浙产道地药材病虫害种类及防治策略

王士臻,  张娟,  张加强,  李明江,  周媛,  李文略,  黄俊

王士臻, 张娟, 张加强, 等. 浙产道地药材病虫害种类及防治策略 [J]. 环境昆虫学报, 2026, 48(1): 166-175. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0858.2026.01.17
引用本文: 王士臻, 张娟, 张加强, 等. 浙产道地药材病虫害种类及防治策略 [J]. 环境昆虫学报, 2026, 48(1): 166-175. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0858.2026.01.17
WANG Shi-Zhen, ZHANG Juan, ZHANG Jia-Qiang, et al. Diseases and pests of characteristic Chinese herbal medicines in Zhejiang Province: occurrence and control strategies [J]. Journal of Environmental Entomology, 2026, 48(1): 166-175. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0858.2026.01.17
Citation: WANG Shi-Zhen, ZHANG Juan, ZHANG Jia-Qiang, et al. Diseases and pests of characteristic Chinese herbal medicines in Zhejiang Province: occurrence and control strategies [J]. Journal of Environmental Entomology, 2026, 48(1): 166-175. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0858.2026.01.17

浙产道地药材病虫害种类及防治策略

doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0858.2026.01.17
基金项目: 

浙江省尖兵领雁科技计划 2025C01133;

浙江省农业微生物组学重点实验室开放课题 ZKAM-2025-004;

萧山区重大科技计划项目 2022202;

院地合作项目 PJ202104

详细信息
    作者简介:

    王士臻,女,博士,助理研究员,植物病理学,E-mail:wsz_1231@outlook.com

    通讯作者 Author for correspondence:

    黄俊,男,博士,研究员,外来有害生物控制,E-mail:junhuang1981@126.com

  • 中图分类号: Q968.1

    文献标识码: A

    文章编号: 1674-0858(2026)01-0166-10

Diseases and pests of characteristic Chinese herbal medicines in Zhejiang Province: occurrence and control strategies

  • 摘要:

    浙江道地药材资源丰富,历史悠久,传统“浙八味”在我国中药材市场中占有重要的地位,2017年进一步新增铁皮石斛等八味中药材,称“新浙八味”。然而,由于目前中药材行业发展不均衡,研究基础相对薄弱,栽培管理以及病虫害防控缺乏系统、规范化管理,造成病虫害危害严重。随着种植面积的逐年扩大,其病虫害的发生日趋严重,甚至某些严重地区,发病率可达90%以上。同时,不合理、不科学使用化学药剂导致农药残留超标,威胁人体健康。因此,本文系统地对新老浙八味常见病虫害种类、发病率等进行论述,多维度提出全方面防控策略,并提出以生态调控为主,同时选育抗性品种的防治策略,以期为浙江省中药材病虫害的科学防控提供参考借鉴。

     

    Abstract:

    Characteristic Chinese herbal medicines in Zhejiang Province boast a long history and abundant resources. The traditional "Zhe Ba Wei" (eight famous renowned characteristic Chinese herbal medicines in Zhejiang) plays a significant role in the market of traditional Chinese medicine. In 2017, eight additional herbs including Dendrobium officinale (Tie Pi Shi Hu), were designated as the "New Zhe Ba Wei". However, with the expansion of cultivation areas, due to imbalanced industry development, relatively weak research foundations, and lack of systematic and standardized cultivation and pest control management, the occurrence of pests and diseases has become increasingly severe, with incidence rates exceeding 90% in some severely affected regions. Furthermore, irrational and excessive chemical pesticide application has resulted in excessive pesticide pollution and residues that pose serious threats to human health. This paper systematically discussed the prevalent species of pests and diseases impacting both traditional and newly recognized "Zhe Ba Wei", along with their incidence rates, and proposes multidimensional integrated control strategies. Emphasis is placed on ecological regulation alongside breeding resistant varieties. The aim is to provide scientific references and guidance for managing pests and diseases of medicinal herbs in Zhejiang Province.

     

  • 道地药材是指生长在特定区域,经中医临床应用,优选出某些品质好、疗效佳、质量稳定的大众药材,我国常用中药材600多种,种植面积达5 250万亩。浙江省地处长江三角洲南翼,属于热带、亚热带季风气候,是全国重点中药材产区之一。浙江中药材资源丰富,药用资源约2 385种,约占全球中药材资源的50%,资源总量和道地药材总数均列全国第3位,素有“东南药用植物宝库”之称(何伯伟等,2021)。中药材产业作为十大农业主导产业,历来受到政府的重视和保护,培育出以“浙八味”为代表的优势道地药材。

    随着浙江省特色中药材产业的快速发展,据统计,2023年浙江省中药材种植面积90.5万亩,总产量24.54万吨,总产值80.77亿元,比去年同期分别增长4.73%、5.52%和6.89%,近五年平均增长率分别为3.07%、1.25%和6.07%,中药材产业朝着质量效益性发展。然而,中药材产业也面临诸多问题,从种植到加工销售,全产业链各环节“金标准”普遍缺失且标准意识淡薄,造成了其发展普遍落后于粮食、烟草、果蔬等农业产品,难以形成“优质优价”的新市场机制(关丰等,2015)。同时由于种植模式的改变,相同地块的中药材种植年限延长,伴随土壤肥力减少,造成多种病虫害爆发,主要发生的病虫害也与以往报道大大不同,危害的病源、虫源将土壤作为其越冬场所,翌年在合适的气候条件下产孢或产卵,作为初侵染源继续危害种植区的中药材。

    目前针对浙江省道地药材病虫害的发生种类、发生情况、发生规律以及防控措施尚缺乏系统研究,导致大规模发生病虫害,以及不规范使用化学药剂对中药材产量、品质甚至用药安全造成严重的影响。因此,本文综合现有报道,总结浙江省道地中药材“浙八味”、新“浙八味”常见危害病虫害种类,并提出系统的防治策略,为绿色、有效防控病虫害以及中药材标准化种植提供理论依据,切实保障中药材产业健康、规范的成长。

