药物混合制成新的药剂,既可减少成本也可以降低抗药性(倪安顺等,2022)。
化学防治松褐天牛的药剂根据其作用机制可以划分为引诱剂和杀虫剂两类:引诱剂能够吸引松褐天牛进入诱捕器无法逃脱,从而使其无法在松木上产卵降低林间种群密度,达到防治松褐天牛的目的;而杀虫剂能够直接杀死松褐天牛成虫、幼虫或降低其活性,从而使其死亡、无法产卵或者产卵量减少,进而达到防治松褐天牛的目的。
2.1 化学引诱剂
引诱剂防治松褐天牛这一技术最早由日本应用于实践生产(陈元生等,2014;朱诚棋等,2017),根据引诱物质的来源,大致可以将引诱剂划分为两类:植物源引诱剂和信息素引诱剂。引诱剂是通过释放昆虫喜好的各类挥发物质或信息素从而对其进行引诱抓捕,包括寄主植物挥发物、昆虫信息素等成分组成(崔艮中等,2023)。
2.1.1 植物源引诱剂
植物源引诱剂主要成分来源为植物挥发物(Volatile organic compounds,VOCs),是植物在自然状态下释放的复杂挥发性化合物,目前研究发现的数量已超3万种(杜永均和严福顺,1994)。植物挥发物既包含苯甲醛等在内的仅存于特定植物体内的一类气味物质,也包括萜类化合物等在内的普通气味物质组分(马艳,2019)。常用的植物源诱剂包括α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、月桂烯、柠檬烯、β-石竹烯和β-水芹烯等单萜烯以及乙醇、乙醛等在内的溶剂(Ikeda et al., 1980a;Miller,2006)。利用植物挥发物对昆虫的引诱作用进行害虫防治是较为常见的防治技术。刘璇等(2016)在东北地区选取3种植物源引诱剂:COB、绿色叶醇袋LAP、UHR进行野外鞘翅目甲虫引诱试验,共捕获鞘翅目昆虫标本3215号,试验结果表明3种植物源引诱剂中,UHR引诱剂对大部分甲虫的引诱效果较好。同时,在分析松树挥发物组分的基础上,也研究出多种松褐天牛植物源引诱剂,并取得了较为显著的效果(赵锦年等,2011)。
2.1.2 昆虫信息素引诱剂
昆虫信息素是昆虫进行信息交流和信号传递化学语言,能够调节与控制昆虫的各类行为(胡可炎等,2023)。昆虫信息素主要成分或结构为烷烃、醇、萜类等化合物及衍生物,按照功能分类可分为性信息素、聚集信息素、报警信息素、利己素等(吴帆等,2023)。
目前对天牛科的化学生态学研究表明聚集信息素由雄虫产生并吸引两性,而其中由雌虫释放的性信息素仅能吸引雄虫(Hanks and Millar, 2016)。目前全球已经研究鉴定的天牛科昆虫信息素组分已超过400种(朱映,2020),其中墨天牛属昆虫产生的挥发性信息素均为聚集信息素;常用的有聚集信息素2-十一烷氧基-1-乙醇(2-undecyloxy-1-ethanol),最初是从欧洲的樟子松墨天牛Monochamus galloprovincialis中鉴定出来(Lee et al., 2015)。此外在松褐天牛、云杉小墨天牛Monochamus sutor、云杉花墨天牛Monochamus saltuarius和南美墨天牛Monochamus titillator等不同种间也发现了同样的聚集信息素(Allison et al., 2012;Fierke et al., 2012;Pajares et al., 2013),后续研究表明该聚集信息素对全球墨天牛的多个物种均具有引诱作用(Ryall et al., 2015;Kim et al., 2016)。
诱捕器有圆形、方形、圆锥形、漏斗形等多种形态,目前我国使用的诱捕器为M-99型、A-3型、HYP-SH型、FL-ML-OI型、FJ-Ma型、PA、PE系列型和Mat系列型等,不同类型的诱捕器诱捕效果也各不相同(Sweeney et al., 2014)。引诱剂同样存在不同型号,应用较多的有M-99型、A-3型、FJ-Ma-02型、Mat-1型和APF-Ⅰ型等(陈元生等,2014),其中福建农林大学研发的APF-Ⅰ型引诱剂林间诱捕效果可达植物源引诱剂的数倍之多(陈军,2019)。徐真旺等(2020)在遂昌地区进行了3种不同引诱剂诱捕天牛的对比试验,结果表明3种引诱剂都有较好的引诱效果但差异显著,其中APF-Ⅰ型引诱剂的效果最好,但APF-Ⅰ型引诱剂仍然存在持效期不长、针对性有待提高等问题(王卸芳等,2015;常国彬等,2017;胡俊伟,2025)。
2.2 化学杀虫剂
