Interference competition and mechanisms between Solenopsis invicta Buren and Crematogaster rogenhoferi Mayr
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摘要:
黑褐举腹蚁Crematogaster rogenhoferi是一种可以与重大入侵害虫红火蚁Solenopsis invicta共存的本地蚂蚁。为探究黑褐举腹蚁与红火蚁的竞争机制,本研究测定了二者在个体与群体水平上的竞争能力,并评价了黑褐举腹蚁毒液粗提物对红火蚁的触杀和驱避作用。一对一攻击试验结果表明:红火蚁大型、中型工蚁与黑褐举腹蚁工蚁组合的攻击指数分别为2.03和1.97;攻击指数在3级以上的攻击行为中,红火蚁主动攻击次数占总次数的85%以上,以物理攻击为主,黑褐举腹蚁大多数情况下为被动防御且全部以化学攻击应对。群体攻击试验结果表明,各处理组合中红火蚁的死亡率均高于黑褐举腹蚁;两者10∶10的组合中,红火蚁死亡率达到60%,而黑褐举腹蚁的仅为7%,后者群体竞争能力更强。而在黑褐举腹蚁尾部毒液分泌口封堵处理之后,在10∶10的群体竞争组合中其死亡率由6.67%提高至75.00%,说明毒液在其与红火蚁的竞争中起到重要作用。不同稀释浓度的黑褐举腹蚁毒液粗提物对红火蚁的致死率均会随着处理时间的增加而提高,浓度8%的毒液粗提物处理48 h后红火蚁死亡率超过85%。而且10%的黑褐举腹蚁毒液粗提物溶液对红火蚁的驱避率为81.67%,略微低于10%避蚊胺的驱避率91.67%,其他浓度的毒液粗提物的驱避效果均显著低于同浓度的避蚊胺。综上所述,黑褐举腹蚁的化学防御是其与红火蚁竞争的优势原因,而且其化学防御物质对红火蚁有较高的生物活性。
Abstract:Crematogaster rogenhoferi is a native ant in south China that coexists with the invasive red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. To explore the mechanism of interspecific competition between C. rogenhoferi and S. invicta, the competitiveness of C. rogenhoferi against S. invicta at one-on-one and group levels was tested. The contact toxicity and repellency of crude extract of C. rogenhoferi venom on S. invicta were evaluated as well. At the one-on-one level, the aggression indexes of large workers, medium workers of S. invicta against C. rogenhoferi workers were 2.03 and 1.97, respectively. S. invicta contributed 85% of active attacks in which aggression indexes were over 3, and their attacks were mainly physical, while C. rogenhoferi workers primarily relied on chemical defenses. At all group levels, the mortality of S. invicta was higher than that of C. rogenhoferi. In the 10:10 combination, the mortality of S. invicta reached 60%, and the mortality rate of C. rogenhoferi was only 7%, indicating that the latter had significantly stronger competitiveness at the group level. After sting was sealed by nail polish, the mortality of C. rogenhoferi increased to 75.00% in the 10:10 combination, suggesting that its venom played a crucial role in competition against S. Invicta. The contact bioassays showed that the mortality of S. invicta increased with longer treatment times using different dilutions of C. rogenhoferi venom. After 48 hours of treatment with an 8% crude extract, the mortality of S. invicta exceeded 85%. The repellent rate of 10% crude extract of C. rogenhoferi venom was 81.67% against S. invicta, slightly lower than the 91.67% repellent rate of 10% DEET. Other concentrations of the venom extract showed significantly lower repellency compared to DEET at the same concentration. In conclusion, the chemical defenses of C. rogenhoferi provided a competitive advantage with S. invicta, and its chemical defense compounds exhibited high biological activity against S. invicta.
