Ultrastructure of genitalia of male adult Bactrocera minax and its sexual selection
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摘要:
柑橘大实蝇Bactrocera minax(Enderlein),是柑橘的重要害虫。本研究基于光学、扫描电镜、X射线CT,对其雄虫外生殖器的形态结构、阳茎长度和雌虫泄殖腔到受精囊的长度、以及雌雄虫交配过程中的夹持状态和雄虫阳茎冠到达雌虫阴道位置的观察和测量。结果表明,柑橘大实蝇雄性外生殖器是由阳茎(阳茎管和阳茎冠)、生殖突(阳茎内突和生殖环)和抱握器(背刺突和抱器)这3个部分组成。阳茎管是长而弯曲的双套管结构(向腹面卷曲),外管即阳茎管,内含1条输精管(内管),阳茎管腹面褶皱,骨化程度低,背面平坦(中间有沟),骨化程度较高,既可以弯曲折叠又可以变直。休息时,阳茎蜷曲,大部分隐藏在第5腹节内。阳茎冠由生殖杆、阳茎冠体(基囊、喇叭口、裂口和骨化体)组成,精子出口位于阳茎冠顶部喇叭口内和基囊前端的阳茎冠体上的裂口内。成虫交配时,雄虫抱握器夹持住雌虫产卵针背片端部,阳茎能够到达的最远处为雌虫布氏交配囊。雌虫从泄殖腔口至受精囊长度(21.64 ± 0.59 mm)远大于雄虫阳茎的长度(9.21 ± 0.25 mm),表明雄虫的阳茎不能到达雌虫的受精囊,雌性可以通过控制精子是否进入受精囊来控制受精。因此,雌成虫拥有最终的授精控制权。这些结构或组织经过进化,从而适应其阳茎的运动、交配等行为活动。为理解昆虫繁殖生理、进化和多样性,昆虫交配、阳茎运动等行为机制提供理论基础。
Abstract:The Chinese citrus fly, Bactrocera minax (Enderlein) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is an important pest of citrus crops. In this paper, morphological characteristics of the male external genitalia, the length of the aedeagus, the length from the female cloaca to the spermatheca, as well as the clamping characteristics of the male and female, the male's distiphallus reaching the position of the female's vagina during mating of B. minax, were observed and measured on optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and three-dimensional X-ray microscopy (X-ray CT). The results showed that the male genitalia of B. minax was composed of aedeagus (phallus and distiphallus), genital apodeme (fultella and genital ring) and clasper (surstylus and claspette). The phallus was a long and curved double-pipe structure (bending to the ventral surface), the outer tube was the phallus and contained an ejaculatory duct (inner tube). The phallus had a low degree of sclerotization due to its fold on the abdomen, and the back was flat (with a groove in the middle), with a high degree of sclerotization, which can be both bent, folded and straightened. When the male rested, the aedeagus curled up, most of which was hidden in the fifth abdominal segment. The distiphallus was composed of the genital rod and the distiphallus body (basal sac, trumpet, split and sclerotization area). The sperm outlet was located inside the trumpet at the top of the distiphallus and the split on the distiphallus body at the anterior end of the basal sac. During mating, the male clasper clamped the distal part of tergite of the female oviposition needle, and the farthest distance that the aedeagus reached through the cloaca was the female bursa copulatrix. The length from the cloacal opening to the spermatheca of female adult B. minax (21.64 ± 0.59 mm) was much longer than that of aedeagus of male adult (9.21 ± 0.25 mm), which indicated that male aedeagus could not reach the spermatheca of the female, and the female could control fertilization by controlling whether sperm entered the spermatheca. It further showed that female adults had the ultimate control over fertilization. These structures or tissues had evolved to adapt to the movement, mating and other behavioral activities of the aedeagus. This study will provide a theoretical basis for understanding the reproductive physiology, evolution and diversity of insects as well as the insect behavioral mechanisms of mating and aedeagus movement.
