农作物熊蜂授粉与绿色植保协作应用前景

李亦菲,  邓尚靠,  展江,  徐晓蕊,  徐继伟,  梁铖

李亦菲, 邓尚靠, 展江, 等. 农作物熊蜂授粉与绿色植保协作应用前景 [J]. 环境昆虫学报, 2026, 48(1): 160-165. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0858.2026.01.16
引用本文: 李亦菲, 邓尚靠, 展江, 等. 农作物熊蜂授粉与绿色植保协作应用前景 [J]. 环境昆虫学报, 2026, 48(1): 160-165. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0858.2026.01.16
LI Yi-Fei, DENG Shang-Kao, ZHAN Jiang, et al. Prospects for the integrated application of bumblebee pollination and green plant protection in crop production [J]. Journal of Environmental Entomology, 2026, 48(1): 160-165. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0858.2026.01.16
Citation: LI Yi-Fei, DENG Shang-Kao, ZHAN Jiang, et al. Prospects for the integrated application of bumblebee pollination and green plant protection in crop production [J]. Journal of Environmental Entomology, 2026, 48(1): 160-165. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0858.2026.01.16

农作物熊蜂授粉与绿色植保协作应用前景

doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0858.2026.01.16
基金项目: 

国家蜂产业技术体系 CARS-44-SYZ 14;

云南省科技人才与平台计划 202405AD350070;

蚕蜂所青年创新基金 QC2024009

详细信息
    作者简介:

    李亦菲,女,云南楚雄人,硕士,研究实习员,从事研究方向为农作物蜂授粉与绿色防控,E-mail:1043808856@qq.com

    通讯作者 Author for correspondence:

    梁铖,男,农业推广硕士,副研究员,研究方向为农业授粉蜂资源保护与利用,E-mail:lc@yaas.org.cn

  • 中图分类号: Q968.1

    文献标识码: A

    文章编号: 1674-0858(2026)01-0160-06

Prospects for the integrated application of bumblebee pollination and green plant protection in crop production

  • 摘要:

    熊蜂独特的授粉特性在设施作物授粉中发挥着重要作用,长期以来,作物的病虫害防控依赖于大量化学农药的使用,这严重制约着熊蜂授粉技术的推广。然而授粉效果与病虫害防控效果相辅相成,采用绿色防控技术是降低农药对熊蜂授粉影响的重要途径。本文从熊蜂授粉与作物病害的关系、与植保的互作关系、绿色植保技术与熊蜂授粉的协作应用3个方面展开综述,并提出未来绿色植保技术与熊蜂授粉协作发展的方向,旨在为保护和更好的推广熊蜂授粉技术提供参考,为促进树立大食物安全观和发展高质量绿色农业提供理论支撑。

     

    Abstract:

    The distinctive pollination behavior of bumblebees plays a crucial role in the pollination of facility-grown crops. However, the long-standing dependence on chemical pesticides for pest and disease management has substantially impeded the widespread adoption of bumblebee pollination technology. In fact, effective pollination and sustainable pest control are mutually reinforcing, therefore, the integration of green pest control strategies is essential to mitigate pesticide-induced risks to bumblebee populations. This paper provides a comprehensive review from three perspectives: the relationship between bumblebee pollination and crop diseases, the interaction between bumblebee pollination and plant protection, and the integrated application of green plant protection technologies with bumblebee pollination systems. It also proposes future directions of synergy and collaboration between green plant protection strategies and bumblebee pollination. The objective is to provide a reference for the conservation and wider implementation of bumblebee pollination technology, as well as supporting the establishment of a comprehensive food security framework and advancing high-quality, sustainable agricultural development.

     

