Predatory functional response of different instar nymph of Picromerus lewisi on different instar larvae of Mythimna seperata
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摘要:
为评估益蝽对粘虫不同龄期幼虫的捕食潜能,本研究在室内条件下测定了益蝽若虫对粘虫幼虫的捕食功能。将益蝽按龄期进行24 h饥饿处理,以1头/罐置于塑料罐中,分别投喂不同数量和不同龄期的粘虫,统计不同龄期益蝽捕食粘虫的数量,使用圆盘方程拟合益蝽对粘虫的捕食功能曲线。结果显示,益蝽若虫对粘虫具有较好的捕食能力,其3龄、4龄、5龄若虫均能捕食粘虫3龄、4龄、5龄幼虫,捕食功能反应均符合HollingⅡ圆盘方程。益蝽3龄若虫对粘虫3龄、4龄、5龄幼虫的日最大捕食量分别为24.50头、29.90头、4.50头;瞬时攻击率分别为0.306、0.200、1.042;处理时间分别为0.041 h、0.033 h、0.224 h。益蝽4龄若虫对粘虫3龄、4龄、5龄幼虫的日最大捕食量分别为33.47头、15.60头、17.60头;瞬时攻击率分别为0.367、0.466、0.281;处理时间分别为0.030 h、0.064 h、0.057 h。益蝽5龄若虫对粘虫3龄、4龄、5龄幼虫的日最大捕食量分别为27.80头、17.20头、8.50头;瞬时攻击率分别为0.557、0.327、0.286;处理时间分别为0.036 h、0.058 h、0.117 h。可知,益蝽对3~4龄粘虫有较好的控害潜能,对3龄幼虫的捕食量最大,对5龄幼虫的瞬时攻击率最高。
Abstract:To evaluate the predation potential of Picromerus lewisi nymph on different instar larvae of Mythimna seperata, this study measured the predation function of P. lewisi nymph on M. seperata larvae under laboratory conditions. The tested P. lewisi were subjected to 24 h starvation according to different instars previously. All tested P. lewisi were put singly in a plastic jar fed with different numbers and stages of M. seperata. The number of different instars nymph of P. lewisis preying on M. seperata was recorded, and the disc equation was used to fit the predatory function curve. P. lewisi nymph had good predatory capability on M. seperata, and the 3rd, 4th, and 5th instar nymphs could prey on the 3rd, 4th, and 5th instar larvae of M. Seperata. The predatory function response all fitted to the Holling Ⅱ disc equation. The theoretical maximum daily predation amounts of the 3rd instar nymphs of P. lewisi on the 3rd, 4th, and 5th instar larvae of M. seperata were 24.50, 29.90 and 4.50 preys, respectively, with instantaneous attack rate was 0.306, 0.200 and 1.042 respectively. The prey handling time was 0.041, 0.033, and 0.224 h respectively. The theoretical daily maximum predation amounts of the 4th instar nymphs of P. lewisi on the 3rd, 4th, and 5th instars larvae of M. seperata were 33.47, 15.60 and 17.60 preys respectively, with instantaneous attack rate was 0.367, 0.466, and 0.281, respectively. The prey handling time was 0.030, 0.064 and 0.057 h, respectively. The theoretical daily maximum predation amounts of the 5th instar nymphs of P. lewisi on the 3rd, 4th, and 5th instar larvae of M. seperata were 27.80, 17.20 and 8.50 preys, respectively, with instantaneous attack rate was 0.557, 0.327 and 0.286, respectively. The prey handling time was 0.036, 0.058 and 0.117 h, respectively. The results showed that P. lewisi had better control potential on the 3rd and 4th instar larvae of M. seperata, with the highest predation rate on the 3rd instar larvae and the highest instantaneous attack rate on the 5th instar larvae.