化学杀虫剂是除营林措施外,最有效、经济、简便的防治方法,广泛用于各国林业有害生物控制。化学杀虫药剂种类丰富,多为具有触杀和内吸作用的强渗透化学药剂(王菊英等,2011)。在松褐天牛的化学防治中,不同药剂防治效果也不相同,我国化学防治药剂发展从有机磷类,历经除虫菊酯类、烟碱类等多个类型,常见的药剂有高效氯氟氰菊酯制剂、噻虫嗪悬浮剂、6%联苯·噻虫嗪微囊悬浮剂、25%氟氰·噻虫胺微囊悬浮剂、15%吡虫啉微囊悬浮剂、磷化铝、阿维菌素和噻虫啉等(表 1)。早期我国使用有机磷类药剂,有研究发现100 µg/mL的70%喹硫磷乳油对松墨天牛成虫的产卵驱避率达81.63%,而1 000 mL喹硫磷乳油杀虫率高达91.33%(张垒岩等,2006);磷化铝也用于熏蒸防治,但由于其释放的磷化氢气体对人体和环境有较大影响,极易引发事故,我国已限制其使用。此外使用较多的为拟除虫菊酯类和烟碱类等高效低毒药剂,后文中提及的绿色威雷、吡虫啉、氯氰菊酯和啶虫脒等防治即为此类防治药剂。Cho等(2017)研究表明,啶虫脒在防治松褐天牛成虫方面,既具高杀虫性又符合低残留要求。Lee等(2022)研究发现树干注药5 d后混合药剂和单剂的杀虫效果没有显著差异。
表 1 不同类型药剂防治松褐天牛效果Table 1 Efficacy of different types of pesticides against Monochamus alternatus序号
No.药剂名称
Pesticide name剂型
Formulation施药方式
Application method施药处理
Treatment method防治效果
Control efficacy1 70%喹硫磷
70% Quinalphos乳油
Emulsifiable concentrate林间喷洒
Forest spraying100 µg/mL
100 µg/mL对成虫产卵驱避率达81.63%
Exhibited an oviposition repellency rate of 81.63% against adults2 4%啶虫脒+15%噻嗪酮
4% Acetamiprid+15% Buprofezin乳油Emulsifiable concentrate 林间喷洒
Forest spraying稀释1 000倍
Diluted 1 000 fold施药48 h后表现出80%以上杀虫效果
Showed over 80% insecticidal efficacy 48 h after application3 25 g/L联苯菊酯
25 g/L Bifenthrin乳油Emulsifiable concentrate 林间喷洒
Forest spraying稀释2 000倍
Diluted 2 000 fold药后3 d防效达75%以上
Showed more than 75% control efficacy 3 days after application4 5%阿维菌素
5% Avermectin乳油Emulsifiable concentrate 树干注药
Trunk injection根据实际胸径用药
Applied according to tree diameter施药后天牛幼虫死亡率100%
Caused 100% mortality of cerambycid larvae after treatment5 10%啶虫脒
10% Acetamiprid微乳剂
Microemulsion林间喷洒
Forest spraying稀释2 000倍
Diluted 2 000 fold施药48 h后表现出90%以上杀虫效果
Showed over 90% insecticidal efficacy 48 h after application6 10%噻虫啉
10% Thiamethoxam悬浮剂
Suspension concentrate林间喷洒
Forest spraying稀释1 000倍
Diluted 1 000 fold施药48 h后表现出90%以上杀虫效果
Showed over 90% insecticidal efficacy 48 h after application7 20%噻虫啉+5%噻嗪酮20% Thiamethoxam +5% Buprofezin 悬浮剂
Suspension concentrate林间喷洒
Forest spraying稀释2 000倍
Diluted 2 000 fold施药48 h后表现出80%以上杀虫效果
Showed over 80% insecticidal efficacy 48 h after application8 20%呋虫胺
20% Flupyradifurone悬浮剂
Suspension concentrate林间喷洒
Forest spraying稀释5 000倍
Diluted 5 000 fold连续两年药后3 d防效高于80%
Showed over 80% control efficacy 3 days after application for two consecutive years9 350 g/L吡虫啉
350 g/L Imidacloprid悬浮剂
Suspension concentrate林间喷洒