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Keywords:
- Bactrocera minax /
- sexual selection /
- male external genitalia /
- aedeagus /
- genitalia apodeme
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柑橘大实蝇Bactrocera minax(Enderlein)属双翅目实蝇科果实蝇属,是柑橘类植物的重要害虫之一(周仁迪等,2023)。1年发生1代,5-6月性成熟后,在柑橘青果上进行交配产卵(尤克西,2012;Xia et al.,2018)。
昆虫外生殖器一般位于腹部末端,是完成雌雄虫之间交配和受精行为的重要器官(Justus and Mitichell,1999)。也是昆虫最具多样性、复杂性、且进化速度最快的形态特征(佟心,2021)。雄性昆虫外生殖器又被称为交配器,一般由其第9节和其附肢组成。主要由阳茎复合体(精子的传输结构)和抱握器(控制雌虫产卵器的结构)组成(Gullan and Cranston,2010)。实蝇科昆虫雄性外生殖器是由阳茎、生殖突(环)、抱握器组成,如地中海实蝇Ceratitis capitata(Eberhard and Pereira,1993)、昆士兰实蝇Strumeta tryoni(Froggatt)(Drew,1969)、Anastrepha属和Toxotrypana属(Norrbom et al.,2012)。有关柑橘大实蝇生殖系统多集中于研究其雌雄内生殖系统形态结构(汤建涛等,2023;姜振宇等,2024)和雌虫产卵器方面(尤克西,2012;李宗锴等,2014;宋傲群等,2015;周仁迪等,2023)。雄虫外生殖系统结构研究不多。如明月(1985)、White and Wang(1992)将柑橘大实蝇雄虫外生殖器分为阳茎和抱握器(针突),也描述了内生殖器的射精小骨(精泵)。
昆虫的性选择形式多样,甚至同种群中也可能存在不同的性选择方式。达尔文的性选择理论诞生以来,对性选择的研究也提出了许多新的理论和机制,如精子竞争、雄性的隐秘选择、雌性的隐秘选择等(Eberhard and Pereira,1995)。许多昆虫的雌性能够在交配发生后仍决定由哪只雄性繁殖后代,这种交配后的机制被认为是雌性选择的一种“隐秘”形式,因为它们可以导致雄性授精的差异(Eberhard,1996)。在潜在的隐性雌性选择机制中,研究已经证明了在交配期间对授精的控制(Tallamy et al.,2002;Fedina and Lewis,2006),来自不同雄性储存精子的空间划分及其在受精中的不同用途(Drew,1969;Ward,2000)。
但目前有关柑橘大实蝇雄性外生殖器形态结构及其性选择权研究甚少。本研究通过光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、X射线CT(X-ray CT)等方法对柑橘大实蝇雄虫外生殖器的形态结构、雄虫阳茎长度和雌虫泄殖腔到受精囊的长度、以及雌雄虫交配过程中的夹持状态进行解剖、观察和测量,明确雄性外生殖器形态结构及其性选择权,为理解昆虫繁殖生理、进化和多样性,昆虫交配、阳茎运动等行为机制、以及研究其防治措施提供理论基础。
1. 材料与方法
1.1 供试虫源
2021年10月在湖北宜昌长阳县(30°58'N,111°99'E)柑橘园内采集柑橘大实蝇幼虫,带到长江大学昆虫生态学实验室内以柑橘饲养(室温,自然光),待幼虫化蛹后,将蛹转移到盛有河沙(厚度5~7 cm)的塑料盆(直径17 cm,高11 cm)内,保持土壤相对湿度20%左右。次年3月中旬,将装有虫蛹的塑料盆放入冷库中(8℃)储存。需要时分批取出放入人工气候箱(温度26℃,相对湿度60%)等待羽化。待成虫羽化后,将成虫转移到养虫笼(长、宽、高均为35 cm)中,再将棉花平铺于养虫笼的顶部,每日用喷壶向棉花喷清水2~3次。以酵母(广东环凯微生物科技有限公司)和蔗糖(国药集团化学试剂有限公司)(质量比1∶3)混合物作为饲料,饲料每3 d更换1次。放置室内温度25℃±2℃,相对湿度65%±5%,自然光条件下培养(周仁迪等,2023)。
1.2 雄成虫外生殖器形态的光学观察、拍照和测量
取若干头柑橘大实蝇雄成虫(10日龄),获得其收藏状态阳茎腹面观样本备用。然后使用手术剪剪去其成虫的腹部第5体节背板,露出阳茎,获得去掉背片后收藏状态阳茎背面观样本备用。取出腹部第9体节,获得完整雄成虫外生殖器样本备用。在普通体视显微镜下,用手术剪将上述样本分解为抱握器+生殖突、抱握器、单侧抱握器、抱握器外叶、抱握器内叶、生殖突、阳茎、阳茎管、阳茎冠;随后,清除生殖突上肌肉,将各部分置于生理盐水中漂洗2次,获得雄成虫外生殖器各部分样本备用。
最后置于徕卡光学显微镜(Leica M205A)下观察、拍照和测量。阳茎长度每次测量1头,重复10次,总共10头。
1.3 成虫交配过程中夹持结构的光学观察、拍照和测量
雌雄交配状态:先从养虫笼收集正在交配的雌雄成虫转移到培养皿中(直径12 cm),获得雌雄成虫正在交配状态的样本,置于徕卡显微镜下观察、拍照。
夹持结构:先从养虫笼收集若干对正在交配的雌雄成虫(20日龄)转移到液氮(-196℃)中速冻,速冻后取出,一部分剪去其雌雄虫头部、胸部和腹部第1~5体节,剩下部分仍保持雌雄交配状态(雄虫第9和10腹节与雌虫产卵器接触),置于徕卡显微镜下对交配时雌虫产卵器伸出的骨化带和产卵针长度进行观察、拍照和测量。每次雌雄成虫测量1对,重复5次,总共5对。另外一部分剪去其雄虫头部、胸部和腹部第1~5体节,雌虫头部、胸部、腹部第1~5体节、产卵器基节和骨化带,仅保留的产卵针仍与雄虫第9和10腹节接触部分,供交配过程中的夹持结构电镜观察使用。
1.4 雌雄成虫交配时雄虫阳茎冠到达雌虫阴道位置的光学观察和拍照