  • 全球约有80%的开花植物依赖于昆虫授粉繁衍生息(Wu et al.,2022),熊蜂Bombus spp.作为一种授粉昆虫,在促进高山植物繁衍、维护生态平衡和农作物增产等方面具有重要作用(Potts et al.,2010;Gill et al.,2016)。熊蜂因其生物学特性,是目前可人工规模化繁育,用于设施种植作物的重要授粉蜂种,且市场需求较大。一方面,我国设施农业面积达370万hm2居世界第一,约占世界设施农业总面积的80%,以番茄、茄子、甜椒等有熊蜂授粉需求为主的蔬果占设施园艺总面积的85%以上(骆飞等,2020),另一方面,熊蜂为温室作物授粉后的经济效益显著,据报道熊蜂为温室作物授粉的贡献价值约为5.02亿美元/年(Pindar et al.,2017),特别是温室浆果类(蓝莓、草莓)、茄科作物(番茄、甜椒)利用熊蜂授粉后,有效降低了果实畸形率、提高座果率和产量;改善果实营养品质,延长运输时间,果品销售等级和价格也会增加;熊蜂授粉可减少或替代人工授粉、激素授粉和机械授粉,有效降低了种植成本,同时减少农药的使用,对环境友好(Tscharntke et al.,2014;郭学博等,2018;Hoshide et al.,2018;Hazel and Mario,2021;Martin et al.,2022;Shahini et al.,2023)。综上所述,熊蜂授粉是一种优质高效的农业生产技术,是生产绿色安全、无污染、有机农产品的重要技术措施,熊蜂作为生产资料,在国内外农业生产中已被广泛应用(罗文华等,2012;钱宝玲等,2012)。

    温室作物使用大量的农药来控制病虫害的发生,而熊蜂对化学农药的使用十分敏感,广谱性的杀虫剂无疑对熊蜂造成致命打击,这使得熊蜂授粉技术的推广应用受到病虫害防控的制约(韩磊等,2023)。农作物熊蜂授粉效果与植保息息相关,选择和有效利用绿色植保技术和熊蜂非靶标农药,是解决化学农药制约熊蜂授粉推广的有效途径。而熊蜂授粉本身作为一种绿色农业技术,常与绿色植保防控技术分开讨论,二者联系紧密。本文围绕农作物熊蜂授粉与绿色植保防控技术协作应用展开综述,探索和了解农作物熊蜂授粉与绿色植保防控技术间的关系和协作方法,不仅有利于熊蜂授粉技术推广,构建生态友好的农业生产模式,生产安全健康农产品,还有利于自然界中传粉昆虫多样性保护。

    熊蜂授粉与作物病害间存在相互作用。一方面,熊蜂授粉会介导植物病毒病害的传播与发生。熊蜂在温室番茄中授粉会介导番茄顶端矮缩类病毒、黄矮病毒的传播(Antignus et al.,2007;Matsuura et al.,2010),而这些病毒对熊蜂本身有无影响并未作相关报道。另一方面,熊蜂授粉能够有效降低某些作物真菌病害发生。利用熊蜂为草莓授粉,授粉后草莓花瓣可自然脱落,能有效降低草莓灰霉病Botrytis cinerea的发生(Veerle et al.,2010;Mommaerts et al.,2011)。Ngugi等发现新开放的蓝莓花朵最容易感染蓝莓僵果病真菌Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi,但如果在花朵接种病菌前至少1 d授粉,授粉后可抑制菌丝在子房上的生长,蓝莓僵果果实的发病率会降低(Ngugi et al.,2002),可以补充熊蜂为温室蓝莓授粉来降低该病的发病率。由此可见,农作物熊蜂授粉可以传播作物病毒病害,也可以抑制和降低作物真菌病害的发生,这可能是受到授粉时间、授粉环境条件和植物生理等因素的影响。

    熊蜂授粉效果依赖于有效植保技术对害虫的控制效果。例如,当有高密度的熊蜂授粉和天敌昆虫防控象甲同时作用于红三叶草Trifolium pratense时,不仅提高了授粉效率和座果率,还增加了种子的重量(Ola et al.,2013)。当同时提供昆虫授粉和有效的害虫控制时,可以为作物产量和质量提供强效协同作用,协同作用贡献率达到10%,使作物产量增加了23%,但分开作用时,单一贡献率只有7%和6%(Louis and Matthias,2016)。然而,低水平的虫害防治会降低授粉服务的效果。当害虫对作物植株的危害破坏了花朵的形状,会降低了花朵的吸引力,或引起植物防御反应改变了植物挥发性成分(Lucas-Barbosa,2016;Isabelle et al.,2021),引起熊蜂访花行为改变,虫害危害会引起作物生理发育变坏,让熊蜂授粉效果达不到预期。研究发现烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci危害番茄植株后,番茄植株释放的乙酸甲酯和丁香酚成分会吸引熊蜂的访花传粉(Li et al.,2023),但这种吸引熊蜂访花传粉的行为所带来的价值并不能抵消虫害带来的减产效果。因此,熊蜂授粉与植保技术相辅相成:一方面,授粉效果依赖于有效的害虫防控;另一方面,所采用的植保措施必须对熊蜂安全。

