无刺蜂拟态研究进展

魏雨欣,  陈兆洋,  汪正威

魏雨欣, 陈兆洋, 汪正威. 无刺蜂拟态研究进展 [J]. 环境昆虫学报, 2026, 48(2): 410-418. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0858.2026.02.9
引用本文: 魏雨欣, 陈兆洋, 汪正威. 无刺蜂拟态研究进展 [J]. 环境昆虫学报, 2026, 48(2): 410-418. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0858.2026.02.9
WEI Yu-Xin, CHEN Zhao-Yang, WANG Zheng-Wei. Mimicry in stingless bees: a review [J]. Journal of Environmental Entomology, 2026, 48(2): 410-418. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0858.2026.02.9
Citation: WEI Yu-Xin, CHEN Zhao-Yang, WANG Zheng-Wei. Mimicry in stingless bees: a review [J]. Journal of Environmental Entomology, 2026, 48(2): 410-418. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0858.2026.02.9

无刺蜂拟态研究进展

doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0858.2026.02.9
基金项目: 

云南省中青年学术和技术带头人后备人才项目 202105AC160084;

省部共建云南生物资源保护与利用重点实验室开放课题 gzkf2022004;

质兰基金会项目 2023070511A

详细信息
    作者简介:

    魏雨欣,硕士研究生,研究方向为进化生态学,E-mail:weiyuxincj@163.com

    通讯作者 Author for correspondence:

    汪正威,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为社会昆虫在胁迫环境的交流机制,E-mail:wangzhengwei@xtbg.ac.cn

  • 中图分类号: Q968.1;Q969.9

    文献标识码: A

    文章编号: 1674-0858(2026)02-0410-09

Mimicry in stingless bees: a review

  • 摘要:

    在生态系统中,拟态作为一种生态进化现象,是自然选择压力下生物适应环境的结果,对于理解生物多样性和生态系统功能具有重要意义。模拟蜜蜂现象是一种普遍的生物现象,多集中于对有螫针的蜜蜂、熊蜂等模型的模拟。无刺蜂是热带和亚热带生态系统中的关键授粉昆虫,虽然无刺蜂的螫针退化,但其形态和行为上仍被其他昆虫模仿。本文分析了拟态的类型、模态,并探讨了昆虫拟态的多样性及其生态适应意义,综述了无刺蜂作为其他昆虫所拟态的一类的重要模型,其拟态现象在热带地区的普遍性和重要性。研究还发现,对无刺蜂的拟态现象不仅涉及视觉拟态,甚至还包括对无刺蜂的声音和飞行轨迹行为模拟。本研究为理解拟态的起源与发展提供了新的视角,强调了对无刺蜂拟态现象进行深入研究的必要性,以揭示其在生态系统中拟态现象的复杂作用和潜在的保护价值。

     

    Abstract:

    In diverse ecosystems, mimicry, as an ecological and evolutionary phenomenon, emerges as a result of organisms adapting to their environment under selective pressures and plays a crucial role in understanding biodiversity and ecosystem functions. Bee mimicry is a widespread strategy in nature, where other organisms take advantage of mimicking honeybees and bumblebees, which possess powerful stingers as a defense mechanism. Stingless bees are key pollinators in tropical and subtropical ecosystems. Despite their reduced or absent stingers, they are still mimicked by other insects in both morphology and behavior. This study reviewed the types and modalities of mimicry and discussed the diversity of insect mimicry and its ecological adaptive significance. We particularly reviewed the universality and importance of stingless bees as important models in insect mimicry in tropical regions. Studies have also found that the mimicry phenomenon of stingless bees involves not only visual modality but also other different modalities such as acoustic modality, and even behavioral mimicry like their flight trajectories. These findings provide new perspectives for understanding the origin and development of mimicry, emphasizing the necessity for in-depth research on the mimicry phenomenon of stingless bees to reveal their complex roles in ecosystems and potential conservation value.