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红火蚁Solenopsis invicta Buren是全球重要的检疫性有害生物,2004年首次发现入侵我国大陆(曾玲等,2005),至2023年6月红火蚁已入侵了12个省区625个县区(王磊等,2022)。当受到威胁时,红火蚁显示出极强的攻击性,会使用上颚固定身体,用蜇针对入侵者进行蜇刺,并注射含有生物碱和毒蛋白的毒液(Dos Santos Pintoet al.,2012)。在中国南部红火蚁发生区超过30%的居民被叮蛰,少数出现过敏性休克、甚至死亡(张巧利等,2006;Xuet al.,2012;赵静妮等,2015),因无法忍受红火蚁的攻击而使农田抛荒(Wang et al.,2019,2020)。红火蚁的入侵还会降低本地物种多样性,例如造成入侵地本地蚂蚁群落多样性降低70%,个体数量降低90%(Porter et al.,1990;Vinson,1997)。大多数本地蚂蚁无法抵御红火蚁的入侵而被取代(Gotelli and Arnett,2000)。
然而,在红火蚁入侵地也有部分蚂蚁种类能够与之共存(吴碧球等,2008)。为应对红火蚁入侵,本土蚂蚁可通过物理攻击和有效的化学防御争夺资源,甚至通过改变食性来减少与红火蚁食物资源的竞争,从而维持种群的生存(黄煜权,2016)。黑头酸臭蚁Tapinoma melanocephalum能够与红火蚁竞争食物资源(郑基焕等,2010),其臀腺会分泌对红火蚁具有较强驱避作用的化学防御物质,在两种蚂蚁竞争中发挥着重要的作用(李军等,2008;郑基焕等,2010;高燕等,2011)。黄褐尼氏蚁Nylanderia fulva可将毒腺分泌物涂抹在身上以提高自身在面对红火蚁时的存活率(Lebrun et al.,2014)。而双齿多刺蚁Polyrhachis dives可凭借其体型优势和发达的下颚与红火蚁进行资源争夺(李梓悦和杨鑫,2020)。
举腹蚁是一类世界性分布的蚂蚁,具有明确的领地意识和攻击行为,其化学防御物质具有较强的触杀毒性和驱避性(Pasteelset al.,1989),这些行为使得它们在一些生态系统中成为优势蚂蚁类群(Baldacci and Tschinkel,1999)。黑褐举腹蚁Crematogaster rogenhoferi广泛分布于热带和亚热带地区(Kenneet al.,2000),并在华南地区的多种生境中与红火蚁长期共存(吴碧球等,2010;肖霄等,2019),但二者共存的竞争机制还尚不清楚。本研究测定了红火蚁与黑褐举腹蚁在个体水平和群体水平上的攻击强度,并评价了黑褐举腹蚁毒液粗提物对红火蚁的触杀活性和驱避效果,以揭示黑褐举腹蚁与红火蚁间的竞争及共存机制,为红火蚁入侵危害区本地优势蚁种的利用和红火蚁生物防治提供科学依据。
1. 材料与方法
1.1 供试蚂蚁
红火蚁采自广州市从化区鳌头镇宝溪村有机农场和广州市花都区美林农场。每个蚁巢间的距离超过10 m,参考吕利华等(2006)采用“水滴法”获取红火蚁,并将其置于蚁群涂有滑石粉的塑料盒(40 cm × 30 cm × 15 cm)中并饲养。在室内条件下使用10% w/w糖水和冷冻蝗虫饲喂,7 d后供试验使用。试验期间饲养室温为26℃±2℃,相对湿度为60%~70%。
黑褐举腹蚁采自华南农业大学校园、深圳市红花山公园的樟树和紫荆树上。使用高枝剪将直径在10~15 cm的黑褐举腹蚁蚁巢所在树枝整个取下,将蚁巢放置于长方形收纳盒(38 cm × 26 cm × 21 cm)中,使用无水乙醇与滑石粉混合物涂抹于塑料盒内壁,防止蚂蚁逃逸。饲养方法参照于王琦等(2012),待其种群稳定后开始试验。
1.2 红火蚁与黑褐举腹蚁间的个体攻击行为测定
试验前24 h仅用10% w/w糖水饲喂供试的两种蚂蚁,之后将1头黑褐举腹蚁工蚁(体长4.5~5.0 mm)置于内侧壁涂有聚四氟乙烯乳液的小培养皿(直径30 mm)中,待其平静后,再将1头红火蚁大型(体型相近但略大于黑褐举腹蚁,体长为5.0~5.5 mm)或中型工蚁(体型相近略小于黑褐举腹蚁,体长4.0~4.5 mm)引入小培养皿,盖上盖子防止蚂蚁逃逸。将小培养皿置于空白A4纸上,上方设置有摄像机,观察记录5 min内蚂蚁间的攻击行为及程度。
将蚂蚁种间个体攻击强度分4个级别,Ⅰ级为短时间触角接触(≤ 1 s);Ⅱ级为长时间触角接触(> 1 s);Ⅲ级为张开上颚,翘起腹部摆出威胁的姿势对峙,或者一方用上颚迅速(≤ 1 s)撕咬对方;Ⅳ级为双方纠缠在一起相互攻击(> 1 s),或者一方使用上颚或用螯针攻击另一方(Suarezet al.,2002)。在Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级中,将蚂蚁个体间采用的攻击方式分为主动攻击和被动防御;攻击手段分为3种,分别是单纯使用上颚的物理攻击,使用腹部螯针喷毒液的化学攻击,以及前两者的混合攻击。供试蚂蚁一对一处理共设置2个组合,分别为红火蚁大、中型工蚁与黑褐举腹蚁工蚁,每个组合重复10次。