    绿色植保技术减少化学农药的使用,减少了杀虫剂对熊蜂的毒害作用,是适合于熊蜂授粉时期使用的植保技术,可以保障花期熊蜂授粉的安全。

    一方面,绿色植保技术与熊蜂授粉的协作应用,为熊蜂的环境暴露提供安全的栖息环境和授粉活动空间。当熊蜂授粉和物理机械清除有害杂草协作时,明显提高蚕豆Vicia faba产量,可能是机械除草和昆虫授粉协作缓冲了杂草-作物竞争带来的负面影响,保障了熊蜂在环境暴露中的安全,有效为蚕豆授粉,促进了座果结实(Raderschall et al.,2024)。此外,利用多种天敌昆虫组合释放控制害虫,减少了杀虫剂对熊蜂的毒害作用,对熊蜂友好的同时,还增强对害虫的防治效果,可形成“天敌昆虫+熊蜂授粉”技术模式,发挥二者的协作增效作用。如用熊蜂为番茄、黄瓜、草莓授粉时,联合释放智利小植绥螨Phytoseiulus persimilis、巴氏新小绥螨Neoseiulus barkeri、丽蚜小蜂Encarsia formosa、食蚜瘿蚊Aphidoletes aphidimyza和东亚小花蝽Orius sauteri等天敌昆虫防控叶螨、粉虱、蚜虫和蓟马(王静等,2008;尹园园等,2018;王宏栋等,2021),可不使用杀虫剂,能使用熊蜂授粉促进座果,改善果实品质,生产绿色果蔬。近年来生态农业发展,为了提高天敌昆虫的可持续控害能力,需要为其提供栖息和繁殖地,创建生态调控的植物支持系统,发挥了重要作用(陈学新等,2014),天敌和传粉者都可以从中受益(Gurr et al.,2017)。生态调控通过合理的种植布局构建景观管理和生态服务系统,可以形成丰富的天敌昆虫群落控制虫害,也可以丰富熊蜂的食物来源,促进熊蜂种群的稳定和发展,利于熊蜂的授粉活动。它们包括增加田间植物多样性(例如间作、杂草保护)、周围植物多样性(例如花带、树篱)或景观尺度植物多样性(例如增加林地、草原、树篱等生境的半自然斑块数量)(Gurr et al.,2017;Matthias et al.,2020;Okosun et al.,2021;Pindar and Raine,2023)。不同特征熊蜂对植物的响应不同,花卉资源的可用性与景观特征多样性可以增加熊蜂物种多样性,增加访花授粉的机会(李月华等,2024)。在单一集约化的梨园周围种植不同木本植物组成的混合树篱,在附近草地上种植多种花卉形成花带,在吸引天敌昆虫控制害虫的同时,提高了授粉者对梨树的授粉效率,梨的产量和经济效益得到了显著提升(Tim et al.,2021)。而这样的效果在其他作物上显得不尽如人意,如生态调控与授粉整合应用在牛油果上,生态防控有效减少了害虫密度,但这种策略对牛油果产量的提高不明显(Toukem et al.,2022)。Garibaldi等人(2018)探讨授粉和生物害虫控制间的相互作用,从16项研究中提供的22个相互作用中,仅确定了7项研究。其中3项研究得出了积极的相互作用(即协同作用,一种生态系统服务的增加,提高了另一种的效果),3项研究得出了无相互作用(互补作用,一种生态系统服务的增加,抵消了另一种的效果)的结果,1项得出了消极的相互作用(即拮抗作用,一种生态系统服务的增加,减少了另一种的效果)。

    另一方面,绿色植保技术与熊蜂授粉的协作应用,对绿色植保有增效作用。熊蜂作为生物制剂的优良载体,在为农作物授粉时,可携带传递多种生物制剂均匀扩散到作物的花、叶片和果实上,用于防治作物上的病虫害。用熊蜂携带球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana用于防治温室甜椒上的美国牧草盲蝽Lygus lineolaris和西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis(Al-mazra'awi et al.,2005),防治温室甜椒和番茄上的烟蚜Myzus persicae和白粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorum(Kapongo et al.,2008)。熊蜂可携带扩散粉红粘帚霉Gliocladium roseum、哈茨木霉Trichoderma harzianum、球孢白僵菌有效防控草莓、番茄和甜椒等温室作物上的灰霉病(赵正萍等,2015)。草莓花期用熊蜂携带生防菌剂“普兰多”Aureobasidium pullulans到花朵上比喷洒防治草莓灰霉病的效果更好(Iqbal et al.,2022),因为熊蜂携带干燥的孢子直接作用,避免了作物接触水分造成的局部湿度升高。