    浙江省道地药材资源丰富、历史悠久,明清时期已经形成以“杭十味”、“笕桥十八味”等一系列道地药材为主的中药体系,清时期进一步确立了以“浙八味”为代表的浙产道地药材,以其疗效好、品质佳而在国内外享有盛誉,也是我国临床常用及出口的主要药材(何伯伟,2020)。“浙八味”包括白术Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz.、白芍Paeonia lactiflora Pall.、元胡(又称延胡索)Corydalis yanhusuo W.T.Wang、玄参Scrophularia ningpoensis Hemsl.、浙贝母Fritillaria thunbergii Miq.、杭白菊Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.、笕麦冬Ophiopogon japonicus (Thunb.) Ker-Gawl.、温郁金Curcuma wenyujin Y.H.Chen & C.Ling八味药材,主要以其干燥块根、块茎或干燥花序入药。2017年进一步确定铁皮石斛Dendrobium officinale Kimura & Migo、衢枳壳Citrus changshan-huyou Y.B.Chang、乌药Lindera aggregata (Sims) Kosterm.、三叶青Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels & Gilg、覆盆子Rubus chigii Hu、前胡Peucedanum praeruptorum Dunn、灵芝Ganoderma lucidum(Leyss. Ex Fr) Karst.、西红花Crocus sativus L.为浙江省中药材培育品种,以其干燥块根、块茎、子实体、干燥柱头等入药,称为“新浙八味”。新老浙八味是中国传统中药材,在我国种植及药用已有数百年至几千年的历史,白术已有700年的种植历史(Liu et al.,2008;Zhang et al.,2013)、白芍药用已有100多年历史(Zhu & Lv,2005;Jin,2008;Ma et al.,2016),延胡索作为镇静药用已有数千年历史(Zhang et al.,2014;Jang et al.,2018)。此外,白术具有多种生物活性,如抗炎、抗癌、抗氧化以及神经保护等,一直以来被广泛用于食欲不振、胃胀、头晕眼花、心悸等多种疾病的治疗(Hoang et al.,2016;Shu et al.,2017);白芍具有免疫调节作用,能有效治疗软骨病、关节炎、关节胀痛等(Zhu & Lv,2005;Jin,2008;Ma et al.,2016);延胡索多糖(CYP)具有缓解抑郁症(Fang et al.,2023)和逆转吗啡成瘾性的作用(Alhassen et al.,2021)。

    新老浙八味是浙江省中药材栽培的优势品种,其产值和栽培面积仍然在该省中药材种植中占主导地位,其栽培面积占浙江省中药材栽培面积的52.6%,总产值59.08亿元,占浙江省中药材总产值的73.1%。“浙八味”中浙贝母、元胡、杭白菊以及“新浙八味”中覆盆子、衢枳壳、铁皮石斛种植面积均超过3万亩,产值超过3亿元。近年来,中药材原材料需求不断增加,种植面积进一步扩大,栽培模式从传统小户向规模化发展。但我省中药材主要在山区县,零散种植、粗放收储,种质资源圃尚未建立,野生资源逐年消失,主推栽培品种单一,良种率低,加之我省气候条件等因素影响,造成危害浙江特色中药材的病虫害种类繁多,发生传播快,危害严重的现状。

    目前对中药材病虫害采取的防治措施仍以传统药剂防治为主,但在中药材上已登记的农药较少,不能满足防治病虫害的需要。由于我国现阶段还缺乏相关农药最大残留限量标准(MRL)以及相应规范用药指导,致使在实际生产中使用尚未登记的药剂,仍存在化学药剂乱用、滥用的现象,不合理、不科学的使用化学药剂进一步导致农药污染、农药残留。据绿色和平组织一项《中药材农药污染调查报告》中显示,全国9个城市所售的65个中药材样品中,48个样本均可检测到一种或多种农药残留。多项研究表明,铁皮石斛、白术、浙麦冬等中药材上均可检测出如多菌灵、甲基硫菌灵以及毒虫蜱等多种农药残留成分(吴加伦等,2008;陈思颖等,2018;任琦等,2018)。不规范使用化学药剂将进一步造成“药中药”危害,影响中药材质量安全,威胁当地种植区生产及生态系统安全。

    中药材病虫害的研究基础相对薄弱,对诸多病虫害的研究只停留在对症状的描述,而缺少对其发生规律的摸索、系统的病原菌分离鉴定以及防控药剂筛选等研究。同时,在种植户的病虫害防控意识里缺少以物理防治、生物防治代替化学农药防治的概念,还存在乱用、滥用化学药剂的现象,以上均阻碍病虫害的安全绿色防控体系建立。

    据统计,“浙八味”常见病害26种、虫害23种,“新浙八味”常见病害19种、虫害17种,其中病害以叶部病害和根部病害为主,叶部病害以链格孢属Alternaria spp.真菌引起的叶斑病、由镰刀真菌Fusarium spp.引起的叶枯病(Leaf blight)以及由葡萄孢属Botrytis spp.真菌引起的灰霉病为主。根部病害以齐整小核菌Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.引起的白绢病(Southern blight)、以镰刀真菌引起的根腐病(Root rot)为主。虫害则以啃食叶片的蚜虫以及啃食根茎地下害虫,蛴螬、地老虎为主要危害来源(详见网络版增强出版材料附表 1)。例如,灰葡萄孢B. cinerea引起的灰霉病(Grey mold)是生产中常见且危害较严重的一类病害,如白芍灰霉病(Muñoz et al.,2016)、浙贝母灰霉病(Wen et al.,2023)、铁皮石斛灰霉病,主要危害植株叶片,还可危害铁皮石斛嫩茎(王连平,2017),铁皮石斛灰霉病发病率通常在30%左右,但在发病严重的地块,发病率可达90%。白绢病由齐整小核菌引起,可危害多种浙产药材,如白术、杭白菊、杭白芍、玄参、铁皮石斛和乌药等(毕胜等,1995;Hwang et al.,2003;Gao,2010;陈艳芳和赵敏,2013;Chen et al.,2019;潘琪等,2024),侵染铁皮石斛造成的死苗率10%~30%左右,严重时可达70%~100%(王建伟等,1989;苏翠芬等,2014)。