个体间攻击指数和死亡率计算公式如下:
$$ \begin{aligned} &\text { 攻击指数 }=\frac{\sum \text { 各攻击级别 } \times \text { 各攻击次数 }}{\sum \text { 攻击次数 }}\\ &\text { 死亡率 }(\%)=(\text { 死亡蚁数/供试总蚁数 }) \times 100 \end{aligned} $$ 1.3 红火蚁与黑褐举腹蚁间的群体攻击行为测定
红火蚁与黑褐举腹蚁间的数量比分别为50∶10、30∶10、10∶10、10∶30、10∶50,在混合型红火蚁中大型工蚁和中型工蚁各为5头。试验时,将2种蚂蚁的供试个体依次放入同一培养皿中(90 mm)中进行群体攻击强度测定,观察并记录3 h后蚂蚁死亡个体数,计算死亡率。死亡及不能正常站立的个体判定为死亡个体。每个处理重复10次。
1.4 黑褐举腹蚁尾部蜇针封闭处理后的群体竞争测定
使用指甲油封堵黑褐举腹蚁尾部蜇针末端,从而阻断其分泌和注射毒液,观察无法释放毒液的黑褐举腹蚁与红火蚁的打斗行为过程。封堵蜇针的黑褐举腹蚁与红火蚁以10∶10的群体比例进行群体攻击测定,并设置前胸背板涂有指甲油的黑褐举腹蚁与红火蚁群体竞争对照,以排除指甲油对黑褐举腹蚁的影响。混合型红火蚁中大型工蚁和中型工蚁各为5头。将2种蚂蚁的供试个体依次放入同一培养皿中(90 mm)中进行群体攻击强度测定,观察并记录5 h后蚂蚁死亡个体数,计算死亡率。死亡及不能正常站立的个体判定为死亡个体。为消除指甲油对不同蚁群的影响造成的实验误差,整个试验重复2个蚁巢,每个蚁巢重复3次。
1.5 黑褐举腹蚁毒液粗提物对红火蚁的触杀及驱避活性
1.5.1 触杀毒力测定
使用毛细玻璃管干扰黑褐举腹蚁工蚁尾部并收集毒液500 μL,用500 μL丙酮稀释收集到的毒液,得到1 mL浓度50%的毒液粗提物。接着用丙酮将毒液粗提物分别稀释为8%、6%、4%、3%、2.5%的溶液。庞杏燕等(2021)研究显示,10%丙酮对红火蚁没有生物毒性,因此本试验选择丙酮作为助溶剂。使用微量进样器取1 μL毒液粗提物点滴于红火蚁大型工蚁的前胸背板上,将工蚁转移到内壁涂有聚四氟乙烯乳液的塑料碗(250 mL)中,提供10%糖水,观察记录24 h、48 h、72 h红火蚁的死亡情况。不能正常站立,且少于3条足活动的个体定为死亡个体(潘凤香,2017)。每个浓度重复3次,每个重复使用25头工蚁。整个试验重复2个不同的蚁巢。以丙酮作为空白对照(梁铭荣等,2022)。死亡率公式:
$$ \text { 死亡率 }(\%)=(\text { 死亡工蚁数 } / \text { 供试总工蚁数 }) \times 100 $$ 1.5.2 驱避活性测定
采用滤纸浸液法进行驱避活性测试(毛伟光等,2003;郑卫青等,2008)。在两张对开的半张滤纸(9 cm)上分别点滴300 μL的丙酮和毒液粗提物溶液,待溶剂挥发后,在滤纸的周围涂抹固体胶水,把涂抹好的对照和处理滤纸粘贴在培养皿(9 cm)两边。将工蚁投入到培养皿中,记录5 min时对照和处理滤纸上停留的工蚁数量(图 1)。
毒液粗提物分别稀释为:10%、7%、5%、3%、1%。有研究表明,避蚊胺对红火蚁具有显著的驱避活性,以避蚊胺作为试验阳性对照(Heet al.,2023),同黑褐举腹蚁毒液粗提物稀释相同倍数,以比较黑褐举腹蚁毒液粗提物的驱避效果。预试验中以丙酮处理的空白试验显示,丙酮对红火蚁的驱避率为-0.85 ± 3.45,滴加丙酮溶液的滤纸与空白处理的滤纸停留工蚁数无显著差异,因此可排除丙酮对试验的干扰(图 1)。红火蚁工蚁在该试验装置中无方向偏好性。每个浓度重复3次,每次处理使用20头工蚁,整个试验设置2个不同蚁巢。驱避率计算公式:
$$ R(\%)=[(C-T) /(C+T)] \times 100 $$ R表示驱避率;C表示对照滤纸上停留的虫数;T表示为处理滤纸上停留的虫数。
1.6 数据处理
红火蚁和黑褐举腹蚁间一对一的攻击指数和主动攻击行为的差异比较采用非参数曼-惠特尼U检验分析。使用独立样本t检验和Kruskal-Wallis test对2种蚂蚁间群体水平竞争的死亡率进行检验。使用Shapiro-Wilk test对黑褐举腹蚁毒液粗提物对红火蚁工蚁的触杀和驱避效果等数据进行正态分布检验,符合正态分布的数据使用单因素方差分析进行方差齐性检验,对于方差齐性的,使用单因素方差分析,并使用Tukey test进行多重比较;对于不符合正态分布和方差不齐的,使用Kruskal-Wallis test进行检验(Tanget al.,2002)。所有数据分析程序运行于SPSS 26.0。
2. 结果与分析
2.1 红火蚁与黑褐举腹蚁个体间攻击行为