从养虫笼收集若干对正在交配的雌雄成虫转移到液氮(-196℃)中速冻,速冻后取出,一部分剪去其雄虫头部、胸部和腹部,以及其雌虫头部和胸部,剩下含阳茎的雌虫腹部部分置于徕卡显微镜下解剖,获得雄虫阳茎冠到达雌虫阴道位置的样本,进行观察和拍照。
1.5 雌虫泄殖腔到受精囊长度的光学观察和测量
用解剖镊子夹住柑橘大实蝇成虫(20日龄)的胸部,再用剪刀剪去头部和胸部,取腹部置于盛有生理盐水的培养皿内。在体视显微镜下,将成虫背面朝上,用镊子从断口处夹住两侧体壁,沿着断口处至产卵针基部,逐步撕开腹部体壁、产卵器基节和翻缩膜表皮,清除腹腔内脂肪粒和其他组织器官,置于生理盐水中漂洗2次,获得其雌成虫内生殖器官(受精囊+受精囊管+阴道)和产卵针样本。最后,置于徕卡显微镜下对雌虫的受精囊、受精囊管、阴道(不含产卵针内部分)、产卵针(泄殖腔到产卵针基部)长度进行观察和测量。每次测量雌成虫1头,重复5次,总共5头。
1.6 扫描电子显微镜下雄成虫外生殖器的超微形态观察和测量
先固定。用2.5%的戊二醛将上述雄性外生殖器各部分和交配过程中的夹持结构样品固定。然后进行清洗和脱水。先将样品放入磷酸缓冲盐溶液(PBS)中,然后用超声波清洗10 s,最后用30%、50%、70%、90%和100%乙醇溶液依次梯度脱水。将样品置入冷冻干燥机(Christ-Alpha 1-2 LD)干燥。随后将样品放在粘有双面碳导电胶带(8 mm × 20 mm,浙江立晶光电科技)的扫描电镜样品台(直径12.7 mm)上,置于离子溅射仪(Quorum-SC 7620)中,喷金60 s。最后将样品台放在扫描电子显微镜(TESCAN-VEGA 3 SBU)中观察和测量(周仁迪等,2023)。
1.7 三维X射线CT下阳茎的超微形态观察和测量
试验在浙江理工大学分析测试中心进行。采用2.5%戊二醛溶液固定阳茎样品,置于1 mL离心管中,再转置于三维X射线CT(X-ray CT)(ZEISS Xradia 610 Versa,德国)平台上进行扫描(分辨率1.7769 μm,扫描时间为2 h 28 min和分辨率0.5084 μm,扫描时间为3 h 51 min),利用Dragonfly软件[Version 2021.3 Build 1069,加拿大,Object Research Systems(ORS)公司]提取数据。
1.8 命名参考
雄性外生殖器各部分名称参考Drew(1969)和Eberhard and Pereira(1995)。
2. 结果与分析
2.1 雄性外生殖器形态结构
柑橘大实蝇雄虫外生殖器位于第9腹节腹面(图 1),由阳茎、生殖突(阳茎突)、抱握器组成。阳茎可分为阳茎管和阳茎冠(图 1-C、D)。雄虫休息时,阳茎管蜷曲(图 1-B、C),大部分隐藏在第5腹节背板内,仅有1小段曝露在体外(图 1-A)。第9腹节背板部分膜质(图 1-B)。
图 1 柑橘大实蝇雄性外生殖器形态结构(光学)注:A,休息状态时阳茎腹面观;B,去掉背片后休息状态时阳茎背面观;C,雄性外生殖器;D,雄性外生殖器(AI)。1,阳茎;2,阳茎冠;3,阳茎管;4,生殖突(阳茎突起);5,抱握器;6,生殖杆;7,基囊;8,指状囊突(阳茎管突起);9,绒毛带;10,喇叭口;11,裂口;12,微刺;13,射精管;14,管腔;15,生殖环;16,阳茎内突;17,竹节状突起;18,后部中杆;19,阳茎突;20,生殖环侧臂;21,翼突;22,腹突;23,肛门;24,抱握器内叶(背刺突);25,抱握器外叶(抱器);26,爪状突;27,感觉毛;28,产卵器;29,产卵针;30,骨化带;31,产卵器基节;32,产卵针腹片;33,产卵针背片;34,布氏交配囊;35,受精囊管;图 2~6同图 1。Fig. 1 Morphological characteristics of external genitalia of male adult Bactrocera minax (optical microscopy)Note: A, Ventral view of aedeagus in resting state; B, Dorsal view of aedeagus in resting state after removal of dorsal plate; C, Male genitalia; D, Male genitalia (AI). 1, Aedeagus; 2, Distiphallus; 3, Phallus; 4, Genitalia apodeme (aedeagus apodeme); 5, Clasper; 6, Genital rod; 7, Basal sac; 8, Finger-like sac apodeme (phallus apodeme); 9, Villous belt; 10, Trumpet; 11, Split; 12, Microspike; 13, Ejaculatory duct; 14, Lumen; 15, Genital ring; 16, Fultella; 17, Bamboo-like protrusion; 18, Median posterior bar; 19, Aedeagus apodeme; 20, Lateral arms of genital ring; 21, Vane; 22, Sternal apodeme; 23, Anus; 24, Inner lobe of clasper (surstylus); 25, Outer lobe of clasper (claspette); 26, Unguis; 27, Sensory hair; 28, Ovipositor; 29, Aculeus; 30, Sclerotized belt; 31, Oviscape; 32, Sternite; 33, Tergite; 34, Bursa copulatrix; 35, Spermathecal duct; Fig. 2~ Fig. 6 were the same as Fig. 1.2.1.1 阳茎形态和长度