     

  • 生物之间的模拟是一种广泛存在于自然界中的现象,模拟可以使生物从中获益,既可以增加捕食者对猎物的捕获概率,也可以增加猎物在面对捕食者时的逃生概率,在生物繁衍方面还可以增加雌雄之间的交配概率(De Jager and Anderson,2019)。生物之间的模拟在生态系统中是一个复杂的过程,模拟诞生于生物之间复杂的相互作用(Dalziell and Welbergen,2016)。而在生物模拟系统中最为突出的一类是拟态系统,拟态是在自然选择压力下生物能够更好的适应生存环境的一种生态进化现象(Jamie,2017)。目前,已经报道过很多经典的拟态案例,拟态系统已经成为我们了解自然选择理论不可或缺的一部分(Anderson and de Jager,2020)。在拟态系统中信号接收者感知到模仿者和模型之间的相似性,并因此改变接收者的行为从而为模仿者提供选择性优势,使得其中一方或多方从中获益,并且在这种相互作用下,拟态系统也处于一个不断进化的状态中(Jamie,2017)。

    无刺蜂是一类螫针退化的社会性蜂类,在亚热带和热带生态系统的授粉中起着重要作用(Heard,1999)。有研究报告指出,大约25%的热带作物可能严重依赖无刺蜜蜂授粉(Slaa et al.,2006;Bueno et al.,2023)。全世界无刺蜂已知600余种,主要分布在热带和亚热带地区(Roubik,2023)。热带地区具有较高的物种丰富度,因此生物与环境以及生物与生物之间存在着复杂的相互作用,驱动着热带地区昆虫演化出各式各样的生存策略,昆虫的拟态就是其中最明显的案例,在热带地区的无刺蜂与其他生物之前的拟态现象也曾被多次报道(Quezada et al.,2013;Aguiar et al.,2021)。在印-中-澳热带地区也分布着近100种无刺蜂,其中在中国热带地区分布着7种无刺蜂(Li et al.,2021;Qu et al.,2022)。不同种类无刺蜂在体型大小、生活习性、筑巢方式等方面都存在着较大的差异。丰富和多样的无刺蜂类群,为研究其捕食互作关系以及模拟提供了良好的契机(Jackson,1973;Wattanachaiyingcharoen and Jongjitvimol,2007;Aguiar et al.,2021)。

    大部分蜂类具有螫针以及身体表面明显的警戒色,这些特征能够给大多捕食者留下深刻的趋避信号,因而成为很多昆虫模拟者所青睐的模拟对象(Penney et al.,2012;Chatelain et al.,2023)。无刺蜂螫针退化,为何仍成为被拟态模型,其背后的拟态进化驱动力目前还尚未明确。通过对已有的关于无刺蜂拟态研究的综述,以期为全面系统的了解拟态的起源与发展提供相关参考。

    拟态系统通常由模型、模拟者、信号接收者(受骗者)三部分组成,个别拟态系统中模型与信号接收者会出现重叠现象(张霄等,2010)。其中模拟者基于生存利益如避敌或捕食等对模型在某个模态方面的特征存在信号模仿,使得信号接收者在模型所提供的真实信号与模拟者所提供的欺骗信号中形成认知混淆,为模拟者提供生存优势(图 1)。

    图  1  拟态系统组成的示意图
    Fig.  1  Schematic diagram of mimicry system composition.
    下载: 全尺寸图片
    1.2.1   基于互作关系背景下的分类