Forest spraying稀释4 000倍
Diluted 4 000 fold药后5 d防效达80%以上
Showed more than 80% control efficacy 5 days after application10 20%毒死蜱微
20% Chlorpyrifos microcapsule微胶囊悬浮剂
Microcapsule suspension林间喷洒
Forest spraying稀释300、400、500倍
Diluted 300、400、500 fold施药后3 d校正死亡率均高于80%
Corrected mortality rates exceeded 80% 3 days after application11 8%氯氰菊酯
8% Cypermethrin微胶囊悬浮剂Microcapsule suspension 林间喷洒
Forest spraying稀释300倍
Diluted 300 fold连续两年药后3 d防效高于80%
Maintained over 80% control efficacy 3 days after application for two consecutive years12 3%噻虫啉
3% Thiamethoxam微胶囊悬浮剂Microcapsule suspension 林间喷洒
Forest spraying稀释3 000倍
Diluted 3 000 fold连续两年药后3 d防效高于90%
Maintained over 90% control efficacy 3 days after application for two consecutive years13 6%联苯菊酯·噻虫啉
6% Bifenthrin·thiamethoxam微胶囊悬浮剂Microcapsule suspension 林间喷洒
Forest spraying稀释4 000倍
Diluted 4 000 fold药后5 d防效达80%以上
Achieved more than 80% control efficacy 5 days after application14 2%噻虫啉
2% Thiamethoxam微胶囊悬浮剂Microcapsule suspension 飞机喷药
Aerial spraying1.5 kg/hm2
1.5 kg/hm2飞防48 h后防效为66.7%
Achieved a control efficacy of 66.7% 48 h after aerial application15 1%噻虫啉
1% Thiamethoxam微胶囊颗粒剂
Microcapsule granule林间喷洒
Forest spraying4.5 kg/hm2
4.5 kg/hm230 d松褐天牛防治效果达到67%
Showed 67% control efficacy against Monochamus alternatus after 30 days16 50%吡蚜酮
50% Pymetrozine水分散粒剂
Water dispersible granule林间喷洒
Forest spraying稀释6 000倍
Diluted 6 000 fold药后10 d防效达70%以上
Showed more than 70% control efficacy 10 days after application17 60%吡蚜酮·呋虫胺
60% Pymetrozine·flupyradifurone水分散粒剂Water dispersible granule 林间喷洒
Forest spraying稀释6 000倍
Diluted 6 000 fold连续两年药后3 d防效高于80%
Maintained over 80% control efficacy 3 days after application for two consecutive years18 5%啶虫脒
5% Acetamiprid可溶性浓缩剂
Soluble Concentrate林间喷洒
Forest spraying稀释1 000倍
Diluted 1 000 fold施药48 h后表现出90%以上杀虫效果