阳茎冠(图 1,图 2)。柑橘大实蝇阳茎冠为棒状,深褐色(图 2-A、B)。其基部与阳茎管相连接,端部游离,由生殖杆(图 2-A~D)、阳茎冠体(基囊、喇叭口、裂口和骨化体)组成(图 2-B~D)。
图 2 柑橘大实蝇雄成虫阳茎形态结构注:A,N和O,光学;B,C,E~M,扫描电镜;P~T,X射线CT。A和B,阳茎冠侧面观;C,阳茎冠背面观;D,阳茎冠侧面观(AI);E,基囊和裂口;F,裂口;G,绒毛带;H,生殖杆冠面;I,生殖杆冠面边缘;J,指状囊突(阳茎管突起);K,阳茎管背面;L,射精管;M,阳茎管腹面和射精管;N,阳茎管;O,拉直的阳茎管;P,阳茎冠横切图(分辨率:0.5084 μm);Q,阳茎冠纵切图(分辨率:0.5084 μm);R,阳茎管横切图(分辨率:0.5084 μm);S,阳茎冠横切图(分辨率:1.7769 μm);T,阳茎管纵切图(分辨率:1.7769 μm)。Fig. 2 Morphological characteristics of aedeagus of male adult Bactrocera minaxNote: A, N, O, Optical microscopy; B, C, E~M, SEM; P~T, X-ray CT. A and B, Lateral view of distiphallus; C, Dorsal view of distiphallus; D, Lateral view of distiphallus (AI); E, Basal sac and split; F, Split; G, Villous belt; H, Coronal surface of genital rod; I, Coronal edge of genital rod; J, Finger-like sac apodeme (phallus apodeme); K, Abaxial side of phallus; L, Ejaculatory duct; M, Ventral surface of phallus and ejaculatory duct; N, Phallus; O, Straightened phallus; P, Cross section of distiphallus (resolution: 0.5084 μm); Q, Longitudinal section of distiphallus (resolution: 0.5084 μm); R, Cross section of phallus (resolution: 0.5084 μm); S, Cross section of distiphallus (resolution: 1.7769 μm); T, Longitudinal section of phallus (resolution: 1.7769 μm).生殖杆(图 2-A~D)。位于阳茎冠端部,透明、蘑菇状,骨化程度较低。柄部(长度257.40 μm,宽度28.20 μm)基部较端部粗(图 2-A、B)。冠部(直径44.40 μm)圆盘状,无开口(图 2-H),边缘外卷,波浪状,在冠部边缘密生微刺(长度1.15 μm,宽度0.51 μm)(图 2-I)。
喇叭口(图 2-A、C、K)。位于生殖杆对侧,由2片张开的黄褐色的瓣状膜组成喇叭状(长度254.46 μm,宽度68.21 μm),内有精子出口。
裂口(图 2-E、F、S)。位于基囊前端的阳茎冠体上的狭长裂口(长度49.14 μm)。与喇叭口类似,也是精子的出口。
基囊(图 2-A~E)。位于阳茎冠基部,透明膜质的、多皱褶的囊状结构(长度31.66 μm,宽度12.02 μm)。
骨化体(图 2-A~D)。位于阳茎冠体中部,棒状,黑色,骨化程度较高。在骨化体从喇叭口下端延伸到阳茎冠体的基部侧面,存在1圈由繁杂刺状绒毛组成的绒毛带(图 2-G)。
阳茎冠内充满错综复杂管道(图 2-P、Q、S)。
阳茎管(图 1,图 2)。柑橘大实蝇阳茎管基部与生殖突相连,端部与阳茎冠相连,阳茎冠与阳茎管连接处明显缢缩(图 2-A~E)。自然状态下,阳茎管是长而弯曲双套管结构(向腹面卷曲)。外管道即阳茎管,其腹面有透明色、骨化程度较低的波浪形皱褶(图 2-B、M、N、T);背面褐色,相对较平,中间凹陷(图 2-K、T),其骨化程度较腹面高,外管道内还有1根输精管(内管)(图 2-L、M、P~R)。阳茎管远端还存在一个中空的指状囊突(长度31.66 μm,宽度12.02 μm)(图 2-A、B、D、J)。阳茎管能够被拉直(图 2-O)。
阳茎长度(图 3)。柑橘大实蝇阳茎总长为9.207 ± 0.277 mm(Mean ± SE,下同),范围为7.783 ~ 10.474 mm。其中,阳茎管长度为8.454 ± 0.271 mm,范围为7.078 ~ 9.715 mm;阳茎冠长度为0.753 ± 0.013 mm,范围为0.705 ~ 0.833 mm。
2.1.2 生殖突形态
生殖突(阳茎突起)(图 4)。柑橘大实蝇生殖突着生于雄虫第9腹节腹面前壁处,呈褐色,骨化程度高,由生殖环和阳茎内突组成。生殖环和阳茎内突上分布复杂肌肉系统。生殖环由前端的腹突和1对向外侧弯曲的侧臂(环)组成(图 4-A、B、D、E),阳茎内突位于生殖环的上方,由后部中杆、阳茎突和翼突组成(图 4-A、B、D)。在后部中杆与阳茎突结合点的腹面分叉,形成2个侧臂,即翼突。翼突弯曲,末端与腹部生殖环侧臂基部相连。阳茎基部附着在生殖环翼突基部上(图 4-B、D),生殖环翼突基部与阳茎管基部连接处呈竹节状(图 4-C、D)。