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Keywords:
- Picromerus lewisi /
- Mythimna seperata /
- predation function
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粘虫Mythimna seperata(Walker)是一种典型远距离迁飞世界性害虫,又称行军虫,属鳞翅目Lepidoptera夜蛾科Noctuidae,在我国除新疆外均有分布,严重时暴发成灾(李云瑞,2006;陈金安,2014;江幸福等,2014),造成减产甚至绝收(段云等,2022;冯磊等,2022),严重威胁我国粮食产业发展。化学农药仍是当前防控粘虫的主要手段,已导致粘虫对氯氟氰菊酯、氯虫苯甲酰胺等多种杀虫剂产生抗药性(李光博,1993;江幸福等,2014;廖贤斌等,2020)。粘虫天敌种类众多,高达150余种,包括鸟类、寄生蜂、蛙类、蝽类、线虫、蜘蛛等。黄葵等(1990)采用花盆罩笼法测定了青翅蚁形隐翅虫Paederus fuscipes、侧纹褐蟹蛛Xysticus lateralis atrimaculatus和三突花蛛Misumenops tricuspidatus等天敌平均单头取食粘虫3龄幼虫依次为1.67、2.83、2.17和0.83头,对4龄以后的幼虫几乎不捕食;梁宏斌等(2000)汇总了我国捕食粘虫的38种步甲Carabidae。利用天敌进行生物防控是害虫绿色防控的重要举措,捕食性蝽是一类重要的害虫天敌,具有较好的控害潜能,对鳞翅目害虫有较好的防控作用(Shapiro and Legaspi,2006;Malaquias et al.,2014;Medal et al.,2017)。目前,国内外已有诸多关于捕食性蝽防控害虫的研究报道。美国利用斑腹刺益蝽Podisus maculiventris(Zou et al.,2013)和佛州优捕蝽Euthyrhynchus floridanus(Zou et al.,2015)防控斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura和大豆夜蛾Ilattia octo。巴西利用黑刺益蝽Podisus nigrispinus(唐艺婷等,2019)防控草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda。廖贤斌等(2020)报道了叉角厉蝽Cantheconidae furcellata(Walff)成虫对粘虫3龄、4龄和5龄幼虫的捕食功能反应,表明叉角厉蝽成虫对粘虫3龄幼虫具有较好的捕食潜力;杨浩岚等(2023)在室内条件下测定东亚小花蝽Orius sauteri 5龄若虫、雄成虫和雌成虫对粘虫1龄幼虫的捕食能力,结果表明东亚小花蝽雌成虫对粘虫1龄幼虫的捕食能力最强;众多学者开展了蠋蝽Arma custus捕食粘虫的相关研究(李娇娇,2016;郭义,2017;张海平,2017)。上述研究均显示捕食蝽对害虫具有良好的控害作用。
益蝽Picromerus lewisi(Scott)属半翅目Hemiptera蝽科Pentatomidae益蝽亚科Asopinae,是我国常见的一种捕食性天敌昆虫,在俄罗斯、朝鲜和日本等地均有分布(郑乐怡等,1999;赵清,2013)。已有研究发现,益蝽能捕食斜纹夜蛾、草地贪夜蛾、小菜蛾Plutella xylostella和烟青虫Helicoverpa assulta等多种重要农业害虫(邹德玉等,2016;王燕等,2019;唐艺婷,2020)。目前益蝽已在国内多个省份和地区进行了规模化人工繁育和应用,并应用在烟草上防控斜纹夜蛾和烟青虫。现已有关于蠋蝽(李娇娇等,2016;潘明真等,2018;杨灿等,2021;孟建玉等,2022)、南方小花蝽Orius similis(胡昌雄等,2022)、环斑猛猎蝽Sphedanolestes impressicollis(胡宗伟等,2022)、大红犀猎蝽Sycanus falleni(侯峥嵘等,2020)、红彩真猎蝽Harpactor fuscipes(邓海滨等,2015)等捕食性蝽对粘虫、斜纹夜蛾、番茄潜叶蛾Tuta absoluta和茶尺蠖Ectropis obliqua hypulina等害虫的捕食功能研究,也有关于益蝽的调查和其对斜纹夜蛾的捕食能力的研究(陆民锋等,2020;杨青青等,2022)。