一对一的攻击试验结果显示,黑褐举腹蚁与红火蚁大型、中型工蚁间攻击级别Ⅲ级及以下分别占94.50%和96.29%,其中攻击级别Ⅲ级分别占28.84%和27.71%;攻击级别Ⅳ级分别占5.50%和3.71%(图 2)。红火蚁大型工蚁对黑褐举腹蚁工蚁的攻击指数为2.03 ± 0.07;红火蚁中型工蚁对黑褐举腹蚁工蚁的攻击指数为1.97 ± 0.08,两者之间差异不显著(U=47.0,P=0.817)。
图 2 红火蚁与黑褐举腹蚁间一对一攻击级别分布图注:R1和R2分别代表红火蚁大型和中型工蚁,B代表黑褐举腹蚁工蚁。Fig. 2 Aggression level between Solenopsis invicta and Crematogaster rogenhoferi in one-on-one competitionNote: R1 and R2 indicated large and medium-sized workers of Solenopsis invicta, respectively; B indicated Crematogaster rogenhoferi workers.在攻击级别为Ⅲ级及以上的攻击行为中,由红火蚁大型工蚁主动发起攻击的比例为85.00%,显著高于黑褐举腹蚁主动攻击的比例15.00%(U=11.5,P=0.001)。而由红火蚁中型工蚁主动发起攻击的比例为92.88%,显著高于举腹蚁主动攻击的比例7.12%(U=0,P < 0.001)。红火蚁大、中型工蚁面对黑褐举腹蚁主动攻击比例间没有显著差异(U=52.0,P=0.829);黑褐举腹蚁面对红火蚁大、中型工蚁主动攻击比例间同样差异不显著(U=48.0,P=0.829)(表 1)。
表 1 红火蚁与黑褐举腹蚁一对一攻击性分析Table 1 Aggressiveness of Solenopsis invicta against Crematogaster rogenhoferi in one-on-one competition物种
Species主动攻击百分比(%)
Percentage of active aggression大型工蚁
Large-sized worker中型工蚁
Medium-sized worker红火蚁
S. invicta85.00 ± 10.67 Aa 92.88 ± 5.00 Aa 黑褐举腹蚁
C. rogenhoferi15.00 ± 10.67 Ba 7.12 ± 5.00 Ba 注:表中数据是10个重复的平均值±标准误差。经非参数检验曼-惠特尼U分析,表中同列相同小写字母,同行相同大写字母表示差异不显著(Mann-Whitney U test,P > 0.05)。Note: Data were averages ± standard errors of 10 replicates. The same lowercase letters in the same row, and the same uppercase letters in the same column represented no significant difference (Mann-Whitney U test, P > 0.05). 在红火蚁大型工蚁与黑褐举腹蚁工蚁的个体攻击行为试验中,共观察到28次红火蚁主动攻击行为,其中物理攻击占85.72%,即红火蚁使用上颚撕咬黑褐举腹蚁,物理攻击和化学攻击结合的混合攻击占14.28%,而黑褐举腹蚁的应对措施均为化学攻击。观察到的3次举腹蚁的主动攻击中,黑褐举腹蚁均是使用化学攻击手段,而红火蚁的应对措施也是化学攻击。
在红火蚁中型工蚁与黑褐举腹蚁工蚁的个体攻击行为试验中,共观察到55次红火蚁主动攻击行为,其中物理攻击占94.54%,化学攻击占5.46%,而黑褐举腹蚁均以化学攻击应对。观察到的7次黑褐举腹蚁的主动攻击中,同样均以化学攻击形式,而红火蚁的应对措施中物理攻击占42.86%,化学攻击占57.14%。
2.2 红火蚁与黑褐举腹蚁群体间群体攻击行为
红火蚁与黑褐举腹蚁的群体攻击行为测定结果显示,在所有组合的群体攻击试验中,红火蚁工蚁的死亡率为24.40%~76.00%,而黑褐举腹蚁的死亡率为3.00%~13.00%。当红火蚁与黑褐举腹蚁数量比为50∶10时,红火蚁死亡率为24.40%,显著高于后者的9.00%(t=5.243,df=18,P < 0.0001),说明黑褐举腹蚁的群体竞争能力明显强于红火蚁。黑褐举腹蚁数量保持不变,红火蚁群体数量降低至10头,两者数量比例为10∶10时,红火蚁的死亡率为60.00%,而后者死亡率仅为7.00%,前者是后者的8.6倍。当红火蚁的群体数量保持不变,黑褐举腹蚁的数量增加时,红火蚁的死亡率逐渐增加,后者的死亡率无明显变化(表 2)。
表 2 红火蚁与黑褐举腹蚁群体间攻击死亡率Table 2 Mortality of competing Solenopsis invicta and Crematogaster rogenhoferi at group level处理组合(红火蚁∶黑褐举腹蚁)