Showed over 90% insecticidal efficacy 48 h after application注:表中数据均在文中提及。Note: All data presented in the table were described in the main text. 目前,松褐天牛的化学防治取得了显著进展,已经开发出多种制剂,包括乳油、微胶囊剂和水剂等(表 1)。在广东、安徽、浙江等地使用乳油制剂均获得较好防治效果;杀螟·噻嗪酮乳油100倍液对松褐天牛的致死率达71.33%(孙继美等,2001),70%马拉硫磷乳油成本较低(叶燕华等,2017)。此外农药微囊制剂,因具有高效、低毒、持效长等优点在实际生产中应用频繁(张华峰等,2010;张胜男等,2015)。张梅秀等(2011)研究表明20%毒死蜱微胶囊悬浮剂和8%氯氰菊酯微胶囊悬浮剂对松褐天牛均有较好防治效果且可交替使用,延缓抗药性产生。邓珅钏等(2021)在湖北省黄冈进行为期2年的防治试验,结果表明3%噻虫啉微囊悬浮剂和6%联苯菊酯·噻虫啉微囊悬浮剂等多个微胶囊制剂均表现出理想防治效果,可作为松褐天牛化学防治的药剂选择;也有报道称触破式微囊悬浮剂相较缓释型微囊悬浮剂起效更快,持效更长(王秋月等,2022)。
当前我国噻虫啉制剂应用较多的是微囊粉剂以及微囊悬浮剂(王辉等,2019),有研究结果证明1%噻虫啉微囊粉剂可有效杀死松褐天牛成虫并降低害虫种群密度,具有杀灭能力强,见效快,药剂持效性较长等特点(戴玉斌,2014)。此外,张华峰等(2010)研究发现1%噻虫啉微胶囊颗粒剂同样具有击倒力强、杀虫效率高、持效期长等优点,最适用药量为4.5 kg/hm2。然而,冯智慧等(2022)的统计分析结果表明,噻虫啉年使用量超过1 000吨,占当年总用药量的一半以上,其大规模、单一化的使用模式,潜藏着较大的抗药性风险。同时,目前对噻虫啉使用的环境,如其在土壤中的残留、对非靶标生物(特别是天敌昆虫和土壤动物)的慢性毒性以及对生态系统整体影响的评估尚不充分(于灏泳等,2020;潘少东,2023),这是当前研究与实践中一个不容忽视的问题,未来研究可加强噻虫啉过度使用危害研究。
此外,目前采用化学防治松褐天牛方法多数针对成虫,对幼虫研究较少,可能是因为成虫取食树皮、产卵等活动均暴露在外,便于药物喷洒;而幼虫仅前期在木质部或皮下栖息,活动范围受到限制,药剂很难直接作用到幼虫本身,若使用药剂则药剂需要有高渗作用。例如阿维菌素在松褐天牛防治中同样表现出良好的效果(Sousa et al., 2013);阿维菌素的作用机制与其他杀虫剂原理不同,阿维菌素是一种神经干扰药剂,通过刺激靶标生物产生γ-氨基丁酸进而影响其神经传导,最后导致其死亡(徐丽君等,2008)。近年来大量研究聚焦于将阿维菌素制备为纳米农药,且颇有成效(Su et al., 2020;Wang et al., 2023;Ding et al., 2024)。但针对幼虫化学防治研究较少,胡娟娟等(2024)等筛选出的国光秀剑、苦参·印楝素、藜芦碱等植物源药剂在实际应用上仍需进一步评估;更多的幼虫防治研究集中在生物防治层面,如病原真菌(赵纪成等,2025)、花绒寄甲(王丽娜等,2024a)等。
3. 化学防治作用机理及技术
3.1 作用机理
目前,国内外学者对化学药剂杀虫机理的研究主要集中在其对害虫的毒性作用、对昆虫生命活动的影响及对寄主植物的影响等方面。许多化学药剂的实际作用机理仍需进一步研究,在寻找更高效、安全、低毒和低残留的新制剂同时,也应注重其抗药性(高圆圆等,2024),并阐明其作用机理。如杀虫效果与药剂浓度呈正相关关系,但与药剂剂量和处理时间呈负相关关系。杀虫剂在杀死害虫同时也会对寄主植物产生危害,对寄主植物造成危害的程度与其使用剂量和处理时间呈正相关关系。
3.2 化学药剂防治技术
化学防治应采用合理的施药浓度和施药方式,才能取得理想防治效果。即松褐天牛进行化学防治时除了应当选择适当的化学药剂,还需在确保药剂合适情况下注意施药时间、药量、方法选择。根据松褐天牛的生命周期和发生规律,选择适当施药时间;通常在羽化初期或成虫补充营养期、产卵期施药效果较好(朱诚棋,2017;王洲胜,2025)。其次是施药剂量控制,根据统计的天牛种群密度和施药面积,合理控制药剂使用量及浓度。过量使用化学药剂不仅浪费资源,还将对施药松林环境和非目标生物造成不必要的伤害,具体需要根据发病状况进行精确的计量。最后是施药方法的选择,根据实际情况选择合适的施药方法。常见的施药方法包括喷雾、树干注药、飞防和熏蒸等(黄金水等,2010;喻爱林等,2017)。人工喷雾施药时,需注意喷雾器的喷雾角度和覆盖面积,确保药剂能够均匀覆盖到松树的叶片、枝干和树皮等目标区域,该技术操作简单,但可能造成对非靶标生物影响及抗药性问题。
3.2.1 飞机喷雾防治
飞机或无人机喷药可在短时间覆盖大面积,适用于面积广阔或人工防治难度大的区域,既节省人力,又能提高施药效率,其防效快于人工防治(李少华等,2021)。与传统直升机飞防相比,“互联网+”模式的无人机飞防效果更优(于水等,2022)。常规施药时期多选择在松褐天牛羽化初期、盛期和繁殖期,以此去控制天牛虫口密度(赵杰,1989;来燕学等,2002)。在进行飞防时常用药剂包括40%氧化乐果乳油、2.5%溴氰菊酯乳油(5 000倍液)、噻虫啉微胶囊悬浮剂和氯氰菊酯微囊悬浮剂等(杨桦等,2013;汪克强和赵建民,2023)。