唐艺婷等报道了益蝽3龄、4龄、5龄若虫和成虫对粘虫3龄幼虫进行捕食功能反应(唐艺婷等,2018)。申修贤等研究了益蝽5龄若虫对不同龄期粘虫的捕食作用(申修贤等,2022)。粘虫共有6个龄期,1~2龄幼虫潜入植物心叶取食叶肉形成小孔,3龄后由叶边缘咬食形成缺刻,大约4龄开始进入暴食期,田间危害主要集中在3~5龄幼虫。当前,利用益蝽防控鳞翅目害虫,主要以益蝽3~5龄若虫进行释放。因此,本研究开展了不同龄期益蝽若虫对粘虫各龄期幼虫的捕食功能研究,以期为益蝽的科学释放和田间防控粘虫提供科学依据。
1. 材料与方法
1.1 供试虫源
试验所需益蝽和粘虫均由贵州省黔西南州烟草公司兴仁市雨樟天敌繁育基地提供,带回贵州省植物保护研究所昆虫实验室进行饲养。室内采用人工饲料饲养粘虫,饲料主要配方:琼脂31.2 g、草粉200 g、麦麸200 g、啤酒酵母50 g、葡萄糖25 g、山梨酸钾5 g、尼泊金甲酯6.2 g、抗坏血酸15 g、水1 875 mL。采用粘虫饲喂益蝽。在温度25℃±1℃,相对湿度75%±5%,光周期16 L : 8 D条件下进行。
1.2 试验方法
1.2.1 益蝽若虫对粘虫幼虫的捕食能力研究
采用塑料罐(d × h=10 cm × 10 cm)进行益蝽若虫对粘虫幼虫的捕食功能研究。将益蝽3~5龄若虫分别放入以纱网覆盖的塑料罐内,试验前饥饿24 h,每罐1头益蝽,在纱网上放置一块浸湿的4 cm2大小的脱脂棉,为益蝽提供水分。将饥饿处理后不同龄期的益蝽分别和粘虫3、4、5龄幼虫均放入塑料罐中进行捕食功能测定。根据其取食量和预实验结果,针对益蝽3龄若虫,粘虫3龄、4龄、5龄幼虫的投喂密度分别为3、6、9、12、15头/罐;针对益蝽4龄若虫,粘虫3龄、4龄、5龄幼虫的投喂密度分别为3、6、9、12、15头/罐;益蝽5龄若虫,捕食粘虫3龄幼虫的密度为5、10、15、20、30头/罐,捕食粘虫4龄、5龄幼虫的密度均为3、6、9、12、15头/罐,各处理均分别重复10次。24 h后检查并统计粘虫被捕食数量。试验期间在塑料罐内放入一片玉米叶以防止猎物自残。试验在温度25℃±1℃,相对湿度75%±5%,光周期16 L∶8 D的环境条件下进行。
1.2.2 益蝽若虫对粘虫幼虫的捕食行为观察
在测试益蝽若虫对粘虫幼虫捕食能力的同时,观察记录益蝽捕食粘虫幼虫的行为特征。
1.3 数据统计与分析
所有数据采用Excel 2021和WPS 2019软件处理。使用Excel 2021和Graphpad Prism 8.0.2对数据进行拟合与作图。利用HollingⅡ反应模型进行拟合,圆盘方程为Na=aNTr/(1+aThN),其中Na为捕食粘虫的数量,a为益蝽对粘虫的瞬时攻击率,N为粘虫不同龄期幼虫的密度,Tr是实验的总时间为1 d,Th为益蝽捕食1头粘虫所需时间。
2. 结果与分析
2.1 益蝽若虫对粘虫幼虫的捕食能力
益蝽若虫对粘虫具有较好的捕食能力,益蝽3、4、5龄若虫均能捕食粘虫3、4、5龄幼虫,捕食功能反应均符合HollingⅡ圆盘方程(图 1、图 2、图 3)。益蝽3龄若虫对粘虫3、4、5龄幼虫的日最大捕食量分别为24.50头、29.90头、4.50头;瞬时攻击率分别为0.306、0.200、1.042;处理时间分别为0.041 h、0.033 h、0.224 h。益蝽4龄若虫对粘虫3、4、5龄幼虫的日最大捕食量分别为33.47头、15.60头、17.60头;瞬时攻击率分别为0.367、0.466、0.281;处理时间分别为0.030 h、0.064 h、0.057 h。益蝽5龄若虫对粘虫3、4、5龄幼虫的日最大捕食量分别为27.80头、17.20头、8.50头;瞬时攻击率分别为0.557、0.327、0.286;处理时间分别为0.036 h、0.058 h、0.117 h(表 1)。