Combination (S. invicta∶C. rogenhoferi)死亡率(%)Mortality 红火蚁S. invicta 黑褐举腹蚁 C. rogenhoferi 50∶10 24.40 ± 1.78 Ac 9.00 ± 2.33 Ba 30∶10 29.20 ± 2.91 Ac 13.00 ± 4.72 Ba 10∶10 60.00 ± 7.30 Ab 7.00 ± 2.60 Ba 10∶30 62.00 ± 4.67 Ab 3.00 ± 0.63 Ba 10∶50 76.00 ± 3.40 Aa 3.80 ± 0.96 Ba 注:数据为平均值±标准误。同列相同小写字母(Kruskal-Wallis test)、同行相同大写字母(独立样本t检验)表示差异不显著(P > 0.05)。Note: Data were means ± standard errors. The same lowercase letters in the same column (Kruskal-Wallis test) and the same uppercase letters in the same row (independent sample t-test) represented no significant difference (P > 0.05). 在不同处理组合中,红火蚁群体竞争的死亡率变化明显,当红火蚁与黑褐举腹蚁数量比为30∶10时,红火蚁的死亡率为29.20%,显著低于10∶10处理下的红火蚁死亡率60.00%(χ2=32.736,df=4,P=0.012);当红火蚁与黑褐举腹蚁数量比为10∶30时,红火蚁的死亡率为62.00%,与10∶10处理下红火蚁的死亡率差异不显著(χ2=32.736,df=4,P=0.781);当黑褐举腹蚁的数量增加至5倍时,红火蚁的死亡率上升为76.00%,与10∶10处理差异仍不显著(χ2=32.736,df=4,P=0.120)。黑褐举腹蚁的死亡率也未随着群体数量的增加而发生显著性变化(χ2=5.723,df=4,P=0.221)。
2.3 黑褐举腹蚁尾部蜇针封闭处理后的群体竞争
黑褐举腹蚁尾部蜇针封堵后的群体竞争情况显示,用指甲油封闭处理黑褐举腹蚁尾部蛰针后,其群体竞争的死亡率大大提高,而红火蚁死亡率有较大程度的下降。蛰针被封堵的黑褐举腹蚁、前胸背板点涂指甲油和无指甲油处理的黑褐举腹蚁的死亡率分别为75.00%、18.33%和6.67%,其中蛰针被封堵的死亡率显著高于另外两个处理,前胸背板点涂指甲油和无指甲油处理的黑褐举腹蚁的死亡率差异不显著(F2, 15=68.066,P < 0.0001)。当封堵黑褐举腹蚁尾部蜇针后,红火蚁的群体竞争死亡率从48.33%下降到8.33%,而红火蚁在与前胸背板点涂指甲油的黑褐举腹蚁进行群体竞争后,其死亡率为40.00%,与不作处理的黑褐举腹蚁竞争情况下的死亡率48.33%差异不显著(F2, 15=25.585,P=0.36)(表 3)。
表 3 指甲油处理下黑褐举腹蚁与红火蚁群体间攻击死亡率Table 3 The mortality of competing Solenopsis invicta and nail polish treated Crematogaster rogenhoferi处理Treatments of C. rogenhoferi 死亡率(%)Mortality 红火蚁S. invicta 黑褐举腹蚁C. rogenhoferi 尾部封堵Sting sealed by nail polish 8.33 ± 3.07 a 75.00 ± 5.63 a 前胸背板点涂Thorax painted by nail polish 40.00 ± 2.58 b 18.33 ± 4.77 a 无指甲油Control 48.33 ± 6.01 b 6.67 ± 2.11 b 注:数据为平均值±标准误。同列相同小写字母(Tukey's法)表示差异不显著(P > 0.05)。Note: Data were means ± standard errors. The same lowercase letters in the same column (Tukey's test) represented no significant difference (P > 0.05). 2.4 黑褐举腹蚁毒液粗提物对红火蚁的触杀与驱避活性评价
黑褐举腹蚁毒液粗提物对红火蚁的触杀效果随浓度的降低而减弱。处理24 h后,红火蚁的死亡率在0.67%~78.66%。8%毒液粗提物处理后红火蚁的死亡率为78.66%,当粗提物稀释到4%时,其处理死亡率为33.33%,显著低于8%毒液粗提物处理(F5, 30=41.436,P < 0.0001);2.5%毒液粗提物处理下,红火蚁的死亡率仅为5.33%,与对照处理差异不显著(F5, 30=41.436,P=0.986)。处理72 h后,红火蚁的死亡率在2.67%~89.33%。8%毒液粗提物处理下,红火蚁的死亡率为89.33%,显著高于4%毒液粗提物处理(F5, 30=52.796,P < 0.0001);2.5%毒液粗提物处理的死亡率为13.63%,与对照死亡率差异不显著(F5, 30=52.796,P=0.641)。