    拟态系统在自然界中是在多种不同的选择压力下进化而来的,因此在对拟态进行分类时往往有许多不同的分类标准,根据模拟者、模型和受骗者之间的关系,可以将拟态分为以下常见的几种类型就:(1)贝氏拟态(Batesian mimicry):无防卫能力的物种通过模拟有毒或有防卫能力物种的警示信息来应对两者共同的捕食者。如一些无毒的蝴蝶模仿有毒的蝴蝶降低鸟类对其的捕食(Bates,1862;Turner,1981;Kunte,2009)。一些蝇类模仿具有螫针的蜂类以吓退天敌等(Golding and Edmunds,2000)。(2)缪氏拟态(Müllerian mimicry):两种或多种具有较好防御能力的物种,为应对相同的捕食者,这些物种之间通过相互模仿警戒信号,为彼此带来警示捕食者的好处。如一些具有毒性的蝴蝶之间斑纹相互模拟(Müller,1879;Mallet and Joron,1999;Sherratt,2008);一些胡蜂之间的警戒色相互模仿(Ducke,1909;Kasparek,2019)。(3)进攻性拟态(Aggressive mimicry):捕食者、寄生者或拟寄生者利用无害物种为模型,发出相似的信号,从而避免被其猎物或宿主正确识别。如一些蜘蛛模拟猎物蚂蚁对蚂蚁及其卵进行捕食(Allan and Elgar,2001;Nelson and Jackson,2009)。(4)韦斯曼拟态:模拟者模拟寄主的体型或行为,从而欺骗寄主获得与寄主共同生活的拟态现象。例如一些蚂蚁模仿另一种蚂蚁寄生在其巢内(Pasteur,1982)。(5)传粉拟态:植物模拟动物或其他植物的花朵,以吸引或欺骗传粉者的拟态现象。例如一些兰花模拟雌性昆虫吸引雄性昆虫前来交配从而帮助其进行授粉(Pijl et al.,1966)。目前在拟态领域已经有许多相关研究案例的报道,大多集中在贝茨拟态和穆勒拟态类型。

    1.2.2   基于不同模态背景下的分类

    生物通过多种感官感知环境中的信号,同时也向外界发出信号。拟态系统中也因此存在对不同感官信息的模拟,据此又可将拟态系统分为以下几类:(1)视觉模拟:生物在视觉信号模态的模仿包括形态、体色等方面。如兰花螳螂Hymenopus coronatus的外观呈现出白色和粉色交错的状态与兰花的样子十分相似,通过隐藏在花瓣中以被花朵吸引的昆虫为食,其在膜翅目昆虫眼中可能更加接近于花朵的平均状态(O'Hanlon et al.,2015)。竹节虫通过模拟树的枝条以躲避天敌的捕食,最新研究发现多刺隐蔽䗛Aclistophasma echinulatum拥有竹节虫典型的杆状有翅的身体外形,但腹部每一节两侧都出现了明显的扩展,与同时期蕨类植物叶片的大小和形状极其相似(Yang et al.,2021)。(2)声音模拟:指生物通过声音信号的模拟实现与模型在听觉模态的模拟,包括产生或感知与它们的模型相似的声音,如澳大利亚内陆的螽斯Chlorobalius leucoviridis通过模仿雌蝉发出的应答声来吸引雄蝉达到捕食的目的(Marshall and Hill,2009)。二纺蛛Palpimanus可以模仿胡蜂的声音从而避免被如壁虎等其它捕食者捕食(Pekár et al.,2020)。(3)化学模拟:主要是指生物通过模拟模型的化学物质欺骗信号接受者。例如,一些蝴蝶可以模仿蚂蚁、蜜蜂或胡蜂的信息素来进入它们的巢穴或食物来源(Akino et al.,1999;Barbero et al.,2009)。一种跳蛛Cosmophasis bitaeniata会产生和黄猄蚁Oecophylla smaragdina类似的表皮碳氢化合物以欺骗黄猄蚁去捕食黄猄蚁幼虫(Cushing,2012)。(4)行为模拟:生物通过对模型生物的一些特有的行为进行模拟,从而影响与信号接收者或受骗者之间的交互关系。如蜘蛛会模仿蚂蚁的“Z”字形运动模式,挥动它们的第一或第二对足来产生类似蚂蚁的触角错觉(Allan and Elgar,2001;Zeng et al.,2023)。(5)触觉模拟:通过修改身体或附属物的纹理或结构,使其与模型相似。例如蝽模仿蜘蛛网上昆虫的振动而对蜘蛛进行捕食(Wignall and Taylor,2010)。