图 4 柑橘大实蝇雄成虫生殖突形态结构(光学)注:A,生殖突侧面观;B,生殖突腹面观;C,阳茎管与生殖突连接点;D,阳茎管与生殖突连接点放大图;E,生殖突(AI)(仿Drew,1969)。Fig. 4 Morphological characteristics of genital apodeme of male adult Bactrocera minax (optical microscopy)Note: A, Lateral view of genital apodeme; B, Ventral view of genital apodeme; C, Point of connection between phallus and genital apodeme; D, Enlarged view of point of connection between phallus and genital apodeme; E, Genital apodeme (AI) (Imitate Drew, 1969).2.1.3 抱握器形态
抱握器(图 5)。柑橘大实蝇抱握器由1对抱握器外叶(背刺突)和1对抱握器内叶(抱器)组成。抱握器外叶(长度0.583 mm,宽度0.155 mm)比内叶(长度0.278 mm,宽度0.098 mm)大,内叶位于外叶内侧。抱握器外叶不能够活动。抱握器内叶基部着生在抱握器外叶内侧基部,可以自由活动。
图 5 柑橘大实蝇雄成虫抱握器形态结构注:A~D,光学;E~H,扫描电镜。A,抱握器腹面观;B,E,抱握器单侧;C,F,抱握器内叶;D,G,抱握器外叶;H,抱握器外叶内齿;I,抱握器(AI)(仿Drew,1969)。Fig. 5 Morphological characteristics of clasper of male adult Bactrocera minaxNote: A~D, Optical microscopy; E~H, SEM. A, Ventral view of clasper; B, E, One side of clasper; C, F, Inner lobe of clasper; D, G, Outer lobe of clasper; H, Inner teeth of outer lobe of clasper; I, Clasper (AI) (Imitate Drew, 1969).抱握器外叶(图 5-B、D、E、G、I)。柑橘大实蝇雄虫的抱握器外叶1对,褐色,瓦片状,外侧着生感觉毛。其端部弧形,黑色,内侧前半部、外侧前缘具三角锥体状锯齿(图 5-E、G、H)。
抱握器内叶(图 5-B、C、E、F)。柑橘大实蝇雄虫的抱握器内叶1对,褐色,瓦片状,内侧着生感觉毛。其端部黑色,着生1对钳状爪(长度0.041 mm,宽度0.026 mm),爪上有密集的波纹齿(图 5-C、E、F)。
2.2 雌雄虫交配过程中的夹持状态
交配姿态(图 6-A)。在柑橘大实蝇交配过程中,雄虫伏在雌虫背板上(图 6-A),雄虫的1对前足分别置于雌虫第1节背板的两侧,其前足第1跗节的1对爪抓住雌虫第1节背板边缘,中足和后足与地面接触。雌虫腹部弯曲呈“Z”字形,前足、中足和后足与地面接触,雄虫腹部呈弧形,以此保持平衡(图 6-A)。
图 6 柑橘大实蝇成虫交配过程中的夹持结构注:A和B,光学;C~H,扫描电镜。A,雌雄成虫交配状态;B,产卵针与阳茎接触点;C,产卵针与阳茎接触;D,抱握器夹持产卵针位置;E,夹持状态侧面观;F,抱握器内外叶夹持位置(双侧);G,抱握器内外叶夹持位置(单侧);H,阳茎插入产卵针腹面观;I,阳茎插入产卵针腹面观(AI)。Fig. 6 Clamping characteristics in mating process of adult Bactrocera minaxNote: A, B, Optical microscopy; C~H, SEM. A, Mating state of male and female adults; B, C, Point of connection between aedeagus and aculeus; D, The position where the aculeus was held by the clasper; E, Side view of the clamping state; F, Holding position of the inner and outer lobe of the clasper (both sides); G, Holding position of inner and outer lobe of the clasper (one side); H, Ventral view of aedeagus inserted into aculeus; I, Ventral view of aedeagus inserted into aculeus (AI).夹持状态(图 6)。在交配过程中,雌雄虫反复尝试,直至雄虫抱握器抓住雌虫产卵针的端部(图 6-B~D)。在自然状态下,产卵针收缩在产卵器基节内或仅产卵针尖端露出产卵器基节外。而在交配时,雌虫产卵针的大部分隐藏在产卵器基节和骨化带内,露出骨化带之外的长度为0.911 ±0.044 mm(产卵针全长5.390 ± 0.084 mm),其骨化带的1部分隐藏在产卵器基节内,露出产卵器基节之外的长度为1.668 ± 0.117 mm(骨化带全长1.901 ± 0.027 mm),骨化环和膜质部均隐藏在骨化带和产卵器基节内(图 6-B、C)。
抱握器越过产卵针泄殖腔前一小段距离(远离产卵针尖端方向)位置夹持产卵针,产卵针腹面(泄殖腔)朝向阳茎方向(图 6-D)。抱握器外叶(1对)左右相对抱住产卵针背片的背面和侧面(图 6-D、I),抱握器内叶(1对)左右抱住产卵针背片的侧面和腹面(图 6-E、F),其中,其钳状爪1臂抱住产卵针腹面,另外1臂抱住产卵针侧面(图 6-F~H)。抱握器内外叶夹持背片侧面位置存在微小的位置差。从表面观察,抱握器外叶遮挡或包住抱握器内叶钳状爪的夹持产卵针侧面的1只臂(图 6-E~I)。阳茎通过泄殖腔(被1个产卵针背片和1对腹片包围)进入产卵针内的阴道(图 6-H、I)。
2.3 雌虫泄殖腔到受精囊的长度