相同浓度的毒液粗提物处理下,随处理时间的增加,死亡率也增加。在浓度为8%、6%和2.5%的毒液粗提物处理下,处理72 h与处理24 h的工蚁死亡率差异不显著(8%,F2, 15=0.693,P=0.510;6%,F2, 15=1.955,P=0.180;2.5%,F2, 15=2.456,P=0.108)。在稀释浓度为4%和3%时,处理组24 h、48 h、72 h的红火蚁工蚁死亡率分别为:33.63%、50.00%、54.67%和13.63%、27.33%、31.33%,工蚁处理24 h后的死亡率均显著低于处理72 h(4%,H=6.720,df=2,P=0.013;3%,H=6.445,df=2,P=0.017)(表 4)。
表 4 黑褐举腹蚁毒液粗提物对红火蚁工蚁的触杀毒力Table 4 Contact toxicity of crude extract of Crematogaster rogenhoferi venom on Solenopsis invicta浓度(%)
Concentration红火蚁工蚁死亡率(%)S. invicta worker mortality 24 h 48 h 72 h 8 78.66 ± 8.24 Aa 86.67 ± 5.82 Aa 89.33 ± 5.63 Aa 6 64.67 ± 5.41 Aa 77.33 ± 6.25 Aa 80.67 ± 6.40 Aa 4 33.33 ± 5.81 Ab 50.00 ± 3.05 ABb 54.67 ± 4.46 Bb 3 13.63 ± 3.82 Abc 27.33 ± 5.21 ABc 31.33 ± 6.32 Bc 2.5 5.33 ± 2.67 Ac 10.67 ± 2.46 Acd 13.63 ± 2.67 Acd 0 0.67 ± 0.67 Ac 1.33 ± 0.84 Ad 2.67 ± 1.98 Ad 注:数据为平均值±标准误。经单因素方差分析(Tukey's法),同列相同小写字母,同行相同大写字母表示差异不显著(P > 0.05),下表同。Note: Data were means ± standard errors. The same lowercase letters in the same column and the same uppercase letters in the same row represented no significant difference (Tukey's test, P > 0.05), same to table 5. 黑褐举腹蚁毒液粗提物对红火蚁的驱避效果与其浓度呈正相关关系。不同稀释浓度的毒液粗提物驱避率为8.33%~81.67%。10%与7%浓度处理的驱避效果分为81.67%和71.67%,两者差异不显著(F4, 25=58.787,P=0.385);当粗提物浓度为5%的驱避率(53.33%)显著低于7%的驱避率(F4, 25=58.787,P=0.020);1%浓度的驱避率为8.33%,显著低于3%浓度处理的31.67%(F4, 25=58.787,P=0.002)。
在相同浓度处理下,毒液粗提物对红火蚁的驱避率均低于对应浓度的避蚊胺的驱避率。在稀释浓度同为10%时,毒液粗提物的驱避率为81.67%,与避蚊胺处理驱避率91.67%最接近,但仍存在显著差异(t=2.301,df=10,P=0.044)。当毒液粗提物和避蚊胺浓度从10%降低至1%时,其工蚁驱避率分别降低至8.33%和50.00%,粗提物驱避率随浓度降低的下降幅度远高于避蚊胺。粗提物驱避率浓度为7%时,其驱避率在70%以上,驱避效果也较为显著(表 5)。
表 5 黑褐举腹蚁毒液粗提物对红火蚁工蚁的驱避效果Table 5 Repellent effect of crude extract of Crematogaster rogenhoferi venom and DEET on Solenopsis invicta浓度(%)
Concentration驱避率(%)Repellent rate 毒液粗提物Crude extract of C. rogenhoferi venom 避蚊胺DEET 10 81.67 ± 3.07 Aa 91.67 ± 3.07 Ba 7 71.67 ± 3.07 Aa 85.00 ± 4.28 Babc 5 53.33 ± 3.33 Ab 71.67 ± 3.07 Bbc 3 31.67 ± 4.77 Ac 66.67 ± 3.33 Bc 1 8.33 ± 4.77 Ad 50.00 ± 3.65 Bd 3. 结论与讨论