    昆虫是地球上物种最为丰富的一类生物,拟态现象在昆虫中也最为常见。昆虫拟态是指昆虫在形态、色彩、行为等方面模仿其他生物或环境中的物体,是昆虫在漫长的演化过程中所进化出的一种生存策略,以达到躲避天敌、吸引捕食猎物或宿主等生态适应的目的(Rettenmeyer,1970)。昆虫拟态是生物进化过程中自然选择的结果,也是昆虫多样性的重要来源之一(Nelson,2014)。

    昆虫的拟态涉及到了不同的感官模态如视觉、听觉、嗅觉甚至是触觉,在昆虫中拟态的研究方式也从单一模态逐渐向多模态进行发展(Bagnères and Lorenzi,2010;Wilson et al.,2015;Casacci et al.,2019)。这是因为昆虫经常使用多模式信号进行交流或欺骗,它们的接收器经常整合来自不同感觉渠道的信息来做出决定(Dyer et al.,2020;Kucharski et al.,2020;Caro and Grangier,2022)。因此,从多模式的角度研究昆虫拟态可以更全面地了解昆虫拟态的机制、功能和进化。最初拟态的研究模式大多是在视觉的基础上进行的,视觉拟态是昆虫拟态中最常见、最深入的一个研究方向(Thompson and Timmermans,2014;Cuthill and Charleston,2015;VanKuren et al.,2019)。张霄等人(2010)提出昆虫拟态的模仿方式一般包括颜色、花纹以及形态,但是也可以单指行为方面,且拟态大部分情况下可能模仿的是某个昆虫群体或者只是另外一种昆虫身上的一部分。人们通常认为在拟态系统当中完美拟态才是最优选择,因为能够最大程度上欺骗受骗者。然而,“不完美”拟态现象在自然界中也是大量存在的,这导致了多种假说的发展,以解释不完美拟态的维持机制,如多模型假说和多重捕食者假说(Kikuchi and Pfennig,2013)。最新的一项在科氏翠蛛Siler collingwoodi模拟蚂蚁的行为模式和绚丽的体色的量化研究,揭示了不完美拟态为了达成其捕食目标而演化出单模态或者多模态拟态类型(Zeng et al.,2023)。在拟态系统中不完美拟态昆虫的拟态类型涵盖了几乎多种不同模态的拟态形式(Brower,1958;Tarsitano et al.,2000;Nelson and Jackson,2009;Ellis and Johnson,2010;Skowron et al.,2021)。

    目前在昆虫当中被研究的最为深入的拟态案例是蝴蝶之间的拟态行为,研究深度从最初的基于行为与生理的形态测量和行为观察,现在已经发展为从分子与生物信息层面的基因测序与系统生物学分析(Jeffords et al.,1979;Kapan,2001;Cuthill et al.,2019;Kawahara et al.,2023)。另外,在昆虫中被研究较多的拟态案例则是一些昆虫对有螫针的蜜蜂以及胡蜂的模仿。许多蜜蜂和胡蜂,表现出醒目的颜色图案或显眼的颜色,如黑色和黄色条纹。一些昆虫模仿蜂类身上的条纹,从而避免被天敌捕食(Chatelain et al.,2023)。例如,一些双翅目食蚜蝇科的昆虫对一些蜜蜂和胡蜂的模仿(Howarth et al.,2004)以及一种被报道的之前从未发现的在整个螳螂大家族中都未曾发现的拟蜂螳螂Vespamantoida wherleyi(Svenson and Rodrigues,2019)。另外,Ezray等人(2019)还利用基于计算机的机器学习与生物地理学结合的方法从拟态动力学过程研究,表明模仿模式在胡蜂种群分布的空间上是逐渐过渡的过程,而不是一个离散的过程。