    由于浙八味种植年限悠久,其病虫害危害情况的报道相对“新浙八味”较全面,白术栽培中常见病害为白绢病、叶斑病(Leave spot)、根腐病和立枯病(Seeding blight),前3种病害危害比较严重,发病率通常在20%~30%,危害严重时发病率可达80%~100%(详见网络版增强出版材料附表 1),其中根腐病危害幼根,发病后造成死苗率为30%~50%,严重地块达70%~80%(苏翠芬,2014);杭白菊已报道的病害有40余种,常见有白绢病、叶斑病、灰霉病等(Liu et al.,2020;Mahadevakumar et al.,2022;Sha,2023),其中白绢病是浙江杭白菊的重要病害之一,其发病率为29.6%~84.1%(王建伟,1989),枯萎病(Blight)和根腐病影响较为严重(Kwon,2013;方丽等,2021),发病率30%~50%,严重时80%~100%;浙贝母田间常见病害为锈病(Rust)、灰霉病、黑斑病(Black spot)和根腐病,其中灰霉病的发病较为严重,发病率达到20%左右,严重地块可达70%(刘玉红等,2020;何晓婵,2023)。白芍黑斑病发病率严重时达80%(Tao et al.,2021);元胡常见病害有锈病、菌核病(Sclerotinia Rot)和霜霉病(Downy mildew),其中霜霉病发病严重,减产50%~70%(程汝滨等,2017;张建平等,2021)。麦冬较为常见的病害有根腐病、黑斑病和炭疽病(Anthracnose)(陈菁瑛,2016;蒋欣东等,2019;杨怡华等,2021),其中黑斑病田间发病率为30%~50%,严重时可达70%左右(陈菁瑛,2016)。温郁金较为常见的有6种病害,多种病原菌引起的腐烂病(Rot)(李亚妮等,2014;李晶等,2023)、炭疽病、叶枯病等(陈旭玉等,2015;方丽等,2016;陈旭玉等,2017),其中,白绢病严重时发病率可达90%(马瑞,2018;马瑞,2019)。新浙八味中报道的病虫害危害现状较少,衢枳壳常见病害为溃疡病(Canker)、黄斑病(Yellow Leaf blotch)(吴文明等,2007);乌药常见病害霜霉病、根腐病、白绢病等(邵军等,2018);覆盆子常见病害茎腐病(Stem rot)和白粉病(Powdery mildew)(彭景国,2018);前胡常见病害为根腐病、白粉病和锈病(王长生等,2019);灵芝为食用真菌,木霉(Trichoderma)的危害较为严重(汪义平,2009);西红花常见病害为猝倒病(Damping-off)、锈病、根腐病和病毒病(Virus)(陈招荣等,2014)。

    浙产道地药材虫害相关研究比较缺乏,报道较少。目前,生产上常见的虫害按照危害部位可分为叶部虫害、啃食根茎的地下害虫。叶部虫害主要有:半翅目Hemiptera的蚜虫Aphids、鳞翅目Lepidoptera夜蛾科Noctuidae夜蛾类、蜱螨目Acarina叶螨科Tetranychidae的红蜘蛛Spider mites、鞘翅目Coleoptera象鼻虫科Curculionidae的象甲类、直翅目Orthoptera蝗科Acrididae的蝗虫Grasshoppers、半翅目Hemiptera叶蝉科Cicadellidae叶蝉Leafhoppers等取食叶片或吸食植物叶片汁液造成叶片卷曲,影响光合作用。地下害虫如鳞翅目Lepidoptera夜蛾科Noctuidae的地老虎幼虫、鞘翅目Coleoptera金龟总科Scarabaeoidea金龟子幼虫(蛴螬)等啃食幼苗、根茎等(详见网络版增强出版材料附表 1)。

    农业防治可以从以下方面进行:首先,种苗选择时,要注意选择无伤、无病虫害侵染的种苗;注意水肥管理,主要施用有机肥,快速生长期可适量追肥,同时做好深耕破土及土地平整规划,低洼或容易积水区要注意排水,避免沤根及湿度过高。湿度过高可加快病原菌孢子萌发及传播,加重病害发生程度。其次,要注意合理安排种植密度,对于有连作障碍的作物,实施轮作、套作或间作,如浙贝母-大豆或小番薯轮作等。最后,中耕除草时一旦发现有病叶、病株要及时清理,拔除或焚烧,减少病虫害侵染源。

    对于具有趋避性的昆虫,如蚜虫、红蜘蛛和蛾类等,可以选择在田间悬挂杀虫灯、黄板等方式,该防治方式主要利用昆虫对特定颜色以及特定波长光源的敏感性,诱集并杀灭害虫,降低病情指数。研究表明,蚜虫的趋黄性很强,悬挂黄板可大量减少有翅蚜虫的数量(褚思洁等,2024),宽谱诱虫光源对鳞翅目类成虫,如地老虎、夜蛾,鞘翅目类如天牛、象鼻虫等1 500多种害虫有较好的防治效果(张锦芳等,2020)。

    3.3.1   植物源农药

    植物源农药是指在天然对病虫害有一定抵抗能力的植物中提取某些具有生理活性的化合物,混合制成具有抗病虫害效果的物质。由于植物源农药取自天然植物,因此,具有低毒(无毒)、易降解、无残留等特点,提高了对人畜以及水体、空气等周围环境的安全性。据报道,除虫菊素EW、烟碱•参碱EC防治蚜虫虫口衰退率和校正防治效果分别达到了99.81%、99.66%和90.80%、83.94%(杨志会等,2023)。1.50%~2.50%体积的海藻糖、0.20%~0.80%体积的壳聚糖与虎杖均匀混合,制成防治地下害虫的植物源农药(孙伟,2018),用中草药调理剂和保护剂30倍药液消毒,可以预防根结线虫、根腐病和茎基腐病的发生(杨瑶华,2024)。