有效的攻击和防御手段,在蚂蚁种间竞争中占据着决定性的作用。红火蚁能够依靠毒液分泌物击败阿根廷蚁Iridomyrmex humilis等蚂蚁,从而成为最成功的入侵物种之一(Obinet al.,1985;Solley et al.,2002;Greenberg et al.,2008)。黄褐尼氏蚁腺体分泌物对红火蚁也具有较好的灭杀效果(Chen et al.,2013;Chen,2016),还能通过自我毒液梳理对抗红火蚁的毒液分泌物(Lebrunet al.,2014),在与红火蚁竞争处于优势,甚至有可能取代红火蚁生态位的现象(Zhanget al.,2015)。因此研究与本土蚂蚁与红火蚁的竞争机制,可为将来发展红火蚁防控的新策略和新方法具有重要意义。
本研究发现,个体攻击行为测定中,红火蚁的主动攻击性显著高于黑褐举腹蚁。红火蚁的攻击以物理攻击为主,先用上颚攻击,咬住敌方然后通过蜇针注射毒液;黑褐举腹蚁一直被动防御,且仅为化学方式,但其化学防御手段效果显著,大多数情况下能够化解并抑制红火蚁的攻击行为。红火蚁受到黑褐举腹蚁攻击后表现出较强的排斥行为,即快速梳理触角和受攻击部位。由此可见黑褐举腹蚁在受到攻击时分泌的化学防御物质,对红火蚁产生较强的驱避作用,从而减少红火蚁的攻击次数。在面对攻击者时举腹蚁会分泌毒液到匙形的尾针,通过将毒液投射到攻击者体表进行防御(Buren,1958;Marlier et al.,2004),并不存在近距离接触,因此,黑褐举腹蚁在个体竞争中的表现为被动使用化学防御。
蚂蚁种群的数量,也是决定蚂蚁间竞争能力的关键(Holwayet al.,2002)。在群体水平上的竞争中,黑褐举腹蚁的化学防御优势更为明显,在所有数量比的组合中黑褐举腹蚁死亡率均低于红火蚁,当黑褐举腹蚁数量增加时,自身死亡率随之降低,而红火蚁的死亡率随之提高,在数量比10∶10时黑褐举腹蚁死亡率低于10%,红火蚁死亡率超过50%。而同样依靠化学手段竞争的黑头酸臭蚁,与红火蚁群体比例50∶10时,死亡率依旧高于红火蚁(高燕等,2011)。竞争能力较强的双齿多刺蚁,在与红火蚁数量比为30∶10时,死亡率低于10%,而红火蚁死亡率仅为30%(李梓悦等,2020)。这说明黑褐举腹蚁的化学防御物质在竞争中发挥关键作用,使得黑褐举腹蚁在数量低于红火蚁时,死亡率依旧能够低于红火蚁,在竞争中处于优势地位。当使用指甲油将黑褐举腹蚁尾部蜇针封堵之后,黑褐举腹蚁的竞争能力显著下降,在群体数量相同情况下,其死亡率明显高于红火蚁。而在黑褐举腹蚁背部点涂指甲油后,在群体竞争中死亡率高于无处理组的死亡率,可能是指甲油导致黑褐举腹蚁自我梳理增加,从而使红火蚁占据更多攻击的机会。这些结果说明溅射毒液是黑褐举腹蚁与红火蚁打斗过程中最主要的防御行为,在不使用毒液的情况下,黑褐举腹蚁会完全丧失竞争优势。
本研究发现,6%粗提物溶液处理红火蚁工蚁,其死亡率达到80%以上;较高浓度的粗提物处理滤纸后,红火蚁工蚁大多沿处理后的滤纸边缘爬行,说明黑褐举腹蚁毒液粗提物质对红火蚁具有显著的触杀和驱避活性。举腹蚁的毒液对其他蚂蚁具有较强的触杀毒力和驱避作用(Marlier et al.,2004;Heredia et al.,2005)。3种举腹蚁Crematogaster sp. prox. abstinens、C. distans和C. brevispinosa rochai毒液对火蚁Solenopsis sp.具有很好的毒力效应(Herediaet al.,2005),举腹蚁C. scutellaris的防御物质对Pheidole pallidula、Camponotus lateralis和Cam. cruentatus具有良好的驱避作用(Marlieret al.,2004)。举腹蚁的毒液成分主要为多官能团相连的长链衍生物物质,例如长链共轭二烯酮,炔基四烯类衍生物,三羟基环己烷衍生物等,以及2-氧代-5, 2-二烯醛,2-氧代-5, 1-二烯基乙酸酯和多种呋喃二萜类物质,且不同物种的毒液主要成分之间存在一定差异性(Daloze et al.,1991;Leclercq et al.,1997;Leclercq et al.,2000;Wossa et al.,2008)。黑褐举腹蚁的毒液有效组分以及其触杀和驱避机制还有待进一步研究。
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图 2 红火蚁与黑褐举腹蚁间一对一攻击级别分布图
注:R1和R2分别代表红火蚁大型和中型工蚁,B代表黑褐举腹蚁工蚁。
Fig. 2 Aggression level between Solenopsis invicta and Crematogaster rogenhoferi in one-on-one competition
Note: R1 and R2 indicated large and medium-sized workers of Solenopsis invicta, respectively; B indicated Crematogaster rogenhoferi workers.