    在昆虫中对蚂蚁和蜂类的模仿是最常见且最多样的,这一类的拟态现象被统称为模拟蚂蚁、模拟蜜蜂现象。蚂蚁具有丰富的物种多样性和行为多样性,它们进化出了各种拟态形式既可以作为模型,也可以作为模仿者。例如蜘蛛会模仿蚂蚁的外表和行为对被模仿的蚂蚁进行捕食(Subramaniam et al.,2023)。而一些蜂类则是因其具有毒刺被其他昆虫对这些蜂类的体表警戒色、形态、行为等方面进行拟态(McIver and Stonedahl,1993;Pekár et al.,2017;Willadsen et al.,2022)。例如食蚜蝇会对带有螫针的蜂类背部条纹进行模仿以达到躲避捕食者攻击的目的(Heal,1982)。一些同域分布的熊蜂之间会存在体色的相互模仿,共享警戒信号以避免被捕食者选择(Wilson et al.,2022)。一些蝇类可以模仿蜜蜂或胡蜂的表皮碳氢化合物,以避免被其他捕食者攻击(Lorenzi et al.,2004)。然而在拟蜂系统中,不仅存在着对有螫针和警戒条纹的蜂类的模仿,还存在着对无刺蜂这类螫针退化蜂类的模仿(Alvarez et al.,2019)。

    无刺蜂是热带地区重要的传粉昆虫和资源昆虫,属膜翅目Hymenoptera蜜蜂科Apidae蜜蜂亚科Apinae麦蜂族Meliponini。尽管无刺蜂螫针退化,缺乏类似蜜蜂和胡蜂强有力的螫针作为攻击武器,但仍有一些昆虫对其进行模仿例如蝽类、蛾类、蜂类、食蚜蝇类及螳螂科等一些物种。目前无刺蜂拟态报道的相关案例基本出现在美洲和亚洲热带地区,大多案例集中在南美洲热带地区,所涉及的拟态类型包括贝茨拟态和进攻性拟态,其中贝茨拟态类型居多。另外,该领域研究的范围已经从视觉模态延伸到多个模态,包括听觉以及飞行轨迹层面(表 1)。