    3.3.2   微生物农药

    微生物农药是利用细菌、真菌、病毒以及微生物次级代谢产物等物质对病虫害产生拮抗、抑制或干扰其蛋白质或几丁质形成的一类低风险、安全性农药。用枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis防治草莓白粉病和苹果轮纹病,其脂肽提取物用于防治番茄灰霉病(赵云福等,2021;郭庆港等,2022;熊明国,2022);深绿木霉对砖红镰刀菌Fusarium lateritium和苹果链格孢Alternaria mali的抑制率可达80%以上(张文军等,2018);解淀粉芽孢杆菌通过自身繁殖迅速易产生抗菌活性物质,常用于防治葡萄灰霉病(胡虓,2024);木霉菌制剂不仅可以防治藏红花枯萎病还提高藏红花产量(干华磊等,2018);哈次木霉制剂通过改善土壤微生态,可以减少番茄枯萎病的发生,防效可达75.0%~100.0%(康萍芝等,2013)。此外,微生物农药在害虫灭杀中也有很好的防效,白僵菌可以用于防控各种虫龄的美国白蛾Hyphantria cunea(李宜福等,2017),球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana与苦参碱混合对防治夜蛾具有协同作用(关朝阳等,2022);还可利用微生物农药与化学药剂混合达到减少化学药剂使用的目的,如将微生物农药球孢白僵菌或苏云金杆菌Bacillus thuringiensis与1%甲维盐微乳剂混合防治甘蓝小菜蛾Plutella xylostella,防效相当于两次施用甲维盐微乳剂(王胜华,2015)。

    3.3.3   性引诱剂

    性引诱剂常被用于防治农林虫害,主要是利用昆虫对其释放的信息素具有趋向性等生物学习性,对其进行引诱及捕获,干扰其正常交配,以达到减少虫源的目的。利用性引诱剂可以防治多种害虫,夜蛾类(邱乐和王占娣,2019;黄美玲等,2022)、小象甲等(郭白洁,2023)。韩宝瑜等(2024)筛选出具有强烈EAG活性的茶树挥发物,同时组合灰茶尺蠖Ectropis grisescens信息素,共同用于防治茶树灰茶尺蠖。程长松等(2022)经评估茶毛虫发生较重时单一性引诱剂对其的防治效果不佳,但与苦参碱组合对茶毛虫Euproctis pseudoconspersa的防治效果大大提升,10 d防效可达97%。

    3.3.4   天敌

    利用天敌防治虫害主要是通过释放/引入天敌来控制害虫种群数量,天敌昆虫除具有取食关系的捕食者外,还有可通过视觉或化学线索影响害虫取食、发育和繁殖的竞争者或寄生者(Culshaw-Maurer et al.,2020)。有研究筛选出控制水稻田二化螟的优势蜂种——稻螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma japonicun Ashmead(李小凤,2023),赤眼蜂可以在多种农林害虫虫卵中寄生,取食其卵内物质,影响卵孵化,以达到减少害虫种群数量的目的(刘金萍,2021),对小卷蛾的寄生率高达93%(李德伟等,2016),是螟蛾、小卷蛾类害虫虫卵期的重要天敌。此外,还可通过释放丽蚜小蜂Encarsia formosa防治粉虱类害虫、食蚜瘿蚊防治蚜虫、东亚小花蝽Orius sauteri防治蓟马类害虫,智利小植绥螨Phytoseiulus persimilis防治叶螨类害虫(李萍等,2024)。蚁形郭公虫Thanasimus formicarius可以有效控制十二齿小蠹Ips sexdentatus的种群数量。此外,姬小蜂科Eulophidae、跳小蜂科Encyrtidae、金小蜂科Pteromalidae、茧蜂科Braconidae、蜂科Lchneumonidae、肿腿蜂科Bethyidae等多种寄生蜂均可作为潜在天敌昆虫防治天牛等林业害虫(党英侨和王小艺,2024)。

    化学防治即利用农药,杀菌剂、杀虫剂、除草剂等来防治病虫害。相关研究表明多菌灵、20%甲基立枯灵EC、50%甲基托布津WP防治白术白绢病(金苹和高晓余,2011),福美双、吡唑醚菌酯对尖孢镰刀菌、腐皮镰孢菌均具有较好的防效,肟菌戊唑醇、吡唑醚菌酯、苯醚甲环唑对可引起白芍黑斑病、叶斑病的链格孢菌有较好的防效(李雪锋,2024);45%咪鲜胺ME,10%苯醚甲环唑WG对多种多花黄精炭疽病均有较好的效果(但雨柔,2023)。

    在实际生产中种植户按照早期大宗农产品对病虫害防治方法施用药剂,为追求产量而大量使用化肥、除草剂现象,加之已登记的农药数量极少,农户在使用农药过程中存在乱用滥用农药,甚至出现药不对症的情况,均为其病虫害的合理防治带来诸多困难。随着长时间使用单一药剂,极易导致植物抗药性增强,不少农户会选择加大剂量或加大施药频率又或者多种药剂混合施用,不仅没有很好的防治效果,还容易造成药剂残留、药材药效成分含量不达标等问题,影响中药材的品质。因此,亟待明晰浙产道地药材中常见的病虫害类型,病原菌和害虫种类、生物学特性等,对症下药。

    此外,中药材不仅跟大宗农作物一样需要关注产量,而且还要关注其药用活性成分的含量、效果,以及施用农药、化肥、除草剂等对中药材品质是否产生影响?同时针对病虫害危害严重的中药材,可以选育抗病虫品种,但也要关注其次生代谢产物含量变化,包括抗病虫品种的药用活性成分如何,是否对药材长势及药效产生影响等?