表 1 红火蚁与黑褐举腹蚁一对一攻击性分析
Table 1 Aggressiveness of Solenopsis invicta against Crematogaster rogenhoferi in one-on-one competition
物种
Species主动攻击百分比(%)
Percentage of active aggression大型工蚁
Large-sized worker中型工蚁
Medium-sized worker红火蚁
S. invicta85.00 ± 10.67 Aa 92.88 ± 5.00 Aa 黑褐举腹蚁
C. rogenhoferi15.00 ± 10.67 Ba 7.12 ± 5.00 Ba 注:表中数据是10个重复的平均值±标准误差。经非参数检验曼-惠特尼U分析,表中同列相同小写字母,同行相同大写字母表示差异不显著(Mann-Whitney U test,P > 0.05)。Note: Data were averages ± standard errors of 10 replicates. The same lowercase letters in the same row, and the same uppercase letters in the same column represented no significant difference (Mann-Whitney U test, P > 0.05). 表 2 红火蚁与黑褐举腹蚁群体间攻击死亡率
Table 2 Mortality of competing Solenopsis invicta and Crematogaster rogenhoferi at group level
处理组合(红火蚁∶黑褐举腹蚁)
Combination (S. invicta∶C. rogenhoferi)死亡率(%)Mortality 红火蚁S. invicta 黑褐举腹蚁 C. rogenhoferi 50∶10 24.40 ± 1.78 Ac 9.00 ± 2.33 Ba 30∶10 29.20 ± 2.91 Ac 13.00 ± 4.72 Ba 10∶10 60.00 ± 7.30 Ab 7.00 ± 2.60 Ba 10∶30 62.00 ± 4.67 Ab 3.00 ± 0.63 Ba 10∶50 76.00 ± 3.40 Aa 3.80 ± 0.96 Ba 注:数据为平均值±标准误。同列相同小写字母(Kruskal-Wallis test)、同行相同大写字母(独立样本t检验)表示差异不显著(P > 0.05)。Note: Data were means ± standard errors. The same lowercase letters in the same column (Kruskal-Wallis test) and the same uppercase letters in the same row (independent sample t-test) represented no significant difference (P > 0.05). 表 3 指甲油处理下黑褐举腹蚁与红火蚁群体间攻击死亡率
Table 3 The mortality of competing Solenopsis invicta and nail polish treated Crematogaster rogenhoferi
处理Treatments of C. rogenhoferi 死亡率(%)Mortality 红火蚁S. invicta 黑褐举腹蚁C. rogenhoferi 尾部封堵Sting sealed by nail polish 8.33 ± 3.07 a 75.00 ± 5.63 a 前胸背板点涂Thorax painted by nail polish 40.00 ± 2.58 b 18.33 ± 4.77 a 无指甲油Control 48.33 ± 6.01 b 6.67 ± 2.11 b 注:数据为平均值±标准误。同列相同小写字母(Tukey's法)表示差异不显著(P > 0.05)。Note: Data were means ± standard errors. The same lowercase letters in the same column (Tukey's test) represented no significant difference (P > 0.05). 表 4 黑褐举腹蚁毒液粗提物对红火蚁工蚁的触杀毒力
Table 4 Contact toxicity of crude extract of Crematogaster rogenhoferi venom on Solenopsis invicta
浓度(%)
Concentration红火蚁工蚁死亡率(%)S. invicta worker mortality 24 h 48 h 72 h 8 78.66 ± 8.24 Aa 86.67 ± 5.82 Aa 89.33 ± 5.63 Aa 6 64.67 ± 5.41 Aa 77.33 ± 6.25 Aa 80.67 ± 6.40 Aa 4 33.33 ± 5.81 Ab 50.00 ± 3.05 ABb 54.67 ± 4.46 Bb 3 13.63 ± 3.82 Abc 27.33 ± 5.21 ABc 31.33 ± 6.32 Bc 2.5 5.33 ± 2.67 Ac 10.67 ± 2.46 Acd 13.63 ± 2.67 Acd 0 0.67 ± 0.67 Ac 1.33 ± 0.84 Ad 2.67 ± 1.98 Ad 注:数据为平均值±标准误。经单因素方差分析(Tukey's法),同列相同小写字母,同行相同大写字母表示差异不显著(P > 0.05),下表同。Note: Data were means ± standard errors. The same lowercase letters in the same column and the same uppercase letters in the same row represented no significant difference (Tukey's test, P > 0.05), same to table 5. 表 5 黑褐举腹蚁毒液粗提物对红火蚁工蚁的驱避效果
Table 5 Repellent effect of crude extract of Crematogaster rogenhoferi venom and DEET on Solenopsis invicta
浓度(%)
Concentration驱避率(%)Repellent rate 毒液粗提物Crude extract of C. rogenhoferi venom 避蚊胺DEET 10 81.67 ± 3.07 Aa 91.67 ± 3.07 Ba 7 71.67 ± 3.07 Aa 85.00 ± 4.28 Babc 5 53.33 ± 3.33 Ab 71.67 ± 3.07 Bbc 3 31.67 ± 4.77 Ac 66.67 ± 3.33 Bc 1 8.33 ± 4.77 Ad 50.00 ± 3.65 Bd -
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