表 1 益蝽若虫对粘虫不同龄期幼虫的捕食功能反应Table 1 Preydatory functional responses of Picromerus lewisi instar nymph on different instar larvae of Mythimna seperata益蝽
P. lewisi粘虫
M. seperata圆盘方程
Predatory functional response equationR2 瞬时攻击率
Attacking efficiency处理时间(Th)
Prey handling time日最大捕食量(1/Th)
Daily maximum predation amounts3龄
3rd instar nymph3龄3rd instar larvae Na=0.3063N/(1+0.0125N) 0.883 0.306 0.041 24.50 4龄4th instar larvae Na=0.2000N/(1+0.0067N) 0.204 0.200 0.033 29.90 5龄5th instar larvae Na=1.0419N/(1+0.2337N) 0.546 1.042 0.224 4.50 4龄
4th instar nymph3龄3rd instar larvae Na=0.3668N/(1+0.0110N) 0.120 0.367 0.030 33.47 4龄4th instar larvae Na=0.4663N/(1+0.0298N) 0.960 0.466 0.064 15.60 5龄5th instar larvae Na=0.2805N/(1+0.0159N) 0.230 0.281 0.057 17.60 5龄
5th instar nymph3龄3rd instar larvae Na=0.5567N/(1+0.0200N) 0.908 0.557 0.036 27.80 4龄4th instar larvae Na=0.3270N/(1+0.0190N) 0.803 0.327 0.058 17.20 5龄5th instar larvae Na=0.2861N/(1+0.3360N) 0.938 0.286 0.117 8.50 2.2 益蝽若虫对粘虫幼虫的捕食行为
捕食行为观察发现,益蝽5龄若虫从粘虫4龄幼虫头部以下的躯体刺入口针吸食其内容物(图 4)。益蝽在捕食粘虫时并不将其全部吸食,而是取食约70%~80%后转而攻击下一头猎物。在益蝽捕食过程中,搜寻发现粘虫后立即对其进行攻击,常将口针刺入粘虫幼虫胸腹部,多头益蝽取食一头粘虫时,可分别刺吸其不同身体部位。粘虫幼虫被益蝽刺吸后,立即产生甩脱行为,迅速爬行,蠕动身体尝试逃脱;而益蝽跟随粘虫移动并继续保持口针刺入粘虫体内,直至粘虫不再挣扎。益蝽3龄、4龄若虫捕食粘虫时,随着粘虫密度和龄期的增加,多头益蝽逐渐倾向于攻击一头粘虫,单头捕食不同龄期粘虫时,捕食速度较慢且捕食量不高;益蝽5龄若虫捕食粘虫3龄、4龄时,捕食速度较快且捕食量相对较高,单头可在相同的处理时间捕食多头粘虫。
3. 结论与讨论
捕食功能反应是检验天敌昆虫对田间害虫是否具有控害能力的重要依据,可以通过捕食功能方程反应捕食者对猎物种群的捕食能力,从而评价其生防潜能。本研究发现益蝽若虫对粘虫3龄、4龄、5龄幼虫的捕食功能反应符合HollingⅡ模型,这与蠋蝽捕食亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis(孙婧婧等,2022)、六斑月瓢虫Menochilus sexmaculata捕食柑橘木虱Diaphorina citri(何万财等,2023)、海岛小花蝽Orius maxidentex捕食美洲棘蓟马Echinothrips americanus(韩姗妮等,2023)、环斑猛猎蝽捕食斜纹夜蛾(蒋文丽等,2022)等的捕食功能反应模型一致。益蝽4龄和5龄若虫对粘虫3龄幼虫均有较高的日最大捕食量,这与唐艺婷等(2018)报道的不同龄期益蝽对粘虫3龄幼虫的捕食功能和申修贤等(2022)报道的益蝽5龄若虫对粘虫的捕食功能结果相似,证实了本研究结果的可靠性。