    通过以上对浙产道地药材病虫害发生情况及防治措施的了解,可以看出目前中药材病虫害相关研究比较薄弱,较多虫害只报道过名称,并不明确其具体种类,如蛴螬、金龟子类昆虫总称,种类多,但不清楚危害田间的具体种属,危害程度等。相较于前人报道,我们发现主要危害的病虫害种类并无较大变化,但之前危害较小的病虫害已逐渐具有成为重大病虫害的趋势。基于以上建议:第一,在病虫害防控上注重基础研究,明确不同中药材危害病虫害种类,摸清发生规律,加强预测预报,可利用现代检测技术遥感、传感器和无人机等进行病虫害监测;第二,结合种植农户传统经验,观察病虫害发展规律和环境因素对病虫害的影响,制定具体的防治计划,实现早期预警,有助于及时采取必要的防治措施,避免盲目升级防治等级,合理规范使用农药,加快农药登记,在采收期前至少50 d禁止使用农药,保证农药残留的安全性,避免“药中药”的危害;第三,选择抗病虫品种,减少农药使用,同时评估药用活性成分含量及药效;第四,综合防治投入较大,可通过轮作、间作等栽培措施,改良生态环境,减少病虫原聚集,增加土壤生物多样性,减轻病虫害危害程度。

    综上所述,在中药材病虫害防控中应采取综合防治策略,既包括生物防治、物理防治和化学防治的结合使用,也包括环境调控和耕作管理的综合施策。重点在于科学施药、精准防控,最大限度地减少对环境的影响,保证中药材的质量和产量。同时,还需加强农民技术培训,提升其对病虫害防控技术的理解和应用能力,推广绿色环保的防治技术,确保浙江省道地中药材的生产能够持续健康发展。

    附录:附表 1  新老浙八味常见病虫害

    详细数据见网络版增强出版材料(http://hjkcxb.alljournals.net/)