柑橘大实蝇雄虫阳茎通过雌虫产卵针上的泄殖腔进入产卵针内阴道,能够到达的最远处为雌虫布氏交配囊(图 7)。雌虫泄殖腔至受精囊的长度(阴道全长+受精囊管长度+受精囊长度)为21.637 ± 0.716 mm,范围为19.244 ~ 23.338 mm(图 8);雌虫阴道全长(产卵针基部到泄殖腔长度+阴道长度)的长度为10.786 ± 0.316 mm,范围为9.951 ~ 11.298 mm(图 8)。
图 8 柑橘大实蝇雌成虫泄殖腔到受精囊各部分长度(Mean ± SE)注: 阴道长度, 是指除去产卵针内阴道长度后的阴道的长度; 产卵针长度, 是指产卵针基部到泄殖腔长度。Fig. 8 Length of each part from the cloaca to the spermatheca of female adult Bactrocera minax (Mean ± SE)Note: Length of Vagina, to be the length of the vagina after removing the length of the vagina inside aculeus; Length of aculeus, the distance between cloaca and the base of aculeus.3. 结论与讨论
柑橘大实蝇雄性外生殖器是由阳茎、生殖突(阳茎突)和抱握器这3个部分组成。其雄成虫腹部第1~5体节发达,第6~8体节缺失,第9体节和第10体节形成的生殖节(Drew,1969;Norrbom et al.,2012)。其中,抱握器外叶、生殖突和阳茎是第9腹节演化形成。抱握器内叶是第10腹节演化形成。
阳茎是交配或输送精子的器官。柑橘大实蝇阳茎管外管道腹面褶皱,骨化程度低,背面平坦(中间有沟),骨化程度较高,由于其背腹面骨化程度差异和腹面褶皱存在,使阳茎管既可以弯曲折叠又可以变直。休息时,柑橘大实蝇阳茎蜷曲,大部分隐藏在第5腹节内。交配活动时,翻出到体外并能够拉长伸达布氏交配囊。阳茎的隐藏能够在其运动过程中保护阳茎不受伤害,也有利于其在复杂环境中快速运动。阳茎冠与阳茎管连接处明显缢缩,阳茎冠的基部有1个透明膜质的、多皱折的囊状的结构(基囊),基囊膨大,可以驱动空气或液体、或者空气和液体混合体通过阳茎冠内复杂管腔(道),来调节阳茎冠运动方向(Eberhard and Pereira,1993;Marchini et al.,2001;Briceño et al.,2011)。阳茎管是双套管结构,外管道即阳茎管,内有独立的1条射精管管道(内管),一直伸达阳茎冠靠近基囊远端的裂口和喇叭口,通过精泵压力驱动精液经过阳茎管内的射精管,到达阳茎冠裂口或喇叭口进入布氏交配囊。Marchini等(2001)在地中海实蝇研究中发现,精子通过阳茎冠的2个生殖孔(裂口)(1个顶部,另外1个生殖杆)和喇叭口射入。Briceño等(2011)在墨西哥实蝇Anastrepha ludens研究中发现,精子通过阳茎冠顶部喇叭口射入。而柑橘大实蝇的精子出口位于阳茎冠顶部喇叭口内和基囊前端的阳茎冠体上的裂口。阳茎冠顶端有1个蘑菇状的生殖杆结构,在交配时,其冠卷曲边缘能够勾住桑葚腺,防止阳茎冠滑脱或控制阳茎冠位置或方位(Eberhard and Pereira,1993;Marchini et al.,2001)。喇叭口除了是精子的出口外,可能也具有吸附布氏交配囊壁,控制阳茎冠位置或方位的作用。阳茎冠体上绒毛带的作用不清楚。阳茎冠内复杂管道(腔)是传递精子或精液的通道(Drew,1969)。阳茎冠和阳茎管上没有发现肌肉和感觉毛。雄虫交配时,阳茎伸出、拉长、弯曲或折叠活动(未发表)可能依赖生殖突、阳茎管外管道内、射精管以外间隙的液体或空气压力与阳茎管外管道壁共同作用驱动的,其压力的动力源来源可能是精泵或其他器官,其运动机制有待于进一步研究。
生殖突有复杂肌肉和骨化结构(臂、环或突),在成虫交配时起控制阳茎冠的作用(Drew,1969;Eberhard and Pereira,1993)。在交配过程中,柑橘大实蝇雄虫抱握器起着夹持雌虫产卵针端部作用。抱握器上的感觉毛起着感知作用(Hooper and Pitts,1972;佟心,2021)。
Ludwig等(1926)的报告中描述横带红长蝽Lygaeus equestris阳茎插入了受精囊。墨西哥实蝇拥有该属中最长的产卵器之一,因此雄性实蝇进化出了相应长的阳茎,使其能够到达交配囊进行授精(Thomas et al.,2014)。而Dodson等(1978)对加勒比实蝇Anastrepha suspensa的研究结果表明,阳茎必须插入雌性实蝇交配孔至少4.31 mm,才能达到受精囊。
从测量其长度角度研究表明,柑橘大实蝇雌虫从泄殖腔口至受精囊长度(21.637 mm)远大于雄虫阳茎的长度(9.207 ± 0.250 mm)。雌虫阴道的长度(全长)(10.786 mm)与雄虫阳茎的长度接近,相差仅1.5 mm。考虑到阳茎或阴道可伸缩特性以及交配囊内精子(精液)流动性,阳茎到达布氏交配囊或精子到达受精囊开口是可能的,但雄虫的阳茎到达雌虫的受精囊几乎不可能(Pérez-Staples and Abraham,2023)。从解剖学角度研究表明,柑橘大实蝇雄虫阳茎能够到达的最远处为雌虫布氏交配囊。姜振宇等(2024)研究表明,柑橘大实蝇雌虫有1对受精囊,受精囊导管为一条细长的管道,弯曲折叠,基部开口于布氏交配囊,受精囊具有调节精子的转移或贮存功能。Eberhard and Pereira(1995)、Eberhard(2005)和Marchini等(2001)认为地中海实蝇、墨西哥实蝇的雄虫的阳茎可以到达雌虫受精囊开口。雌性控制受精的方式有以下几种(Eberhard and Pereira,1995;Eberhard,2005):(1)一种可行的方法可能是控制生殖道内雄性受精所必需的化学物质分泌,阻止精子进入受精囊。(2)雌性操纵或调节受精囊来选择是否受精。大多数昆虫只有一个受精囊,而柑橘大实蝇有两个受精囊,相对于单个受精囊具有适应性优势。如Mazomenos等(1977)的结果表明,在实验室条件下观察到的最初交配中,集中饲养的雄性和野生雄性几乎没有或只有很少的精子转移。