喷雾型药剂易遭雨水淋洗,导致药剂的持效期缩短,应用喷雾型药剂时宜选择晴朗天气(张媛媛等,2016)。为改善耐药性,Zhao等(2024)开发了一种新型环保型蓖麻油基聚氨酯纳米乳液(CWPU-NE)以提高氯氰菊酯的耐雨性,结果表明60 d后仍然有效,可应用于其他化学药剂,具有广泛前景。多地试验验证了不同药剂的飞防效果:李长强等人在山东省烟台进行无人机飞防防治松褐天牛,经不同施药剂量和不同喷液量林间试验结果表明8%氯氰菊酯微囊悬浮剂、48%噻虫啉悬浮剂两种药剂可优考虑作为松褐天牛防治药剂(李长强等,2022);在陕西,8%氯氰菊酯触破式微囊悬浮剂(绿雷二代)的速效性、持效性和综合防效的稳定性均优于3%噻虫啉缓释型微囊悬浮剂,为延缓天牛产生抗药性可交替使用两种药剂(郭改改和马驹,2022);在江西,施用2%噻虫啉微胶囊悬浮剂防治松褐天牛,最终结果呈现噻虫啉防后48 h的防效达66.7%,且持续防效达60 d以上(罗惠文等,2018);四川、广东等地飞防均取得较好反响(杨桦等,2013;张媛媛等,2016)。
3.2.2 树干注药防治
树干注药是通过电钻打孔、微创高压注射和树干点滴等方式,将内吸性药剂注入树干体内,随后依靠导管与筛管在蒸腾压力下运输至各个部位的一种施药方式(陈松利等,2012;邓创创等,2025);该方法能够使药剂直接作用于木质部,有效杀灭潜伏其内的幼虫,同时减少对非靶标生物及环境影响。但由于操作需经过专业培训,难度较大,且设备与人工成本较高,通常更适用于小面积松林防治。
在实际操作中,对松褐天牛危害较轻的松树,可在春季羽化初期或秋季幼虫活动期进行打孔注药防治,常规做法是在树干基部以上30~50 cm处,根据树径实际情况绕树打孔,一般1~5个孔不等,打孔时与树干呈45°角后将内吸型药剂注入孔中,如氧化乐果,并用黄泥封孔,以达到有效灭杀树体中幼虫效果(戴建昌等,1998;蒋巧根等,1998)。
此外,大量研究表明,树干注药在防治方面取得良好效果:戈媛媛等(2022)在当阳连续3年注射5%阿维菌素乳油防治天牛,对施药松树上发现的1 121头天牛幼虫进行检查,结果死亡率为100%,施药松树年平均存活率为95.64%。在福建省泰宁,谢金礼(2022)使用甲维盐注干剂进行树干注药探究对松褐天牛种群动态影响,试验结果表明3%甲维盐·阿维菌素注干剂处理下不影响松墨天牛雌成虫的产卵行为,但可抑制松褐天牛卵孵化,胁迫幼虫发育或杀死天牛幼虫,从而显著降低羽化成虫数量。
3.2.3 采伐木熏蒸防治
熏蒸处理能够渗透至松树木质部和树皮,有效灭杀松褐天牛的卵、幼虫和蛹。常规方法是在发现危害松树后伐除并短截成1.5~2.0 m木段,伐根不得高于10 cm,现场用0.8 mm塑料膜集中堆放包裹,并投放磷化铝片剂进行熏蒸防治;伐根亦可采用塑料膜置药包根熏蒸处理,但伐木不得运出林区以防病虫扩散。由于磷化铝具有高毒性、环境污染和熏蒸效果受外界环境温度湿度影响较大等因素,且现属于管制类药品,防治时应考虑采取替代品如威百亩、乙二腈和硫酰氟等。
在熏蒸剂研究方面,国外已有使用二氟化硫、溴甲烷或甲基异硫氰酸酯熏蒸处理天牛侵染松树的案例(Oogita et al., 1998;Naito et al., 1999;Soma et al., 1999)。我国早期也曾采用溴甲烷进行熏蒸处理,但其沸点为3.6℃,熏蒸效果受温度影响较大,低温环境不利于其渗透与扩散(宋玉双等,1994);从初期溴甲烷用量初步研究到减压条件下对天牛熏蒸效果试验,均验证了其对天牛致死能力,但最适温度、压力、用量的组合仍有待探索明确(王玉嬿等,1989;徐朝哲等,2012)。近年来,威百亩(甲基二硫代氨基甲酸钠)作为一种高效低毒的土壤熏蒸剂被广泛研究,既能灭杀松褐天牛,也能防治根结线虫与病原菌(何明明和费林瑶,2013);威百亩已在日本进行相关产品登记,其熏杀效果达百分百。王艺勋等(2022)采用42%威百亩水剂进行松褐天牛熏蒸处理试验,结果表明在松褐天牛羽化该药剂对松褐天牛幼虫具有良好熏杀效果,但具体效果与熏蒸时间、熏蒸剂用量有关,用药少则熏蒸时间长,温度升高利于挥发相对效果则更好,建议施药时采用0.75 L/m3并持续熏蒸处理15 d以上确保死亡率达到100%。Park等(2014)在韩国基于乙二腈与威百亩在低温环境下对松褐天牛的控制效果进行了系列研究,结果证明97 g/m³乙二腈可以完全控制松木中的松褐天牛,具有巨大潜力;后续Lee等(2017)对乙二腈进行了三个检疫试验,同样证实在特定剂量下乙二腈可以防治松褐天牛。
林建(2019)在福建永泰进行熏蒸剂林间试验,选取磷化铝(Al P)、溴甲烷(CH3Br)、硫酰氟(SO2F2)3种熏蒸剂,结果表明三种熏蒸剂均能百分百杀灭天牛,但不同药剂处理时间长短不一;磷化铝需持续熏蒸达15 d以上,而80 g/m3硫酰氟仅需10 d可达同等灭杀效果。考虑到其杀虫谱广、扩散渗透性强、易降解和无腐蚀性等特点,硫酰氟可作为一种更为安全有效的替代药剂进行推广应用。综合来看,熏蒸处理虽效果彻底,但其发展正从传统的高毒药剂(如磷化铝、溴甲烷)向更环保的替代品(如硫酰氟、威百亩、乙二腈)转变。未来研究可考虑如何进一步优化这些替代药剂的施用条件、降低成本,并建立标准化的操作规程,以促进其在生产实践中的大规模应用。