    表  1  无刺蜂模拟研究案例
    Table  1  Case study of stingless bee mimicry
    模型
    Model
    模拟者
    Mimic
    受骗者
    Deceived
    模拟类型
    Mimicry type
    模态
    Modality
    地区
    Region
    来源
    References
    黄腹无刺蜂
    Trigona fulviventris
    猎蝽
    Notocyrtus vesiculosis
    未列出
    Unknow
    未说明
    Unknow
    视觉
    Visual
    伯利兹
    Belize
    Jackson,1973
    暗翅无刺蜂
    Tetragonilla collina
    猎蝽
    Pahabengkakia piliceps
    暗翅无刺蜂
    Tetragonilla collina
    进攻性拟态
    Aggressive
    视觉
    Visual
    泰国
    Thailand
    Wattanachaiyi-ngcharoen and Jongjitvimol,2007
    无刺蜂
    Tetragona
    食蚜蝇
    Stipomorpha goettei、Stipomorpha guianica
    未列出
    Unknow
    贝茨拟态
    Batesian
    视觉
    Visual
    巴西、法属圭亚那、苏里南、厄瓜多尔
    Brazil、French Guiana、Suriname、Ecuador
    Reemer,2013
    无刺蜂
    Tetragona dorsalis
    食蚜蝇
    Stipomorpha mackiei
    未列出
    Unknow
    贝茨拟态
    Batesian
    视觉
    Visual
    圭亚那、秘鲁、苏里南
    Guyana、Peru、Suriname
    Reemer,2013
    无刺蜂
    Trigona
    食蚜蝇
    Stipomorpha lacteipennis
    未列出
    Unknow
    贝茨拟态
    Batesian
    视觉
    Visual
    玻利维亚、巴西、秘鲁、苏里南、委内瑞拉
    Bolivia、Brazil、Peru、Suriname、Venezuela
    Reemer,2013
    暗翅无刺蜂、无刺蜂
    Tetragonilla collina、Tetragonilla atripes
    透翅蛾
    Heterosphecia pahangensis、Aschistophleps argentifasciata、Pyrophleps cruentata
    食虫鸟类和无脊椎动物(狼蛛和虎甲虫)
    Insectivorous birds, invertebrates (wolf spiders and tiger beetles)
    贝茨拟态
    Batesian
    飞行轨迹
    Flight trajectory
    马来西亚、泰国
    Malaysia、Thailand
    Skowron et al.,2018
    无刺蜂
    Tetragona clavipes
    猎蝽
    Notocyrtus dorsalis、Notocyrtus dispersus、Notocyrtus foveatus
    无刺蜂
    Tetragona clavipes
    进攻性拟态
    Aggressive
    视觉
    Visual
    阿根廷
    Argentina
    Alvarez et al.,2019
    无刺蜂
    Camargoia nordestina、Ptilotrigona、Tetragona、Trigona
    蜂类
    Paratetrapedia nordestina、Paratetrapedia、Tropidopedia、Lophopedia、Nasutopedia
    未列出
    Unknow
    贝茨拟态
    Batesian
    视觉
    Visual
    巴西
    Brazil
    Aguiar et al.,2021
    暗翅无刺蜂
    Tetragonilla collina
    透翅蛾
    Heterosphecia pahangensis、Heterosphecia hyaloptera
    鸟类
    Birds
    贝茨拟态
    Batesian
    听觉
    Auditory
    马来西亚、泰国
    Malaysia、Thailand
    Skowron et al.,2021
    无刺蜂
    Ptilotrigona lurida
    螳螂
    Anchieta sp.、Anchieta Navás
    未列出
    Unknow
    贝茨拟态
    Batesian
    视觉
    Visual
    圣马丁、秘鲁
    Saint Martin、Peru
    Rasmussen and Ardila-Camacho,2021
    无刺蜂
    Trigona dallatorreana、Nogueirapis butteli
    螳螂
    Anchieta eurydella
    未列出
    Unknow
    贝茨拟态
    Batesian
    视觉
    Visual
    哥伦比亚
    Colombia
    Rasmussen and Ardila-Camacho,2021
    暗翅无刺蜂
    Tetragonilla collina
    黑腹壮猎蝽
    Biasticus ventralis
    暗翅无刺蜂
    Tetragonilla collina
    进攻性拟态
    Aggressive
    听觉
    Acoustic
    中国
    China
    魏雨欣和汪正威,2025

    蝽是半翅目科最常见的昆虫之一,部分猎蝽与无刺蜂之间存在取食关系,长期的进化军备竞赛使得两者之间形成复杂的拟态关系。1973年,Jackson等人报道一例伯利兹地区真猎蝽亚科Notocyrtus vesiculosis模拟无刺蜂Trigona fulviventris的视觉拟态现象,提出两者在颜色和结构上都极为相似,但并未对两者之间的模拟关系进行研究和讨论。2007年,有报道对泰国地区猎蝽Pahabengkakia piliceps与暗翅无刺蜂Tetragonilla collina的拟态现象进行相关研究,不仅发现两者在视觉外观上极为相似,并且对两者之间的拟态关系进行探讨,表明两者之间可能存在进攻性拟态关系并提出P. pilicep似乎是T. collina的专性捕食者(Wattanachaiyingcharoen and Jongjitvimol,2007)。这是首次关于暗翅无刺蜂拟态的相关研究报道。随后,Alvarez等人(2019)对阿根廷地区生存的猎蝽和无刺蜂之间的拟态现象进行相关报道,3种Notocyrtus的猎蝽被指出在视觉形态方面与无刺蜂Tetragona clavipes相似度极高,并表明两者可能存在进攻型拟态关系。