他们认为,在性选择的背景下,雌性加勒比实蝇控制着交配过程,并在不同层面行使控制权。Fritz and Turner(2004)的报告表明,26%交配过的加勒比实蝇雌性具有一个或多个空的受精囊,这表明在交配之后,雌性仍能通过控制受精囊来调节精子的转移或贮存。(3)雌性还可以通过控制交配的持续时间影响交配过程中储存的精子数量。在某些类群中,交配持续时间是预测转移到雌性的精子数量的重要因素,最终影响精子的储存和使用(Sakaluk and Eggert,1996;Dhakal et al.,2018)。一些研究表明在地中海实蝇中,交配持续时间与储存在受精囊中的精子数量呈正相关(Seo et al.,1990;Catalá-Oltra et al.,2020),精子在受精囊中的储存是不对称的(Taylor et al.,2000;Dhakal et al.,2018)。两性的生理状态会影响交配的持续时间,但雌性营养状况的影响较大,表明雌性的影响很大(Taylor and Yuval,1999)。(4)在隐秘雌性选择中,雌性动物还可以通过去除精子的行为显著降低雄性动物的受精成功率。这些结果表明,雌性去除精子的行为构成了雌性隐秘选择的机制,如在蟋蟀Scapsipedus micado saussure和南美实蝇Anastrepha fraterculus中已经证明的结果(Sakaluk,1984;Pérez-Staples et al.,2013),这表明雌性可以通过过早地去除不受欢迎的雄性的精子,而保留首选配偶的精子,从而获得间接的遗传利益。(5)雌性可能会与不太喜欢的雄性交配后迅速再次交配,或者推迟产卵直到与理想的雄性交配后(Thornhill and Alcock,1983)。因此,本研究结果进一步表明,柑橘大实蝇雌成虫可以通过控制精子是否进入受精囊来控制受精,雌成虫拥有最终的授精控制权。
综上所述,由于长期进化或演化形成柑橘大实蝇雄性外生殖器这些独特的结构、组织或功能,如(1)阳茎管是长而弯曲双套管结构,既可以弯曲折叠又可以变直;(2)休息时,阳茎蜷曲,大部分隐藏在第5腹节内。交配活动时,翻出到体外并能够拉长;(3)精子出口位于阳茎冠顶部喇叭口内和基囊前端的阳茎冠体上的裂口。(4)雄虫抱握器起着夹持雌虫产卵针背片端部,阳茎能够到达的最远处为雌虫布氏交配囊。雌虫从泄殖腔口至受精囊长度远大于雄虫阳茎的长度,这表明雄虫的阳茎不能到达雌虫的受精囊,雌性可以通过控制精子是否进入受精囊来控制受精。因此,雌成虫拥有最终的授精控制权。这些结构或组织经过进化,一方面为了适应其阳茎的运动、交配等行为机制。另外一方面为理解昆虫繁殖生理、进化和多样性,昆虫交配、阳茎运动等行为机制、以及研究其防治措施提供理论基础。
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图 1 柑橘大实蝇雄性外生殖器形态结构(光学)
注:A,休息状态时阳茎腹面观;B,去掉背片后休息状态时阳茎背面观;C,雄性外生殖器;D,雄性外生殖器(AI)。1,阳茎;2,阳茎冠;3,阳茎管;4,生殖突(阳茎突起);5,抱握器;6,生殖杆;7,基囊;8,指状囊突(阳茎管突起);9,绒毛带;10,喇叭口;11,裂口;12,微刺;13,射精管;14,管腔;15,生殖环;16,阳茎内突;17,竹节状突起;18,后部中杆;19,阳茎突;20,生殖环侧臂;21,翼突;22,腹突;23,肛门;24,抱握器内叶(背刺突);25,抱握器外叶(抱器);26,爪状突;27,感觉毛;28,产卵器;29,产卵针;30,骨化带;31,产卵器基节;32,产卵针腹片;33,产卵针背片;34,布氏交配囊;35,受精囊管;图 2~6同图 1。
Fig. 1 Morphological characteristics of external genitalia of male adult Bactrocera minax (optical microscopy)
Note: A, Ventral view of aedeagus in resting state; B, Dorsal view of aedeagus in resting state after removal of dorsal plate; C, Male genitalia; D, Male genitalia (AI). 1, Aedeagus; 2, Distiphallus; 3, Phallus; 4, Genitalia apodeme (aedeagus apodeme); 5, Clasper; 6, Genital rod; 7, Basal sac; 8, Finger-like sac apodeme (phallus apodeme); 9, Villous belt; 10, Trumpet; 11, Split; 12, Microspike; 13, Ejaculatory duct; 14, Lumen; 15, Genital ring; 16, Fultella; 17, Bamboo-like protrusion; 18, Median posterior bar; 19, Aedeagus apodeme; 20, Lateral arms of genital ring; 21, Vane; 22, Sternal apodeme; 23, Anus; 24, Inner lobe of clasper (surstylus); 25, Outer lobe of clasper (claspette); 26, Unguis; 27, Sensory hair; 28, Ovipositor; 29, Aculeus; 30, Sclerotized belt; 31, Oviscape; 32, Sternite; 33, Tergite; 34, Bursa copulatrix; 35, Spermathecal duct; Fig. 2~ Fig. 6 were the same as Fig. 1.