4. 与其他防治措施的协调应用
松褐天牛作为主要媒介昆虫,其种群数量的控制可有效阻止松材线虫病进一步蔓延(Ikeda,1980b)。目前我国对松褐天牛综合防治技术,特别是物理化学相结合的防治技术,以及生物防治与化学防治相结合的研究报道偏少。
4.1 物理防治结合化学防治
物理防治具有操作简单、无污染等优点,主要包括伐桩覆膜、网罩处理、蒸汽热处理、粉碎等措施(Kinn,1986;张国庆,2019;王钱晴等,2024)。与传统的物理防治相比,物化防治相结合衍生出的饵木诱杀天牛操作更为简单,即在成虫产卵高峰期时选取部分松木注入如乙烯利等药剂刺激松木分泌油脂,进而引导雌虫产卵,随后将产卵后的饵木处理即可集中杀灭幼虫及部分成虫(谢森和陈志麟,1996)。将诱饵木上添加触杀药剂打破传统松褐天牛防治设置诱饵木先诱集后处理的防治方法;在饵木表面喷雾、涂环处理也可简化饵木诱杀过程(文定刚,2014;杨远亮等,2015)。即将物理防治措施与化学防治相结合亦可大幅度提高松褐天牛防治成效。
4.2 生物防治结合化学防治
生物防治主要是通过天敌的利用与培育原理,例如寄生性昆虫和捕食性昆虫、病原真菌(Dara et al., 2019;Mann and Davis, 2021),与化学防治相比,可有效规避抗药性滋生、环境污染等风险,所带来的安全可持续控制效益是化学防治不可比拟的。我国针对天牛的生物防治使用较多的是管式肿腿蜂Sclerodermus guani(Li et al., 2016;王丽娜等,2024b),花绒寄甲Dastarcus helophoroides(张彦龙等,2022;王丽娜等,2024a)、松褐天牛中脊茧蜂Cyanopterus ninghais(Wang et al., 2023;Wang et al., 2024;王少博等,2024)等。然而,在实际生产中,化学防治和生物防治多单独使用,主要受化学药剂与天敌生物的毒性、兼容性差、应用方式不同等多个因素影响。白僵菌一直被视为防治潜力最大微生物之一(邓竣丹等,2021;赵纪成等;2025)。Kim等(2022)评估了球孢白僵菌ERL836对松褐天牛成虫杀虫活性,证明了粉剂比悬浮剂表现出更高的杀虫性,对其他非目标昆虫较为安全。王滨等(2003)在云南昆明尝试将白僵菌无纺布技术与引诱剂相结合防治鞘翅目林业害虫,为松褐天牛化防生防提供借鉴。刘云鹏等人针对球孢白僵菌无纺布菌剂再次尝试与引诱剂联合防治松褐天牛,结果表明无纺布处理与无纺布与诱芯结合处理相比,诱芯与白僵菌无纺布菌条联合使用的效果最佳(刘云鹏等,2005;陈素娇,2020);未来,生物防治与化学防治结合技术研究前景广泛,研究者可深化化防生防结合技术研究,如选取烟碱类对天敌杀伤力弱的药剂,采取微囊悬浮或者纳米载体技术,使药剂对天敌生物的接触和吸附减少,进而对天牛进行防治。
5. 结论与展望
松褐天牛作为我国松材线虫病传播的主要媒介,对我国林业生态安全造成了巨大威胁(叶建仁,2019)。化学防治凭借其高效、速效的特点,在遏制松褐天牛种群暴发、控制病害扩散中发挥了关键作用,是我国松褐天牛防治技术体系中的重要组成部分。然而,本综述也表明,当前的化学防治研究与实践仍存在诸多不足与挑战,未来研究可从以下方面寻求突破:
一是深化环境与生态风险认知:现有研究多聚焦于药剂的急性毒性与田间防效,而对常用药剂(如噻虫啉)的环境归宿、在食物链中的传递与富集、以及对森林生态系统内非靶标生物和生物多样性的长期影响评估不足(于灏泳等,2020;潘少东,2023)。未来需开展系统的环境毒理学与生态风险评估研究,为药剂的科学安全使用提供数据支撑。
二是着力突破抗药性瓶颈:随着噻虫啉等核心药剂的大规模单一使用,抗药性风险日益凸显(冯智慧等,2022)。未来应深入开展松褐天牛抗药性监测、抗性生化与分子机制研究,并在此基础上制定科学的抗药性治理策略,如不同作用机理药剂的轮用、混用等。
三是推动药剂剂型与施药技术的精准化与智能化:未来药剂研发应朝向高效、低毒、低残留的方向,重点发展微胶囊悬浮剂、触破式微胶囊等缓控释剂型(王秋月等,2022),以及利用纳米材料技术(Wang et al., 2023;Ding et al., 2024)提高药剂利用率与靶向性。同时,结合无人机(UAV)平台,发展基于物联网的精准监测与变量施药技术,实现从粗放式喷洒到针对性精准喷药的转变,最大程度减少药剂用量与环境暴露。