    附表  1  新老浙八味常见病虫害
    Appendix Table  1  Disease and insect pests on characteristic Chinese herbal medicines in Zhejiang Province
    浙八味“Zhe Ba Wei” 病害Disease 虫害Insects
    危害种类及部位Insect species/Affected site
    病害名称Disease 种类Species 危害部位Affected site 发病率及损失Morbidity/Yield loss
    白术Atractylodesmacrocephala 白绢病Southern blight 齐整小核菌Sclerotium rolfsii 成株期根茎部Rhizome 发病率Morbidity:
    一般地区General:15%~20%;
    严重地区Severe area:100%
    蚜虫/叶片Aphidoidea/leaves
    小地老虎幼虫/白术幼苗Agrotis ypsilon/seeding stage
    蛴螬/根茎Scarabaeoidea/stem, root
    根腐病Root rot 尖孢镰刀菌Fusarium oxysporum 根部Root 发病率Morbidity:
    一般地区General:30%~50%;
    严重地区Severe area:70%~80%
    产量损失Yield losses:40%~90%
    腐皮镰孢菌Fusarium solani
    立枯病Seedling blight 立枯丝核菌Rhizoctonia solani 幼芽、幼苗Seeding stage 发病率Morbidity:
    一般地区General:5%~20%
    叶斑病Leaf spot 长柄链格孢菌Alternaria longipes 叶片Leaves 发病率Morbidity:
    一般地区General:10%~30%;
    严重地区Severe area:80%~100%
    细极链格孢Alternaria tenuissima
    白芍Paeonia lactiflora 黑斑病Black spot 链格孢菌Alternaria alternata 叶片Leaves 发病率Morbidity:
    一般地区General:10%~50%;
    严重地区Severe area:80%
    蚜虫/叶片、嫩茎Aphidoidea/leaves
    蛴螬/根茎Scarabaeoidea/stem, root
    炭疽病Anthracnose 胶孢炭疽菌Colletotrichum gloeosporioides 叶片Leaves -
    白绢病Southern blight 齐整小核菌Sclerotium rolfsii 叶片Leaves 发病率Morbidity:
    一般地区General:5%~10%;严重地区Severe area:30%
    灰霉病Grey mold 灰葡萄孢Botrytis paeoniae 叶片Leaves -
    浙贝母Fritillari thunbergii 锈病Rust 春孢器状单胞锈菌Uromyces aecidiiformis 茎、叶Stem/leaves 发病率Morbidity:
    一般地区General:40%~70%;
    严重地区Severe area:90%~100%
    地老虎Agrotis ypsilon
    蛴螬Scarabaeoidea
    灰霉病Grey mold 椭圆葡萄孢Botrytis elliptica 茎、叶、花、果实Stem, leaves, petal, fruit 产量损失Yield loss:10%~30%
    根腐病Root rot 腐皮镰孢蓝色变种Fusarium solani 根部Root 一般地区发病率General:10%~30%
    杭白菊Chrysanthemum orifolium 枯萎病Blight 尖孢镰孢菌菊花专化型Fusarium oxysporum 根部Root 发病率Morbidity:
    一般地区General:10%~50%;
    严重地区Severe area:80%
    棉蚜Aphis gossypii Glover
    绣线菊蚜Aphis citricola Vander Goot
    斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura
    甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua
    甜菜白带野螟Hymenia recurvalis
    烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci
    二星蝽Eysarcoris guttiger
    绿盲蝽Apolygus ucorμm
    尺蠖Geometridae
    网蝽Lace bug
    缘蝽Coreidae
    蓟马Megalurothrips usitatus
    叶蝉Cicadellidae
    菊天牛Phytoecia rufiventris
    地老虎Agrotis ipsilon
    蛴螬Scarabaeoidea
    叶斑病Leaf spot 稻黑孢菌Nigrospora oryzae 叶片Leaves -
    根腐病Root rot 腐皮镰孢菌Fusarium solani 根部Root 发病率Morbidity:
    一般地区General:30%;
    严重地区Severe area:100%
    白绢病Southern blight 齐整小核菌Sclerotium rolfsii 根茎部Root/stem 发病率Morbidity:
    一般地区General:30%~50%
    黑斑病Black spot 链格孢菌Alternaria alternata 叶片Leaves 发病率Morbidity:
    一般地区General:50%~80%
    叶枯病Leaf blight 高粱茎点霉Phoma sorghina 叶片Leaves 发病率Morbidity:
    一般地区General:over 50%
    病毒病Virus 菊花B病毒Chrysanthemum virus B, CVB菊花R病毒Chrysanthemum virus R, CVR 叶片Leaves 发病率Morbidity:
    一般地区General:30%~50%
    番茄不孕病毒Tomato aspermyvirus, TAV
    烟草花叶病毒Tobacco mosaic virus, TMV
    褐斑病Brown spot 美洲亚隔孢壳Didymella americana 叶片Leaves 发病率Morbidity:
    一般地区General:30%;
    严重地区Severe area:100%
    元胡Corydalis yanhusuo 霜霉病Downy mildew 紫堇霜霉Peronospora corydalis 叶片Leaves 产量损失Yield loss:50%~70% 象鼻虫/叶片、茎Curculionidae/leaves、stem
    菌核病Sclerotinia 核盘菌Sclerotinia sclerotiorum 茎基部Stem -
    玄参Scrophularia ningpoensis 白绢病Southern blight - 叶片Leaves - 红蜘蛛Tetranychus cinnabarinus
    蜗牛Fruticicolidae
    粘虫危害叶片Mythimna separata/leaves
    地老虎/根茎,嫩芽Agrotis ypsilon/stem, sprout
    短额负蝗/花蕾和叶片Atractomorpha sinensis/leaves
    大造桥虫/叶片Ascotis selenaria/leaves
    叶斑病Leaf spot - 叶片Leaves -
    麦冬Ophiopogon japonicus 叶枯病Leaf blight 尖孢镰刀菌Fusarium oxysporum 叶片Leaves 发病率Morbidity:
    一般地区General:25%~40%
    棉蝗Chondracris rosea
    中华露螽Phaneroptera sinensis
    短额负蝗Atractomorpha sinensis
    小绿叶蝉Empoasca flavescens
    大青叶蝉Cicadella viridis
    木贼镰孢菌Fusarium equiseti
    轮纹镰孢菌Fusarium concentricum
    禾谷镰孢菌Fusarium graminearum
    黑斑病Black spot 链格孢菌Alternaria alternata 叶片Leaves 发病率Morbidity:
    一般地区General:30%~50%;
    严重地区Severe area:70%
    点蜂缘蝽Riptortus pedestris
    稻棘缘蝽Cletus punctiger
    东方蝼蛄Gryllotalpa orientalis
    地老虎Agrotis ypsilon
    蛴螬Scarabaeoidea
    炭疽病Anthracnose 美洲炭疽菌Colletotrichum liriopes 叶片Leaves -
    黑线炭疽菌Colletotrichum dematium
    胶孢炭疽菌Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
    温郁金Curcuma wenyujin 枯萎病Blight 茄科劳尔氏菌Ralstonia solanacearum 叶片Leaves 产量损失Yield loss:20%~50% 斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura
    草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda
    腐烂病Rot 桑肠杆菌Enterobacter mori 根茎Root/stem -
    群结腐霉Pythium myriotylum 叶鞘Sheath -
    根腐病Root rot 层出镰孢菌Fusarium proliferatum 叶片Leaves -
    叶枯病Leaf blight 温郁金弯孢霉Curvularia clavata 叶片Leaves -
    白绢病Southern blight 齐整小核菌Sclerotium rolfsii 叶片Leaves 发病率Morbidity:
    严重地区Severe area:90%~100%
    炭疽病Anthracnose 郁金炭疽菌Colletotrichum curcumae 叶片Leaves -
    铁皮石斛Dendrobium officinale 灰霉病Grey mold 灰葡萄孢Botrytis cinerea 叶片、嫩茎Leaves/ stem 发病率Morbidity:
    一般地区General:30%;
    严重地区Severe area:90%
    蚜虫Aphidoidea
    夜蛾Noctuidae
    蜗牛Fruticicolidae
    白绢病Southern blight 齐整小核菌Sclerotium rolfsii 茎、叶Leaves/ stem 发病率Morbidity:
    一般地区General:10%~30%
    叶斑病Leaf spot 瓜茎点霉Phoma cucurbitacearum 叶片Leaves 发病率Morbidity:
    一般地区General:10%~50%;
    严重地区Severe area:80%
    病毒病Virus 黄瓜花叶病毒Cucumber mosaic virus, CMV 叶片Leaves -
    衢枳壳Citrus changshan-huyou 溃疡病Canker - 嫩叶、幼果Leaves/ young fruit - 红蜘蛛Tetranychus cinnbarinus
    锈壁虱Phyllocoptruta oleivora
    浅叶甲Chrysomelidae
    蚧壳虫Coccoidea
    卷叶蛾Tortricidae、潜叶蛾Lyonetiidae
    尺蠖Geometridae
    黄斑病Yellow Leaf blotch - 叶片Leaves -
    乌药Lindera aggregata 霜霉病Downy mildew 乌头霜霉菌Peronospora aconiti 叶片Leaves - 黑小卷蛾Cymolomia phaeopelta
    地老虎Agrotis ypsilon
    蝼蛄Gryllotalpa
    根腐病Root rot 腐皮镰孢Fusarium solani 叶片Leaves -
    白绢病Southern blight 齐整小核菌Sclerotium rolfsii 叶片Leaves -
    三叶青Tetrastigma hemsleyanum 炭疽病Anthracnose 胶孢炭疽菌Colletotrichum gloeosporioides 叶片Leaves - 跳甲Altica spp.
    茎腐病Stem rot 尖孢镰刀菌Fusarium oxysporum 根部Root -
    覆盆子Rubus chigii 茎腐病Stem rot - 茎基部Root/stem - 柳蝙蝠蛾Hepialidae
    穿孔蛾Incurvariidae
    白粉病Powdery mildew - 叶片Leaves -
    前胡Peucedanum praeruptorum 根腐病Root rot - 根部Root - 蚜虫Aphidoidea
    蛴螬Scarabaeoidea
    白粉病Powdery mildew - 叶片Leaves -
    锈病Rust - 叶片Leaves -
    灵芝Ganoderma lucidum 霉变病Mildew 木霉Trichoderma 子实体、菌管Fruiting body, tube - 蛾类Lepidoptera
    螨类Acari
    白蚁Termites
    西红花Crocus sativus 猝倒病Damping-off 腐霉菌Pythium spp. 幼苗茎基部Stem - 红花指管蚜(又称牛蒡长管蚜)Uroleucon gobonis
    油菜潜叶蝇Phytomyza horticola
    白星花金龟Potosia brevitarsis
    锈病Rust 红花柄锈菌Puccinia carthami 叶片Leaves -
    根腐病Root rot 红花尖孢镰刀菌Fusarium oxysporum 根部Root -
    病毒病Virus 黄瓜花叶病毒Cucumber mosaic virus, CMV 叶片Leaves -
    黄瓜花叶病毒Cucumber mosaic virus, CMV 叶片Leaves -
  • 附表  1   新老浙八味常见病虫害