图 2 柑橘大实蝇雄成虫阳茎形态结构
注:A,N和O,光学;B,C,E~M,扫描电镜;P~T,X射线CT。A和B,阳茎冠侧面观;C,阳茎冠背面观;D,阳茎冠侧面观(AI);E,基囊和裂口;F,裂口;G,绒毛带;H,生殖杆冠面;I,生殖杆冠面边缘;J,指状囊突(阳茎管突起);K,阳茎管背面;L,射精管;M,阳茎管腹面和射精管;N,阳茎管;O,拉直的阳茎管;P,阳茎冠横切图(分辨率:0.5084 μm);Q,阳茎冠纵切图(分辨率:0.5084 μm);R,阳茎管横切图(分辨率:0.5084 μm);S,阳茎冠横切图(分辨率:1.7769 μm);T,阳茎管纵切图(分辨率:1.7769 μm)。
Fig. 2 Morphological characteristics of aedeagus of male adult Bactrocera minax
Note: A, N, O, Optical microscopy; B, C, E~M, SEM; P~T, X-ray CT. A and B, Lateral view of distiphallus; C, Dorsal view of distiphallus; D, Lateral view of distiphallus (AI); E, Basal sac and split; F, Split; G, Villous belt; H, Coronal surface of genital rod; I, Coronal edge of genital rod; J, Finger-like sac apodeme (phallus apodeme); K, Abaxial side of phallus; L, Ejaculatory duct; M, Ventral surface of phallus and ejaculatory duct; N, Phallus; O, Straightened phallus; P, Cross section of distiphallus (resolution: 0.5084 μm); Q, Longitudinal section of distiphallus (resolution: 0.5084 μm); R, Cross section of phallus (resolution: 0.5084 μm); S, Cross section of distiphallus (resolution: 1.7769 μm); T, Longitudinal section of phallus (resolution: 1.7769 μm).
图 4 柑橘大实蝇雄成虫生殖突形态结构(光学)
注:A,生殖突侧面观;B,生殖突腹面观;C,阳茎管与生殖突连接点;D,阳茎管与生殖突连接点放大图;E,生殖突(AI)(仿Drew,1969)。
Fig. 4 Morphological characteristics of genital apodeme of male adult Bactrocera minax (optical microscopy)
Note: A, Lateral view of genital apodeme; B, Ventral view of genital apodeme; C, Point of connection between phallus and genital apodeme; D, Enlarged view of point of connection between phallus and genital apodeme; E, Genital apodeme (AI) (Imitate Drew, 1969).
图 5 柑橘大实蝇雄成虫抱握器形态结构
注:A~D,光学;E~H,扫描电镜。A,抱握器腹面观;B,E,抱握器单侧;C,F,抱握器内叶;D,G,抱握器外叶;H,抱握器外叶内齿;I,抱握器(AI)(仿Drew,1969)。
Fig. 5 Morphological characteristics of clasper of male adult Bactrocera minax
Note: A~D, Optical microscopy; E~H, SEM. A, Ventral view of clasper; B, E, One side of clasper; C, F, Inner lobe of clasper; D, G, Outer lobe of clasper; H, Inner teeth of outer lobe of clasper; I, Clasper (AI) (Imitate Drew, 1969).
图 6 柑橘大实蝇成虫交配过程中的夹持结构
注:A和B,光学;C~H,扫描电镜。A,雌雄成虫交配状态;B,产卵针与阳茎接触点;C,产卵针与阳茎接触;D,抱握器夹持产卵针位置;E,夹持状态侧面观;F,抱握器内外叶夹持位置(双侧);G,抱握器内外叶夹持位置(单侧);H,阳茎插入产卵针腹面观;I,阳茎插入产卵针腹面观(AI)。
Fig. 6 Clamping characteristics in mating process of adult Bactrocera minax
Note: A, B, Optical microscopy; C~H, SEM. A, Mating state of male and female adults; B, C, Point of connection between aedeagus and aculeus; D, The position where the aculeus was held by the clasper; E, Side view of the clamping state; F, Holding position of the inner and outer lobe of the clasper (both sides); G, Holding position of inner and outer lobe of the clasper (one side); H, Ventral view of aedeagus inserted into aculeus; I, Ventral view of aedeagus inserted into aculeus (AI).
图 8 柑橘大实蝇雌成虫泄殖腔到受精囊各部分长度(Mean ± SE)
注: 阴道长度, 是指除去产卵针内阴道长度后的阴道的长度; 产卵针长度, 是指产卵针基部到泄殖腔长度。
Fig. 8 Length of each part from the cloaca to the spermatheca of female adult Bactrocera minax (Mean ± SE)
Note: Length of Vagina, to be the length of the vagina after removing the length of the vagina inside aculeus; Length of aculeus, the distance between cloaca and the base of aculeus.
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