王巧等(2023)研究多异瓢虫Hippodamia variegata对核桃黑斑蚜Chromaphis juglandicola幼虫的捕食结果也表明了多异瓢虫4龄幼虫对核桃黑斑蚜的日最大捕食量较高。王燕等(2023)研究结果同样说明了侧刺蝽Andrallus spinidens在捕食草地贪夜蛾时,侧刺蝽4龄和5龄若虫对草地贪夜蛾3龄、4龄幼虫均具有较强的捕食能力,且5龄若虫对草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫的捕食量最高。据本研究结果,随着猎物龄期的增加,不同龄期的益蝽日最大捕食量逐渐减少,这或与随着猎物龄期增加其体型会有所变化有关;除益蝽4龄若虫外,相同龄期的益蝽随猎物密度的增加日最大捕食量逐渐减少,这或与随着猎物密度增加益蝽的处理速度减缓有关。
除捕食量之外,天敌对猎物的瞬时攻击率和处理时间也是反映其捕食能力的重要指标。孙婧婧等(2022)研究表明蠋蝽雌成虫对亚洲玉米螟4龄幼虫的瞬间攻击率最大,为0.849,雄成虫和5龄若虫的瞬间攻击率分别为0.818和0.790,雌成虫对亚洲玉米螟4龄幼虫的处理时间最短,为0.027 d,雄成虫的处理时间次之,为0.036 d,而5龄若虫的处理时间最长,为0.041 d,这与本研究得到的益蝽5龄若虫在捕食粘虫3~5龄幼虫时,捕食4龄幼虫处理时间最长的结论相似;韩姗妮等(2023)的报道表明海岛小花蝽5龄若虫处理单头美洲棘蓟马2龄若虫所需要的时间最短,为0.0203 d,瞬时攻击率为1.1813,瞬时攻击率为成虫 > 2龄若虫 > 伪蛹,处理单头猎物时间为伪蛹 > 成虫 > 2龄若虫,同样,本研究中益蝽5龄若虫在捕食低龄粘虫时较高龄粘虫的瞬间攻击率更高、处理时间更短;蠋蝽5龄若虫处理小菜蛾4龄幼虫的时间最短,只需0.012 d。唐艺婷等(2020)的研究表明蠋蝽3~5龄若虫和成虫对小菜蛾4龄幼虫的瞬时攻击率大小依次为:3龄若虫 > 4龄若虫 > 5龄若虫 > 雌成虫 > 雄成虫,这与本研究所述3~5龄益蝽捕食4龄粘虫,益蝽4龄若虫对粘虫4龄幼虫瞬时攻击率最高、处理时间最短的结论不同。本研究通过试验发现益蝽3龄若虫对粘虫5龄幼虫的瞬时攻击率最高,对4龄幼虫的处理时间最短;益蝽4龄若虫对粘虫4龄幼虫的瞬时攻击率最大,对3龄幼虫的处理时间最短;益蝽5龄若虫对3龄幼虫的瞬时攻击率最大,对3龄幼虫的处理时间也最短。益蝽若虫对3龄幼虫捕食量最大,这与益蝽捕食同属于鳞翅目害虫的草地贪夜蛾幼虫的捕食能力研究结果相似,但益蝽若虫对粘虫5龄幼虫的瞬时攻击率最大,与其结果不同(王燕等,2020),这可能与猎物物种差异有关,粘虫相对于草地贪夜蛾更难被益蝽制服。同时本文也注意到益蝽若虫对粘虫5龄幼虫的瞬时攻击率最大,但处理时间也最长。这可能与5龄幼虫体型较其他龄期较大有关,相关假设有待继续观察研究。同时,不同的蝽类对猎物的瞬时攻击率和处理时间差异也体现在体型上,如猎蝽科Reduviidae头部尖长,触角细长,体长细椭圆形,如蚊虫状,足细长,常捕食蚜虫、白蚁、蓟马等;姬蝽科Nabidae头部狭长,体多为中小型,常捕食蚜虫等小型节肢动物;益蝽、蠋蝽一类体型一般大小,触角棒状,足短于猎蝽和姬蝽,但均可捕食斜纹夜蛾、草地贪夜蛾和粘虫等体型相对较大的害虫。
捕食性蝽科天敌在捕食猎物时,通过长长的口针将毒液注入猎物体内,导致猎物组织液化、麻痹和中毒死亡,但其捕食猎物的行为因虫体结构及其毒液成分等不同而有所差异(Martinez et al.,2016;Andrew et al.,2018;Gao et al.,2022)。在搜寻和捕食行为方面,叉角厉蝽在捕食茶谷蛾Agriophara rhombata幼虫时,触角以一定频率上下左右摆动来搜索猎物,当接近猎物时,触角停止摆动并伸出口针,伺机将口针刺入幼虫体内(龚雪娜等,2023)。这与本研究中益蝽捕食粘虫和大部分蝽捕食猎物的行为相似。这是因为触角上有许多不同的感应器,是参与捕食性蝽搜寻猎物的重要器官。黄带犀猎蝽Sycanus croceouittatus在饥饿状态下搜寻到草地贪夜蛾幼虫,短暂接触后,迅速将口针刺入猎物体内,使草地贪夜蛾麻痹,并完成取食。有时将猎物致死后并不完全取食,而是收回口针搜寻并攻击下一头猎物(王亚楠等,2020)。