    在其他昆虫中也存在对无刺蜂的模拟,研究人员指出分布在南美洲多个热带地区食蚜蝇(Stipomorpha goettei,Stipomorpha guianica,Stipomorpha mackiei,Stipomorpha lacteipennis)分别模拟了该地区的无刺蜂(Tetragona sp.,Tetragona dorsalis,Trigona sp.)的形态,均表现为视觉层面模仿无刺蜂(Reemer,2013)。但上述报道对于拟态现象的研究只是基于外部形态的相似性比较,随后有学者基于飞行轨迹的运动层面解析了马来西亚及泰国地区的透翅蛾对与其处于同地区的两种无刺蜂Tetragonilla collina和Tetragonilla atripes的模拟现象,发现他们之间的飞行轨迹高度相似,并提出这可能是透翅蛾对无刺蜂的贝茨拟态现象(Skowron et al.,2018)。随后又从声音角度证实了两种马来西亚透翅蛾会对同域下生存的暗翅无刺蜂T. collina飞行时所发出的音频信号频率进行模拟,从听觉层面提出该现象可能是透翅蛾对无刺蜂的贝茨拟态现象(Skowron et al.,2021)。另外,还有一些研究指出在巴西地区亚马逊盆地的多种昆虫与无刺蜂都具有类似的颜色模式,并表明这可能是与无刺蜂相关的视觉层面贝茨拟态现象(Aguiar et al.,2021)。Rasmussen等人(2021)还指出生存在圣马丁和秘鲁地区螳螂科的物种Anchieta sp.与无刺蜂Ptilotrigona lurida存在视觉方面的贝茨拟态现象,该研究还讨论了哥伦比亚地区螳螂科物种Anchieta eurydella对多种无刺蜂包括Trigona dallatorreana、Nogueirapis butteli、T. dallatorreana视觉层面的贝茨拟态现象。我国最新研究也发现黑腹壮猎蝽在抵近暗翅无刺蜂蜂群过程中,也表现出振翅音频上的模拟,从而更容易接近暗翅无刺蜂蜂群进行狩猎(魏雨欣和汪正威,2025)。

    无刺蜂是昆虫中较为特殊的一类螫针退化的社会性蜂类,其拟态领域的相关研究对于解析拟蜂现象以及进一步了解拟态的出现和演变有着重要的参考意义。无刺蜂同时也是热带地区和亚热带地区传粉昆虫和种质资源极为丰富的一类昆虫,但目前与其相关的拟态研究报道只有美洲与亚洲个别地区的寥寥几例,表明该领域仍存在较大的挖掘潜力。我国热带地区也分布着多种无刺蜂,但我国当下关于无刺蜂拟态相关的研究仍处于起步的状态。目前针对无刺蜂拟态领域的相关研究大多只局限在相关模拟现象的描述上,并没有从多个层面去进行一个较为详细的解析。未来在无刺蜂拟态领域方面的研究不仅要探索发掘其在多个地区及多个物种中存在的拟态关系,同时要结合多种模态的研究方法进行系统性的整合研究。未来对于不同模态上对无刺蜂的模拟,以及无刺蜂已经螫针退化,仍被其他昆虫种类选择作为模型建立起的模拟系统维持和演化机制有待进一步研究。

  • 图  1   拟态系统组成的示意图

    Fig.  1   Schematic diagram of mimicry system composition.