    Appendix Table  1   Disease and insect pests on characteristic Chinese herbal medicines in Zhejiang Province

    浙八味“Zhe Ba Wei” 病害Disease 虫害Insects
    危害种类及部位Insect species/Affected site
    病害名称Disease 种类Species 危害部位Affected site 发病率及损失Morbidity/Yield loss
    白术Atractylodesmacrocephala 白绢病Southern blight 齐整小核菌Sclerotium rolfsii 成株期根茎部Rhizome 发病率Morbidity:
    一般地区General:15%~20%;
    严重地区Severe area:100%
    蚜虫/叶片Aphidoidea/leaves
    小地老虎幼虫/白术幼苗Agrotis ypsilon/seeding stage
    蛴螬/根茎Scarabaeoidea/stem, root
    根腐病Root rot 尖孢镰刀菌Fusarium oxysporum 根部Root 发病率Morbidity:
    一般地区General:30%~50%;
    严重地区Severe area:70%~80%
    产量损失Yield losses:40%~90%
    腐皮镰孢菌Fusarium solani
    立枯病Seedling blight 立枯丝核菌Rhizoctonia solani 幼芽、幼苗Seeding stage 发病率Morbidity:
    一般地区General:5%~20%
    叶斑病Leaf spot 长柄链格孢菌Alternaria longipes 叶片Leaves 发病率Morbidity:
    一般地区General:10%~30%;
    严重地区Severe area:80%~100%
    细极链格孢Alternaria tenuissima
    白芍Paeonia lactiflora 黑斑病Black spot 链格孢菌Alternaria alternata 叶片Leaves 发病率Morbidity:
    一般地区General:10%~50%;
    严重地区Severe area:80%
    蚜虫/叶片、嫩茎Aphidoidea/leaves
    蛴螬/根茎Scarabaeoidea/stem, root
    炭疽病Anthracnose 胶孢炭疽菌Colletotrichum gloeosporioides 叶片Leaves -
    白绢病Southern blight 齐整小核菌Sclerotium rolfsii 叶片Leaves 发病率Morbidity:
    一般地区General:5%~10%;严重地区Severe area:30%
    灰霉病Grey mold 灰葡萄孢Botrytis paeoniae 叶片Leaves -
    浙贝母Fritillari thunbergii 锈病Rust 春孢器状单胞锈菌Uromyces aecidiiformis 茎、叶Stem/leaves 发病率Morbidity:
    一般地区General:40%~70%;
    严重地区Severe area:90%~100%
    地老虎Agrotis ypsilon
    蛴螬Scarabaeoidea
    灰霉病Grey mold 椭圆葡萄孢Botrytis elliptica 茎、叶、花、果实Stem, leaves, petal, fruit 产量损失Yield loss:10%~30%
    根腐病Root rot 腐皮镰孢蓝色变种Fusarium solani 根部Root 一般地区发病率General:10%~30%
    杭白菊Chrysanthemum orifolium 枯萎病Blight 尖孢镰孢菌菊花专化型Fusarium oxysporum 根部Root 发病率Morbidity:
    一般地区General:10%~50%;
    严重地区Severe area:80%
    棉蚜Aphis gossypii Glover
    绣线菊蚜Aphis citricola Vander Goot
    斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura
    甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua
    甜菜白带野螟Hymenia recurvalis
    烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci
    二星蝽Eysarcoris guttiger
    绿盲蝽Apolygus ucorμm
    尺蠖Geometridae
    网蝽Lace bug
    缘蝽Coreidae
    蓟马Megalurothrips usitatus
    叶蝉Cicadellidae
    菊天牛Phytoecia rufiventris
    地老虎Agrotis ipsilon
    蛴螬Scarabaeoidea
    叶斑病Leaf spot 稻黑孢菌Nigrospora oryzae 叶片Leaves -
    根腐病Root rot 腐皮镰孢菌Fusarium solani 根部Root 发病率Morbidity:
    一般地区General:30%;
    严重地区Severe area:100%
    白绢病Southern blight 齐整小核菌Sclerotium rolfsii 根茎部Root/stem 发病率Morbidity:
    一般地区General:30%~50%
    黑斑病Black spot 链格孢菌Alternaria alternata 叶片Leaves 发病率Morbidity:
    一般地区General:50%~80%
    叶枯病Leaf blight 高粱茎点霉Phoma sorghina 叶片Leaves 发病率Morbidity:
    一般地区General:over 50%
    病毒病Virus 菊花B病毒Chrysanthemum virus B, CVB菊花R病毒Chrysanthemum virus R, CVR 叶片Leaves 发病率Morbidity:
    一般地区General:30%~50%
    番茄不孕病毒Tomato aspermyvirus, TAV
    烟草花叶病毒Tobacco mosaic virus, TMV
    褐斑病Brown spot 美洲亚隔孢壳Didymella americana 叶片Leaves 发病率Morbidity:
    一般地区General:30%;
    严重地区Severe area:100%
    元胡Corydalis yanhusuo 霜霉病Downy mildew 紫堇霜霉Peronospora corydalis 叶片Leaves 产量损失Yield loss:50%~70% 象鼻虫/叶片、茎Curculionidae/leaves、stem
    菌核病Sclerotinia 核盘菌Sclerotinia sclerotiorum 茎基部Stem -
    玄参Scrophularia ningpoensis 白绢病Southern blight - 叶片Leaves - 红蜘蛛Tetranychus cinnabarinus
    蜗牛Fruticicolidae
    粘虫危害叶片Mythimna separata/leaves
    地老虎/根茎,嫩芽Agrotis ypsilon/stem, sprout