这与益蝽捕食粘虫的特点相似,但这与蠋蝽捕食猎物情况不同。蠋蝽5龄若虫搜寻到草地贪夜蛾幼虫时并不迅速进行攻击,而是经过长时间缓慢靠近猎物,小心翼翼将口针刺入猎物体内开始取食猎物,即使猎物反抗也不退出口针,直至猎物不再挣扎,最终吸食至猎物只剩表皮,呈干瘪状态,再开始搜寻下一个猎物(唐艺婷等,2019)。在取食部位方面,叉角厉蝽的口针通常从茶谷蛾低龄幼虫体侧或腹部、尾部插入(偶尔从背部刺入),而捕食茶谷蛾高龄幼虫时,经常从其腹部末端插入较多,其次为头壳部位(龚雪娜等,2023)。黄带犀猎蝽口针可从草地贪夜蛾幼虫身体各部位刺入,包括头部、腹部腹面以及腹部末端等(王亚楠等,2020)。蠋蝽的口针可从草地贪夜蛾幼虫身体各部位刺入,包括骨化的头部、相对柔软的腹部背面,以及体躯末端等(唐艺婷等,2019)。本研究发现益蝽若虫主要从粘虫幼虫腹部侧缘、腹部背部、尾部等刺入口针(偶有从头部刺入),这与以上所述相似,但与唐艺婷等报道的益蝽对草地贪夜蛾高龄幼虫的捕食行为不同,该研究未在试验中发现益蝽从草地贪夜蛾幼虫头部刺入口针(唐艺婷等,2019)。这或与猎物差异和益蝽不同地理种群等原因有关,如同龄期的草地贪夜蛾和粘虫,前者更为活跃,益蝽难以从头部进行攻击和成功捕食。
综上,不同龄期益蝽对不同龄期的粘虫皆可取食,其中益蝽5龄若虫捕食粘虫3龄、4龄暴食期幼虫在HollingⅡ模型拟合程度、处理猎物时间以及捕食能力等方面综合表现较好,由此在田间释放益蝽防治粘虫时,首选益蝽5龄若虫为宜。由于本研究仅在室内对益蝽的捕食行为和捕食反应进行了观察和探究,关于益蝽田间防控粘虫效果的试验及益蝽在田间的定殖与扩散研究还有待完善。
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表 1 益蝽若虫对粘虫不同龄期幼虫的捕食功能反应
Table 1 Preydatory functional responses of Picromerus lewisi instar nymph on different instar larvae of Mythimna seperata
益蝽
P. lewisi粘虫
M. seperata圆盘方程
Predatory functional response equationR2 瞬时攻击率
Attacking efficiency处理时间(Th)
Prey handling time日最大捕食量(1/Th)
Daily maximum predation amounts3龄
3rd instar nymph3龄3rd instar larvae Na=0.3063N/(1+0.0125N) 0.883 0.306 0.041 24.50 4龄4th instar larvae Na=0.2000N/(1+0.0067N) 0.204 0.200 0.033 29.90 5龄5th instar larvae Na=1.0419N/(1+0.2337N) 0.546 1.042 0.224 4.50 4龄
4th instar nymph3龄3rd instar larvae Na=0.3668N/(1+0.0110N) 0.120 0.367 0.030 33.47 4龄4th instar larvae Na=0.4663N/(1+0.0298N) 0.960 0.466 0.064 15.60 5龄5th instar larvae Na=0.2805N/(1+0.0159N) 0.230 0.281 0.057 17.60 5龄
5th instar nymph3龄3rd instar larvae Na=0.5567N/(1+0.0200N) 0.908 0.557 0.036 27.80 4龄4th instar larvae Na=0.3270N/(1+0.0190N) 0.803 0.327 0.058 17.20 5龄5th instar larvae Na=0.2861N/(1+0.3360N) 0.938 0.286 0.117 8.50 -
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