四是加强综合防治(IPM)策略的整合与优化:当前,化学防治与生物防治(如白僵菌、花绒寄甲)的协同应用研究较少,其对天敌生物的杀伤效应及田间兼容性技术方案有待研究(刘云鹏等,2005;邓竣丹等,2021)。未来研究须着力探明化学药剂与主要天敌的相互作用机制,研发对天敌安全的选择性药剂及施用策略,并设计出化学防治、生物防治、物理防治在时序与空间上无缝衔接的可操作性技术规程,最终构建环境友好、可持续的松褐天牛区域治理体系。
综上,未来松褐天牛的化学防治必将从追求短期速效,向兼顾长期可持续性的方向演进。其核心在于推动化学防治技术本身的“绿色进化”,并通过与生物、物理等防治措施的深度协同,将其有机嵌入综合治理(IPM)框架。这一转变不仅是技术层面的升级,更是治理理念的革新,旨在构建一个高效、精准、对环境负责的可持续防控新范式,从而为我国松林资源与生态安全提供坚实保障。
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表 1 不同类型药剂防治松褐天牛效果
Table 1 Efficacy of different types of pesticides against Monochamus alternatus
序号
No.药剂名称
Pesticide name剂型
Formulation施药方式
Application method施药处理
Treatment method防治效果
Control efficacy1 70%喹硫磷
70% Quinalphos乳油
Emulsifiable concentrate林间喷洒
Forest spraying100 µg/mL
100 µg/mL对成虫产卵驱避率达81.63%
Exhibited an oviposition repellency rate of 81.63% against adults2 4%啶虫脒+15%噻嗪酮
4% Acetamiprid+15% Buprofezin乳油Emulsifiable concentrate 林间喷洒
Forest spraying稀释1 000倍
Diluted 1 000 fold施药48 h后表现出80%以上杀虫效果
Showed over 80% insecticidal efficacy 48 h after application3 25 g/L联苯菊酯
25 g/L Bifenthrin乳油Emulsifiable concentrate 林间喷洒
Forest spraying稀释2 000倍
Diluted 2 000 fold药后3 d防效达75%以上
Showed more than 75% control efficacy 3 days after application4 5%阿维菌素
5% Avermectin乳油Emulsifiable concentrate 树干注药
Trunk injection根据实际胸径用药
Applied according to tree diameter施药后天牛幼虫死亡率100%
Caused 100% mortality of cerambycid larvae after treatment5 10%啶虫脒
10% Acetamiprid微乳剂
Microemulsion林间喷洒
Forest spraying稀释2 000倍
Diluted 2 000 fold施药48 h后表现出90%以上杀虫效果
Showed over 90% insecticidal efficacy 48 h after application6 10%噻虫啉
10% Thiamethoxam悬浮剂
Suspension concentrate林间喷洒
Forest spraying稀释1 000倍
Diluted 1 000 fold施药48 h后表现出90%以上杀虫效果
Showed over 90% insecticidal efficacy 48 h after application7 20%噻虫啉+5%噻嗪酮20% Thiamethoxam +5% Buprofezin 悬浮剂
Suspension concentrate林间喷洒
Forest spraying稀释2 000倍
Diluted 2 000 fold施药48 h后表现出80%以上杀虫效果
Showed over 80% insecticidal efficacy 48 h after application8 20%呋虫胺
20% Flupyradifurone悬浮剂
Suspension concentrate林间喷洒
Forest spraying稀释5 000倍
Diluted 5 000 fold连续两年药后3 d防效高于80%
Showed over 80% control efficacy 3 days after application for two consecutive years9 350 g/L吡虫啉