    短额负蝗/花蕾和叶片Atractomorpha sinensis/leaves
    大造桥虫/叶片Ascotis selenaria/leaves
    叶斑病Leaf spot - 叶片Leaves -
    麦冬Ophiopogon japonicus 叶枯病Leaf blight 尖孢镰刀菌Fusarium oxysporum 叶片Leaves 发病率Morbidity:
    一般地区General:25%~40%
    棉蝗Chondracris rosea
    中华露螽Phaneroptera sinensis
    短额负蝗Atractomorpha sinensis
    小绿叶蝉Empoasca flavescens
    大青叶蝉Cicadella viridis
    木贼镰孢菌Fusarium equiseti
    轮纹镰孢菌Fusarium concentricum
    禾谷镰孢菌Fusarium graminearum
    黑斑病Black spot 链格孢菌Alternaria alternata 叶片Leaves 发病率Morbidity:
    一般地区General:30%~50%;
    严重地区Severe area:70%
    点蜂缘蝽Riptortus pedestris
    稻棘缘蝽Cletus punctiger
    东方蝼蛄Gryllotalpa orientalis
    地老虎Agrotis ypsilon
    蛴螬Scarabaeoidea
    炭疽病Anthracnose 美洲炭疽菌Colletotrichum liriopes 叶片Leaves -
    黑线炭疽菌Colletotrichum dematium
    胶孢炭疽菌Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
    温郁金Curcuma wenyujin 枯萎病Blight 茄科劳尔氏菌Ralstonia solanacearum 叶片Leaves 产量损失Yield loss:20%~50% 斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura
    草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda
    腐烂病Rot 桑肠杆菌Enterobacter mori 根茎Root/stem -
    群结腐霉Pythium myriotylum 叶鞘Sheath -
    根腐病Root rot 层出镰孢菌Fusarium proliferatum 叶片Leaves -
    叶枯病Leaf blight 温郁金弯孢霉Curvularia clavata 叶片Leaves -
    白绢病Southern blight 齐整小核菌Sclerotium rolfsii 叶片Leaves 发病率Morbidity:
    严重地区Severe area:90%~100%
    炭疽病Anthracnose 郁金炭疽菌Colletotrichum curcumae 叶片Leaves -
    铁皮石斛Dendrobium officinale 灰霉病Grey mold 灰葡萄孢Botrytis cinerea 叶片、嫩茎Leaves/ stem 发病率Morbidity:
    一般地区General:30%;
    严重地区Severe area:90%
    蚜虫Aphidoidea
    夜蛾Noctuidae
    蜗牛Fruticicolidae
    白绢病Southern blight 齐整小核菌Sclerotium rolfsii 茎、叶Leaves/ stem 发病率Morbidity:
    一般地区General:10%~30%
    叶斑病Leaf spot 瓜茎点霉Phoma cucurbitacearum 叶片Leaves 发病率Morbidity:
    一般地区General:10%~50%;
    严重地区Severe area:80%
    病毒病Virus 黄瓜花叶病毒Cucumber mosaic virus, CMV 叶片Leaves -
    衢枳壳Citrus changshan-huyou 溃疡病Canker - 嫩叶、幼果Leaves/ young fruit - 红蜘蛛Tetranychus cinnbarinus
    锈壁虱Phyllocoptruta oleivora
    浅叶甲Chrysomelidae
    蚧壳虫Coccoidea
    卷叶蛾Tortricidae、潜叶蛾Lyonetiidae
    尺蠖Geometridae
    黄斑病Yellow Leaf blotch - 叶片Leaves -
    乌药Lindera aggregata 霜霉病Downy mildew 乌头霜霉菌Peronospora aconiti 叶片Leaves - 黑小卷蛾Cymolomia phaeopelta
    地老虎Agrotis ypsilon
    蝼蛄Gryllotalpa
    根腐病Root rot 腐皮镰孢Fusarium solani 叶片Leaves -
    白绢病Southern blight 齐整小核菌Sclerotium rolfsii 叶片Leaves -
    三叶青Tetrastigma hemsleyanum 炭疽病Anthracnose 胶孢炭疽菌Colletotrichum gloeosporioides 叶片Leaves - 跳甲Altica spp.
    茎腐病Stem rot 尖孢镰刀菌Fusarium oxysporum 根部Root -
    覆盆子Rubus chigii 茎腐病Stem rot - 茎基部Root/stem - 柳蝙蝠蛾Hepialidae
    穿孔蛾Incurvariidae
    白粉病Powdery mildew - 叶片Leaves -
    前胡Peucedanum praeruptorum 根腐病Root rot - 根部Root - 蚜虫Aphidoidea
    蛴螬Scarabaeoidea
    白粉病Powdery mildew - 叶片Leaves -
    锈病Rust - 叶片Leaves -
    灵芝Ganoderma lucidum 霉变病Mildew 木霉Trichoderma 子实体、菌管Fruiting body, tube - 蛾类Lepidoptera
    螨类Acari
    白蚁Termites
    西红花Crocus sativus 猝倒病Damping-off 腐霉菌Pythium spp. 幼苗茎基部Stem - 红花指管蚜(又称牛蒡长管蚜)Uroleucon gobonis
    油菜潜叶蝇Phytomyza horticola
    白星花金龟Potosia brevitarsis
    锈病Rust 红花柄锈菌Puccinia carthami 叶片Leaves -
    根腐病Root rot 红花尖孢镰刀菌Fusarium oxysporum 根部Root -
    病毒病Virus 黄瓜花叶病毒Cucumber mosaic virus, CMV 叶片Leaves -
    黄瓜花叶病毒Cucumber mosaic virus, CMV 叶片Leaves -
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  • 收稿日期:  2024-07-17
  • 修回日期:  2024-12-09
  • 接受日期:  2024-12-10

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