    上述绿色植保技术在一定程度上减少农药喷施的强度,绿色植保技术与熊蜂授粉协作相互增效,开展有效绿色植保技术与熊蜂授粉协作使用,可保障熊蜂授粉时的安全性,提高授粉效率和效果。

    熊蜂为温室作物授粉带来的提质增产效益被大量的验证,但熊蜂物种多样性和授粉效率正在被单一规模化种植模式(如农业集约化)和管理方式(如杀虫剂的使用)所制约,温室作物的种植方式决定其需要获得更高的经济回报。而农作物授粉结实和病虫害防控效果是影响作物产量的重要因素,通常把二者分开管理和研究,但在实际种植管理中,二者相互作用且相互影响。一直以来,“害虫综合管理”(Integrated Pest Management,IPM)的植保技术,虽然倾向于不依赖于化学手段的综合防治(Kogan,1998),但忽略了使用化学植保在内的手段对传粉昆虫的威胁。熊蜂授粉与植保的关系成为一种相互依赖又矛盾的关系,为平衡和减轻二者的潜在冲突,探索和应用绿色植保技术成为了减少化学农药使用,保障食品安全和发展绿色农业的有效途径(陈学新等,2023)。“害虫与授粉者综合管理”(Integrated Pest and Pollinator Management,IPPM)的概念在2015年首次被提出(Biddinger and Rajotte,2015),随后越来越多人关注到昆虫授粉和病虫害综合治理间的协作和权衡(Gagic et al.,2019;Egan et al.,2020;Lundin et al.,2021;Isabelle et al.,2021;Wangithi et al.,2022)。

    本文综述了熊蜂授粉与作物病害的关系、与植保的互作关系,重点综述了绿色植保技术与熊蜂授粉的协作,这是提倡IPPM管理策略的重要部分。虽然,绿色植保技术与熊蜂授粉存在多种有利的协作方式,但这些协作也可能面临挑战。如释放多种天敌昆虫与熊蜂授粉协作使用时,天敌昆虫与熊蜂授粉间存在相互作用会影响协作效果,因为不同天敌功能组存在相互作用,以及它们在多个空间和时间尺度上的反应也不同(Emma et al.,2023)。此外,熊蜂与生物制剂的协作使用受到暴露途径的影响,某些微生物制剂在使用过程中如果浓度不当,会影响熊蜂的的生存和活动(Hokkanen et al.,2003;Veerle et al.,2009;Mommaerts and Smagghe,2011;Krilen and Christopher,2013;Challa et al.,2019)。然而,熊蜂授粉与绿色植保技术协作时,不同协作方式间的互作关系并不清楚,研究较少。如绿色植保防控技术的应用对熊蜂的授粉行为、授粉持续时间、授粉效果等是否存在差异和影响。

    因此,未来应该加强熊蜂授粉与绿色植保技术的协作、协同间的互作研究,以更好促进二者的协作应用,对此,提出以下建议:(1)生物制剂的合理使用不会对熊蜂造成死亡影响,可以利用熊蜂作为生物制剂载体的功能,把生物制剂与农作物熊蜂授粉相结合使用。在这里一方面需要注意筛选对病虫害高效控害菌株或高效活性成分,另一方面,需要测定主流生物制剂对熊蜂的安全阈值浓度,为其在花期的安全施用制定标准,从而保障花期授粉活动的安全。(2)天敌昆虫与生态调控中植物支持系统的配合使用,是与农作物熊蜂协作协同较为密切且可行性高的方向,可以加强“天敌昆虫-植物支持系统-熊蜂授粉”间的互作研究,尤其是在温室作物中的应用。一方面,可以加强筛选合适的蜜源植物或其他植物为控制温室控害的天敌昆虫提供定殖环境,减少天敌释放次数,降低生物防治成本,同时,加强这些植物对熊蜂授粉的影响研究。例如,探究蜜源植物是否会分散熊蜂对目标授粉作物的访花专一性,以及具挥发性物质的植物支持系统(如药用植物)对熊蜂行为与种群的影响等。

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出版历程
  • 收稿日期:  2024-09-18
  • 修回日期:  2024-11-25
  • 接受日期:  2024-11-27

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