    下载: 全尺寸图片

    表  1   无刺蜂模拟研究案例

    Table  1   Case study of stingless bee mimicry

    模型
    Model
    模拟者
    Mimic
    受骗者
    Deceived
    模拟类型
    Mimicry type
    模态
    Modality
    地区
    Region
    来源
    References
    黄腹无刺蜂
    Trigona fulviventris
    猎蝽
    Notocyrtus vesiculosis
    未列出
    Unknow
    未说明
    Unknow
    视觉
    Visual
    伯利兹
    Belize
    Jackson,1973
    暗翅无刺蜂
    Tetragonilla collina
    猎蝽
    Pahabengkakia piliceps
    暗翅无刺蜂
    Tetragonilla collina
    进攻性拟态
    Aggressive
    视觉
    Visual
    泰国
    Thailand
    Wattanachaiyi-ngcharoen and Jongjitvimol,2007
    无刺蜂
    Tetragona
    食蚜蝇
    Stipomorpha goettei、Stipomorpha guianica
    未列出
    Unknow
    贝茨拟态
    Batesian
    视觉
    Visual
    巴西、法属圭亚那、苏里南、厄瓜多尔
    Brazil、French Guiana、Suriname、Ecuador
    Reemer,2013
    无刺蜂
    Tetragona dorsalis
    食蚜蝇
    Stipomorpha mackiei
    未列出
    Unknow
    贝茨拟态
    Batesian
    视觉
    Visual
    圭亚那、秘鲁、苏里南
    Guyana、Peru、Suriname
    Reemer,2013
    无刺蜂
    Trigona
    食蚜蝇
    Stipomorpha lacteipennis
    未列出
    Unknow
    贝茨拟态
    Batesian
    视觉
    Visual
    玻利维亚、巴西、秘鲁、苏里南、委内瑞拉
    Bolivia、Brazil、Peru、Suriname、Venezuela
    Reemer,2013
    暗翅无刺蜂、无刺蜂
    Tetragonilla collina、Tetragonilla atripes
    透翅蛾
    Heterosphecia pahangensis、Aschistophleps argentifasciata、Pyrophleps cruentata
    食虫鸟类和无脊椎动物(狼蛛和虎甲虫)
    Insectivorous birds, invertebrates (wolf spiders and tiger beetles)
    贝茨拟态
    Batesian
    飞行轨迹
    Flight trajectory
    马来西亚、泰国
    Malaysia、Thailand
    Skowron et al.,2018
    无刺蜂
    Tetragona clavipes
    猎蝽
    Notocyrtus dorsalis、Notocyrtus dispersus、Notocyrtus foveatus
    无刺蜂
    Tetragona clavipes
    进攻性拟态
    Aggressive
    视觉
    Visual
    阿根廷
    Argentina
    Alvarez et al.,2019
    无刺蜂
    Camargoia nordestina、Ptilotrigona、Tetragona、Trigona
    蜂类
    Paratetrapedia nordestina、Paratetrapedia、Tropidopedia、Lophopedia、Nasutopedia
    未列出
    Unknow
    贝茨拟态
    Batesian
    视觉
    Visual
    巴西
    Brazil
    Aguiar et al.,2021
    暗翅无刺蜂
    Tetragonilla collina
    透翅蛾
    Heterosphecia pahangensis、Heterosphecia hyaloptera
    鸟类
    Birds
    贝茨拟态
    Batesian
    听觉
    Auditory
    马来西亚、泰国
    Malaysia、Thailand
    Skowron et al.,2021
    无刺蜂
    Ptilotrigona lurida
    螳螂
    Anchieta sp.、Anchieta Navás
    未列出
    Unknow
    贝茨拟态
    Batesian
    视觉
    Visual
    圣马丁、秘鲁
    Saint Martin、Peru
    Rasmussen and Ardila-Camacho,2021
    无刺蜂
    Trigona dallatorreana、Nogueirapis butteli
    螳螂
    Anchieta eurydella
    未列出
    Unknow
    贝茨拟态
    Batesian
    视觉
    Visual
    哥伦比亚
    Colombia
    Rasmussen and Ardila-Camacho,2021
    暗翅无刺蜂
    Tetragonilla collina
    黑腹壮猎蝽
    Biasticus ventralis
    暗翅无刺蜂
    Tetragonilla collina
    进攻性拟态
    Aggressive
    听觉
    Acoustic
    中国
    China
    魏雨欣和汪正威,2025
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出版历程
  • 收稿日期:  2025-01-26
  • 修回日期:  2025-04-24
  • 接受日期:  2025-04-26
  • 优先发表日期:  2026-09-21

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