350 g/L Imidacloprid悬浮剂
Suspension concentrate林间喷洒
Forest spraying稀释4 000倍
Diluted 4 000 fold药后5 d防效达80%以上
Showed more than 80% control efficacy 5 days after application10 20%毒死蜱微
20% Chlorpyrifos microcapsule微胶囊悬浮剂
Microcapsule suspension林间喷洒
Forest spraying稀释300、400、500倍
Diluted 300、400、500 fold施药后3 d校正死亡率均高于80%
Corrected mortality rates exceeded 80% 3 days after application11 8%氯氰菊酯
8% Cypermethrin微胶囊悬浮剂Microcapsule suspension 林间喷洒
Forest spraying稀释300倍
Diluted 300 fold连续两年药后3 d防效高于80%
Maintained over 80% control efficacy 3 days after application for two consecutive years12 3%噻虫啉
3% Thiamethoxam微胶囊悬浮剂Microcapsule suspension 林间喷洒
Forest spraying稀释3 000倍
Diluted 3 000 fold连续两年药后3 d防效高于90%
Maintained over 90% control efficacy 3 days after application for two consecutive years13 6%联苯菊酯·噻虫啉
6% Bifenthrin·thiamethoxam微胶囊悬浮剂Microcapsule suspension 林间喷洒
Forest spraying稀释4 000倍
Diluted 4 000 fold药后5 d防效达80%以上
Achieved more than 80% control efficacy 5 days after application14 2%噻虫啉
2% Thiamethoxam微胶囊悬浮剂Microcapsule suspension 飞机喷药
Aerial spraying1.5 kg/hm2
1.5 kg/hm2飞防48 h后防效为66.7%
Achieved a control efficacy of 66.7% 48 h after aerial application15 1%噻虫啉
1% Thiamethoxam微胶囊颗粒剂
Microcapsule granule林间喷洒
Forest spraying4.5 kg/hm2
4.5 kg/hm230 d松褐天牛防治效果达到67%
Showed 67% control efficacy against Monochamus alternatus after 30 days16 50%吡蚜酮
50% Pymetrozine水分散粒剂
Water dispersible granule林间喷洒
Forest spraying稀释6 000倍
Diluted 6 000 fold药后10 d防效达70%以上
Showed more than 70% control efficacy 10 days after application17 60%吡蚜酮·呋虫胺
60% Pymetrozine·flupyradifurone水分散粒剂Water dispersible granule 林间喷洒
Forest spraying稀释6 000倍
Diluted 6 000 fold连续两年药后3 d防效高于80%
Maintained over 80% control efficacy 3 days after application for two consecutive years18 5%啶虫脒
5% Acetamiprid可溶性浓缩剂
Soluble Concentrate林间喷洒
Forest spraying稀释1 000倍
Diluted 1 000 fold施药48 h后表现出90%以上杀虫效果
Showed over 90% insecticidal efficacy 48 h after application注:表中数据均在文中提及。Note: All data presented in the table were described in the main text. -
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